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Numerous studies also show that glycyrrhetinic acid has potent anti-cancer properties:
1. A study found that glycyrrhetinic acid has cytotoxic and anti-tumor properties. [30]
2. Glycyrrhetinic acid may help prevent breast cancer by inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis) of malignant cells. [31]
3. In human skin cancer cells exposed to ultraviolet radiation, glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited cell replication. [32]
4. 18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid exhibits potent antitumor effects against colorectal cancer by inhibiting proliferation and migration of malignant cells. [33]
5. In nine human cancer cell lines, glycyrrhetinic acid prevented cell replication through apoptosis. [34]
6. In human gastric cancer cells, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited migration and invasion of malignant cells. [35]
7. In colon cancer cells, glycyrrhetinic acid induced apoptosis by activating caveolin-1 and Kruppel-like factor-4 proteins. [36]
8. In liver cancer cells, treatment with glycyrrhetinic acid induced apoptosis. [37]
9. Glycyrrhetinic acid exerts its anticancer effects by inhibiting the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. [38]
10. Glycyrrhetinic acid hydrogel treatment significantly inhibited liver tumor cell growth. [39]
11. Glycyrrhetinic acid exerts its anti-cancer effect by selectively targeting liver cancer cells. [40-41]
12. In hamsters, oral administration of glycyrrhetinic acid at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight resulted in complete prevention of oral tumor formation and restoration of detoxification enzymes. [42]
13. Administration of glycyrrhetinic acid in tumor-bearing mice recovered body weight and rescued damage of liver and kidney. [43]
14. In human ovarian cancer cells, glycyrrhetinic acid caused cell death by inducing apoptosis. [44]
15. In a mouse model of gastric cell cancer, glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited gastric tumorigenesis through TLR2-accelerated energy metabolism. [45]
16. In leukemia cell line, treatment with glycyrrhetinic acid alone resulted in significant induction of apoptosis and loss of cell viability. [46-47]
17. In prostate cancer cell line, treatment with glycyrrhetinic acid reduced the rate of cell proliferation and production of prostate‐specific antigen (marker of prostate cancer). [48-49]
18. In non-small cell lung cancer, 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid treatment suppressed cell proliferation. [50]
19. In mice bearing Krebs-2 carcinoma, glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor cell count. [51]
20. In mice with liver cancer, glycyrrhetinic acid treatment resulted in inhibition of tumor growth, reduction of tumor microvascular density, reduction of inflammatory markers, and improvement in the production of immune system cells. [52]
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