Treats a Wide Array of Inflammatory Conditions

An overwhelming body of clinical evidence suggests that KPV exerts its strong anti-inflammatory properties through various important mechanisms:
1. In mice model of colitis (colon inflammation), oral administration of KPV (added to drinking water) inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAP kinase inflammatory signaling pathways and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. [1]
2. A 2001 study published in Biochem Pharmacology found that KPV exerts its anti-inflammatory activities through inhibition of NF-kappaB translocation and activation of MC(1) receptor/cAMP. [2-3]
3. In animal model of colitis, KPV significantly reduced intestinal inflammation. [4-5]
4. As a C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH, KPV fights inflammation by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated NF-κB activity and suppressing antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. [6-7]
5. A study published in the Journal of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology found that KPV suppresses inflammation through modulation of physiological responses in host defense. [8]
6. A 2003 study published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics found that KPV exhibits its anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of IL-1beta functions. [9]
7. A 2006 study published in the Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology found that KPV fights inflammation by stimulating cAMP generation in a concentration dependent way. [10]
8. One study found that KPV combats inflammation by significantly inhibiting NF-kappaB-luciferase activity. [11]
9. A 2010 study published in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology reported that KPV has significant similarities between anti-inflammatory signaling of α-MSH. [12]
10. Several studies have shown a significant reduction of pro‐inflammatory substances such as IL1 β, IL6, TNFα, IL8, Groα and interferon γ (IFNγ) following KPV treatment. [13-14]
11. A cell study found that KPV produced antibody against the inflammatory IL10. [15]
12. Studies also show that KPV reduces inflammation through inhibition of inflammatory cell adhesion and transmigration. [16-17]