Saw Palmetto Berries

Saw palmetto extract is taken from the purple berries of the saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), a fan palm native to North America. Saw palmetto berries are loaded with sterols and fatty acids, which is where most of its therapeutic benefits come from. These highly nutritious berries can be eaten in its natural berry form, but saw palmetto extract can also be taken in capsule, dried berry, tincture and tablet forms.

Benefits of Saw Palmetto Berries

The health benefits of saw palmetto have been known for thousands of years. Among them are the following:

Treats Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

As men get older, the prostate gland can become inflamed or enlarged, which ultimately results in urinary problems, bladder infections and bladder stones. This debilitating condition is known as BPH. Research shows that saw palmetto inhibits the growth and reproduction of prostatic cells, thereby preventing prostate enlargement. In a 2012 study conducted in Switzerland, 82 patients took one capsule of 320 milligrams saw palmetto extract daily for 8 weeks.[1] At the end of the treatment, the International Prostate Symptom Score of the study participants had improved and physical examination confirmed good efficacy of the treatment. In addition, the study participants reported no adverse side effects of saw palmetto, suggesting that the treatment is safe and effective for BPH.

Lowers Prostate Cancer Risk

A 2007 study conducted at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Beijing found that saw palmetto was able to suppress the growth and reproduction of several human prostate cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death of malignant cells.[2] This finding strongly suggests that regular saw palmetto berries consumption can significantly lower one’s risk of prostate cancer.

Treats Hair Loss

There is strong scientific evidence that saw palmetto can be used as an effective hair growth agent. In one study conducted at the Clinical Research and Development Network in Colorado, researchers observed that men aged 18-48 years, who used saw palmetto lotion and shampoo for three months had a significant increase in hair density.[3]

Treats Urinary Symptoms

Saw palmetto can be beneficial in various urinary problems. In fact, a review of 18 clinical trials published in the Journal of American Medical Association suggests that saw palmetto is effective in improving urological symptoms and urine flow.[4] The review included 18 randomized trials with almost 3,000 male participants. According to the review, 28% of men taking saw palmetto had fewer urinary tract symptoms, 24% had improvement in peak urine flow and 43% of the study participants had significant improvement in overall urine flow.

Improves Sexual Function

Because saw palmetto prevents the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the body retains normal levels of testosterone. In a case study reported in the American Journal of Medicine, researchers found that by increasing testosterone counts of patients, an improvement in libido, erection and sexual function can be achieved.[5] This strongly suggests that the ability of saw palmetto to boost testosterone levels can help improve sexual function in men.

References:

1. Suter A, Saller R, Riedi E, Heinrich M. Improving BPH symptoms and sexual dysfunctions with a saw palmetto preparation? Results from a pilot trial. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2013; 27(2):218-26.
2. Yang Y, Ikezoe T, Zheng Z, Taguchi H, Koeffler HP, Zhu WG. Saw Palmetto induces growth arrest and apoptosis of androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells via inactivation of STAT 3 and androgen receptor signaling. International journal of oncology. 2007; 31(3):593-600.
3. Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002; 8(2):143-52.
4. Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Stark G, MacDonald R, Lau J, Mulrow C. Saw Palmetto Extracts for Treatment of Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaA Systematic Review. JAMA. 1998;280(18):1604–1609. doi:10.1001/jama.280.18.1604.
5. Available from http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(11)00274-9/fulltext.

Pygeum africanum Bark

The Pygeum tree (Pygeum africanum) is a large evergreen that belongs to the Rosacea family and grows in mountainous regions of Sub­-Saharan Africa. Pygeum extract is derived from the bark of this tree and is used by natives of southern Africa as early as the 1700s.[1] Researchers have discovered that Pygeum bark contains key phytochemicals such as beta-sitosterols, phytosterols, triterpenes, and ferulic esters, which are believed to be linked with the majority of its health benefits.

Benefits of Pygeum africanum Bark

 This incredible, ancient herb provides a wide array of proven health benefits, including:

Improved Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

BPH ultimately results in urinary problems, bladder infections and bladder stones. In one study involving over 1,500 male participants with BPH, researchers found that Pygeum supplementation resulted in significant improvement (more than double) of overall symptoms as compared to the placebo groups, with no adverse side effects noted.[2] Another double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigated the therapeutic effects of  Pygeum extract on men with BPH.[3] After the treatment period, the overall symptom scores of the study participants supplemented with the extract were reduced by an impressive 36% compared to just 8% reduction in the placebo group.

Cancer Prevention

Strong scientific studies support the anti-cancer properties of Pygeum bark. According to four high quality studies, the atraric acid and N-­butylbenzene­sulfonamide in Pygeum bark inhibit the growth and reproduction of prostate cancer cells by inducing programmed cell death.[4-7] Results from these studies do point to  a viable link between Pygeum bark compounds and cancer prevention.

Relief from Prostate Inflammation

Pygeum has also been used to treat prostate inflammation, or medically known as prostatitis. This condition can ultimately lead to debilitating urinary symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, or pain. In one clinical trial, 47 men with chronic prostatitis were given 100 mg of Pygeum daily for 5-7 weeks.[8] After the treatment period, 89% of the participants reported a complete remission of symptoms.

Improved Sexual Function

Pygeum can also be beneficial in men suffering from sexual dysfunction. In one study, researchers administered Pygeum extract at a dose of 200 mg daily for 60 days either alone or with antibiotics in men with sexual dysfunction secondary to either benign prostatic hyperplasia or chronic prostatitis.[9] After the treatment period, researchers observed a significant improvement in sexual function of the study participants, suggesting that Pygeum supplementation may be beneficial in patients with sexual or reproductive dysfunction.

Cell Protection

There is strong scientific evidence that Pygeum africanum can help protect against lipid peroxidation, a process in which free radicals steal electrons from the lipids in cell membranes which ultimately results in cellular damage.[10] The ability of Pygeum to protect body cells can help slow down the signs of aging and prevent a wide array of diseases related to cellular damage.

References:

1. Linda B. White; Barbara H. Seeber; Barbara Brownell Grogan (December 2013). 500 Time-Tested Home Remedies and the Science Behind Them: Ease Aches, Pains, Ailments, and More with Hundreds of Simple and Effective At-Home Treatments. Fair Winds Press. pp. 405–. ISBN 978-1-59233-575-6.
2. Wilt T, Ishani A, et al. Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001044. PMID: 11869585.
3. Coulson S, Rao A, Beck SL et al. A phase II randomised double-­blind placebo-­controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy and safety of ProstateEZE Max: a herbal medicine preparation for the management of symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Complement Ther Med. 2013 Jun;21(3):172­9. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.01.007.
4. Papaioannou M, Schleich S, Prade I, et al. The natural compound atraric acid is an antagonist of the human androgen receptor inhibiting cellular invasiveness and prostate cancer cell growth. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Aug;13(8B):2210­23. doi: 10.1111/j.1582­4934.2008.00426.x. PMID: 1862.
5. Papaioannou M, Schleich S, Roell D, et al. NBBS isolated from Pygeum africanum bark exhibits androgen antagonistic activity, inhibits AR nuclear translocation and prostate cancer cell growth. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Dec;28(6):729­43. doi: 10.1007/s10637­009­9304­y. PMID: 19771394.
6. Santa María Margalef A, Paciucci Barzanti R, et al. Antimitogenic effect of Pygeum africanum extracts on human prostatic cancer cell lines and explants from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Arch Esp Urol. 2003 May;56(4):369­78. PMID: 12830609.
7. Shenouda NS, Sakla MS, Newton LG, et al;. Phytosterol Pygeum africanum regulates prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Endocrine. 2007 Feb;31(1):72­81. PMID: 17709901.
8. Andro MC, Riffaud JP. Pygeum africanun extract for treatment of patients with BPH: a review of 25 years of published experience. Curr Ther Res. 1995;56:796-817.
9. Carani C, Salvioli V, Scuteri A, et al. Urological and sexual evaluation of treatment of benign prostatic disease using Pygeum africanum at high doses. Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl. 1991 Sep;63(3):341-5.
10. Hass MA, Nowak DM, Leonova E, Levin RM, Longhurst PA. Identification of components of Prunus africana extract that inhibit lipid peroxidation. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 1999; 6(5):379-88.

Pumpkin Seed Powder

Pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas (literally means “little seed of squash”) are an edible seed that are common in international cuisines and are often consumed as a healthful snack. They may be small, but they are jam-packed with valuable nutrients including healthy fats, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, protein, fiber, vitamin E, antioxidants, and beneficial plant compounds known as phytosterols. You can enjoy the therapeutic benefits of pumpkin seeds by eating it whole or taking it in the form of supplements.

Benefits of Pumpkin Seed

An overwhelming body of clinical research supports the diverse health benefits of pumpkin seed. Among them are the following:

Healthy Hair

Advancing age reduces scalp hair growth in men, which ultimately results in baldness. According to a 2014 study published in the Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, consuming pumpkin seed oil may help restore hair growth as well as self-confidence in men with hair baldness.[1] The study included 76 male patients with androgenetic alopecia (male-pattern baldness) who were given 400 mg of pumpkin seed oil per day or a placebo for 24 weeks. After the treatment period, the pumpkin seed oil-treated group had more hair after treatment (40% increase) than at baseline, compared to the placebo group.

Relief from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Most older men experience enlargement of the prostate, medically known as BPH, which ultimately results in urinary problems, severe pains, and bladder infections. In one study assessing the effects of pumpkin seed oil in Korean men with BPH, researchers found that a dose of 320 mg/day was enough to reduce prostate symptoms as well as improve overall quality of life of the study participants.[2]

Cancer Prevention

Pumpkin seeds may also reduce or inhibit the growth and reproduction of prostate cancer cells and other types of cancers, according to one study.[3] According to the researchers, the specific mechanism by which pumpkin seed extract exert its anti-cancer properties is through inhibition of cell adhesion, cell migration and cell invasion of cancer cells.  This makes pumpkin seed a useful natural treatment for many different types of cancer.

Improved Mental Well-Being

Pumpkin seed can help boost mental health in more than one way – the Cucurbita maxima compound of pumpkin seed oil sharpens memory, while its tryptophan content helps treat depression and anxiety-related disorders, according to studies.[4-5]

Relief from Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder is a condition characterized by a sudden urge to urinate. In severe cases, affected individuals may experience involuntary passage of urine. A 2014 study published in the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine found that supplementation of pumpkin seed oil extracts can effectively treat overactive bladder.[6] The study involved forty-five subjects who were given 10 g of the extract daily for 12 weeks. After 6 and 12 weeks, the urinary function of the study participants was evaluated using Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) in which an improvement in overall symptoms was observed.

Better Sleep Quality

Pumpkin seeds contain an amino acid known as tryptophan. There is increasing evidence that consuming tryptophan can help improve sleep pattern and quality. For instance, one study suggests that taking 2 g of tryptophan can improve the sleeping pattern of people with severe chronic insomnia after four weeks.[7] In another study, researchers reported that tryptophan in doses of 1 g or more increases subjective sleepiness in patients with insomnia.[8]

Improved Blood Sugar Levels

Consuming pumpkin seed can be beneficial for diabetics, who may struggle to control their blood sugar levels. Studies show that supplementing the diet with pumpkin juice or seed powder can reduce the blood sugar levels of people with type 2 diabetes without any adverse side effects.[9] In addition, the decent amount of magnesium in pumpkin seeds may help lower risk of diabetes. According to one observational study involving over 127,000 subjects, a diet rich in magnesium was associated with a 33% lower risk of type 2 diabetes in men.[10]

Improved Blood Pressure

A 2012 study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food suggests that consuming pumpkin seed oil (40 or 100 mg/kg) can help reduce blood pressure levels in just 6 weeks.[11] According to the researchers, the specific mechanism by which pumpkin seed exerts its anti-hypertensive effect is by increasing the levels of nitric oxide (NO), a chemical that widens blood vessels.

Improved Sexual Function

Pumpkin seed is considered as one of the potent Asian herbal aphrodisiacs.[12] Because it’s known to increase nitric oxide levels, it can also have a beneficial effect on erection by improving blood flow within the penis. Furthermore, pumpkin seed contains an amino acid known as myosin, which is essential for muscular contractions and penile erection.[13]

References:

1. Cho YH, Lee SY, Jeong DW, et al. Effect of Pumpkin Seed Oil on Hair Growth in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2014;2014:549721. doi:10.1155/2014/549721.
2. Hong H, Kim C-S, Maeng S. Effects of pumpkin seed oil and saw palmetto oil in Korean men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2009;3(4):323-327. doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.4.323.
3. Jiang J, Eliaz I, Sliva D. Suppression of growth and invasive behavior of human prostate cancer cells by ProstaCaid™: mechanism of activity. International journal of oncology. 2011; 38(6):1675-82.
4. Jawaid T, Shakya AK, Siddiqui HH, Kamal M. Evaluation of Cucurbita maxima extract against scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats: implication of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences. 2015; 69(9-10):407-17.
5. Hudson C, Hudson S, MacKenzie J. Protein-source tryptophan as an efficacious treatment for social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2007; 85(9):928-32.\
6. Nishimura M, Ohkawara T, Sato H, Takeda H, Nishihira J. Pumpkin Seed Oil Extracted From Cucurbita maxima Improves Urinary Disorder in Human Overactive Bladder. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine. 2014; 4(1):72-4.
7. Demisch K, Bauer J, Georgi K. Treatment of severe chronic insomnia with L-tryptophan and varying sleeping times. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987; 20(6):245-8.
8. Hartmann E. Effects of L-tryptophan on sleepiness and on sleep. Journal of psychiatric research. 1984; 17(2):107-13.
9. Caili F, Huan S, Quanhong L. A review on pharmacological activities and utilization technologies of pumpkin. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2006; 61(2):73-80.
10. Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes care. 2004; 27(1):134-40.
11. El-Mosallamy AE, Sleem AA, Abdel-Salam OM, Shaffie N, Kenawy SA. Antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects of pumpkin seed oil. Journal of medicinal food. 2012; 15(2):180-9.
12. Ho CC, Singam P, Hong GE, Zainuddin ZM. Male sexual dysfunction in Asia. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2011;13(4):537-542. doi:10.1038/aja.2010.135.
13. Lim PHC. Asian herbals and aphrodisiacs used for managing ED. Translational Andrology and Urology. 2017;6(2):167-175. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.04.

Plant Sterols

Phytosterols, also known as plant sterols and stanols, are cholesterol-like molecules found in plants such as whole grains, fruits, legumes, and vegetables. While the cholesterol found in animals can increase blood cholesterol and may lead the development of heart disease, phytosterols are minimally absorbed from the small intestine and don’t enter the bloodstream. In addition, phytosterols stop or slow the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol made by the liver.  So it’s no surprise that phytosterol-enriched foods and dietary supplements have been marketed as heart and cholesterol healthy for years.

Benefits of Plant Sterols

The following are among the proven benefits of plant sterols on the human body:

Cholesterol Control

Numerous high quality studies have confirmed the cholesterol-reducing properties of plant sterols. According to these studies, plant sterols supplementation can significantly reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad cholesterol) by 10-20% without any adverse side effects.[1-6]

Strong Immune System

One study found that plant sterols target immune system cells such as T-helper lymphocytes, thus, helping normalize their functioning and resulting in improved T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell activity.[7] This in turn results in heightened immune response, thereby preventing a wide array of disease processes relating to chronic immune-mediated abnormalities.

Lower Cardiovascular Disease Risk

A 2001 study suggests that daily consumption of plant sterols at 2-3 g can bring down cholesterol levels by 10-15%.[8] This finding is highly significant since lower cholesterol level is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.[9] In addition, aside from reducing cholesterol levels, plant sterols also prevent plaque formation within the blood vessels of the heart (atherosclerosis) by increasing the activity of antithrombin-III, a natural anticoagulant.[10]

Cancer Prevention

Plant sterols have also been found to have potent anti-cancer properties. In one study, plant sterol consumption at a dose of 144 mg/d was associated with reduction in risk for lung cancer.[11] Other studies have also shown that higher dietary intake of plant sterol was found to be associated with lower risk of stomach, esophageal, colon and rectal cancers.[12-14]

Anti-Aging

Increased level of free radicals in the body is thought to accelerate the aging process. Interestingly, one study assessing the effect of plant sterols on healthy human subjects found that higher dietary intake of plant sterols was associated with reduced levels of free radicals in the body, suggesting that the treatment may help slow the process of aging.[15]

Relief from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Beta-sitosterol, one of many plant sterols, is widely used in the treatment of BPH, a condition characterized by enlargement of the prostate gland resulting in urinary problems. Results from two high quality studies show that beta-sitosterol supplementation in men with BPH significantly improved the symptoms and urinary flow parameters, indicating the effectiveness of beta-sitosterol in the treatment of this prostate condition.[16-17]

Improved Wound Healing

One study found that the use of moist exposed burn ointment containing plant sterol is effective in treating patients with partial thickness burns of the face.[18] Similarly, a 2009 study published in the Journal of the Euro-Mediterranean Council for Burns and Fire Disasters reported that the plant sterol beta-sitosterol accelerates the wound healing process by promoting epithelialization, a process in which granulation tissues form.[19]

Improved Exercise Recovery

One study found that plant sterol supplementation can help prevent exercise-induced muscle pain and inflammation, thereby improving exercise recovery.[20] According to the study, marathon runners who took beta-sitosterol capsules prior to exercise had less of inflammatory response compared to those who took placebo.

References:

1. Ras RT, Geleijnse JM, Trautwein EA. LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. The British journal of nutrition. 2014; 112(2):214-9.
2. AbuMweis SS, Jones PJ. Cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2008; 10(6):467-72.
3. Amir Shaghaghi M, Abumweis SS, Jones PJ. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterols/stanols provided in capsule and tablet formats: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013; 113(11):1494-503.
4. Tikkanen MJ. Plant sterols and stanols. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 2005.
5. Kamal-Eldin A, Moazzami A. Plant sterols and stanols as cholesterol-lowering ingredients in functional foods. Recent patents on food, nutrition & agriculture. 2009; 1(1):1-14.
6. Talati R, Sobieraj DM, Makanji SS, Phung OJ, Coleman CI. The comparative efficacy of plant sterols and stanols on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2010; 110(5):719-26.
7. Bouic PJ, Lamprecht JH. Plant sterols and sterolins: a review of their immune-modulating properties. Alternative medicine review: a journal of clinical therapeutic. 1999; 4(3):170-7.
8. Plat J, Mensink RP. Effects of plant sterols and stanols on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases: NMCD. 2001; 11(1):31-40.
9. Bae J-M, Yang Y-J, Li Z-M, Ahn Y-O. Low Cholesterol is Associated with Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases: A Dynamic Cohort Study in Korean Adults. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2012;27(1):58-63. doi:10.3346/jkms.2012.27.1.58.
10. Plat J, Mensink RP. Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures : effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2000;148:101–112. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00261-0.
11. Mendilaharsu M, De Stefani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Carzoglio J, Ronco A. Phytosterols and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Lung Cancer. 1998;21:37–45. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5002(98)00044-0.
12. De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Ronco AL, Brennan P, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Carzoglio JC, Mendilaharsu M. Plant sterols and risk of stomach cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Nutr Cancer. 2000;37:140–144. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC372_4.
13. De Stefani E, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Ronco AL, Mendilaharsu M, Deneo-Pellegrini H. Vegetables, fruits, related dietary antioxidants, and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a case-control study in Uruguay. Nutr Cancer. 2000;38:23–29. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC381_4.
14. Normén AL, Brants HA, Voorrips LE, Andersson HA, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Plant sterol intakes and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:141–148.
15. Homma Y, Ikeda I, Ishikawa T, Tateno M, Sugano M, Nakamura H. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial: Decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein by plant stanol ester-containing spread. Nutrition. 2003;19::369–374. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00926-7.
16. Wilt T, Ishani A, Macdonald R, Stark G, Mulrow C, Lau J. Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001043.
17. Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, Senge T. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-sitosterol Study Group. Lancet. 1995;345(8964):1529-32.
18. Ang ES, Lee ST, Gan CS, et al. The role of alternative therapy in the management of partial thickness burns of the face–experience with the use of moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO) compared with silver sulphadiazine. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2000;29(1):7-10.
19. Jewo PI, Fadeyibi IO, Babalola OS, et al. A Comparative Study of the Wound Healing Properties of Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO) and Silver Sulphadiazine. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 2009;22(2):79-82.
20. Bouic PJ, Clark A, Lamprecht J, et al. The effects of B-sitosterol (BSS) and B-sitosterol glucoside (BSSG) mixture on selected immune parameters of marathon runners: inhibition of post marathon immune suppression and inflammation. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20(4):258-62.

Parsley Leaf Powder

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is an annual herb native to Italy, Algeria, and Tunisia. The leaves and roots of parsley are not only used as condiments and garnish in dishes but also as a treatment for a broad range of medical maladies. In fact, it has been used for longer than 2,000 years in Greek medicine. This ancient herbal medicine packs a powerful nutritional punch, consisting of vitamin A, vitamin K, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, copper, magnesium, iron, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, essential oils and health-boosting plant compounds known as flavonoids. You can enjoy the therapeutic benefits of parsley leaf by consuming it raw, or in the form of powder and capsules.

Benefits of Parsley Leaf

This nutritional powerhouse has a wide array of health benefits, including:

Anti-Aging

There is an overwhelming body of evidence that increased levels of free radicals in the body is associated with visible signs of aging including age spots, blemishes and other skin imperfections.[1-3] One study conducted by the Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology found that the levels of free radicals in the body can be significantly reduced by consuming a diet high in parsley leaf flavonoids.[4] The researchers noticed that when the participants consumed parsley leaf flavonoids, their free radical markers significantly decreased. On the contrary, participants who didn’t consume parsley had high levels of free radicals in their body.

Cancer Prevention

Parsley leaves contain micronutrients known as polyphenols. Numerous studies reveal that polyphenols from parsley leaves do have anti-cancer properties and they work to fight prostate cancer, colon cancer, and other types of cancer by altering various mechanisms involved in cancer cell growth and reproduction, as well as inducing programmed cell death of malignant cells.[5-8]

Body Detoxification

There is strong evidence that parsley leaf can be used as a natural diuretic, which means that it can increase urinary frequency and urine volume.[9] In this way, it can help cleanse the body by flushing out toxins and other harmful substances in the body along with urine.

Restful Sleep

Consuming parsley leaf can have beneficial effects in men with sleeping difficulties. Studies show that parsley leaf contains a flavonoid known as apigenin, which helps induce restful sleep in people with insomnia.[10] Researchers believe that apigenin helps calm certain receptors in the brain, which ultimately leads to sleepiness.[11]

Improved Cognitive Function

Susceptibility of older men to specific nutrient deficits may ultimately lead to cognitive decline. Indeed, there is growing evidence regarding benefits of several nutrients, particularly apigenin from parsley leaf, towards cognitive impairment. Studies show that apigenin supplementation can help improve cognitive function in older men by counteracting deleterious neurodegenerative and pathological processes.[12-13] Specifically, apigenin protects the nerve cells in the brain, thereby preventing deterioration in cognitive function.

Improved Mood

Taking parsley leaf supplements can also benefit men with low mood. Studies show that flavonoids such as curcumin and apigenin in parsley leaves do have antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects which can help stabilize overall mood.[14-15]

Improved Sexual Function

Parsley leaf supplementation can both improve sexual function as well as overall quality of life of men with erectile dysfunction and low libido. Studies show that flavonoids in parsley leaves are potent aphrodisiacs and prevent the incidence of erectile dysfunction by boosting the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in the body.[16-17] This finding is highly significant since NO helps widen blood vessels within the penis, which ultimately leads to harder and longer erections sufficient for sexual intercourse.

References:

1. Poljšak B, Dahmane R. Free Radicals and Extrinsic Skin Aging. Dermatology Research and Practice. 2012;2012:135206. doi:10.1155/2012/135206.
2. Wickens AP. Ageing and the free radical theory. Respiration physiology. 2001; 128(3):379-91.
3. Emerit I. Free radicals and aging of the skin. EXS. 1992; 62:328-41.
4. Nielsen SE, Young JF, Daneshvar B. Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) intake on urinary apigenin excretion, blood antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers for oxidative stress in human subjects. The British journal of nutrition. 1999; 81(6):447-55.
5. Shukla S, Gupta S. Apigenin: A Promising Molecule for Cancer Prevention. Pharmaceutical research. 2010;27(6):962-978. doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0089-7.
6. Lall RK, Syed DN, Adhami VM, Khan MI, Mukhtar H. Dietary Polyphenols in Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Srivastava SK, ed. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015;16(2):3350-3376. doi:10.3390/ijms16023350.
7. Ramos S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: Dietary polyphenols and signalling pathways. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008;52:507–526. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700326.
8. Syed D.N., Khan N., Afaq F., Mukhtar H. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer through dietary agents: Progress and promise. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2007;16:2193–2203. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0942.
9. Farzaei MH, Abbasabadi Z, Ardekani MR, Rahimi R, Farzaei F. Parsley: a review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan. 2013; 33(6):815-26.
10. Kim JW, Kim CS, Hu Z. Enhancement of pentobarbital-induced sleep by apigenin through chloride ion channel activation. Archives of pharmacal research. 2012; 35(2):367-73.
11. Avallone R, Zanoli P, Corsi L, Cannazza G, Baraldi M. Benzodiazepine compounds and GABA in flower heads of matricaria chamomilla. Phytotherapy Res. 1996;10:177–179.
12. Mecocci P, Tinarelli C, Schulz RJ, Polidori MC. Nutraceuticals in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2014;5:147. doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00147.
13. Losi G., Puia G., Garzon G., de Vuono M. C., Baraldi M. (2004). Apigenin modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in cultured cortical neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 502 41–46 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.08.043.
14. Venigalla M, Gyengesi E, Münch G. Curcumin and Apigenin – novel and promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Neural Regeneration Research. 2015;10(8):1181-1185. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.162686.
15. Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2009;29(4):378-382. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c.
16. Cassidy A, Franz M, Rimm EB. Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2016;103(2):534-541. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010.
17. Available from http://www.journal-ina.com/article.asp?issn=2394-2916;year=2015;volume=2;issue=1;spage=5;epage=18;aulast=Wendlov%E1.

Nettle Root

Nettle root comes from the flowering herbaceous stinging nettle plant, also known as Urtica dioica. The plant is so-called “stinging nettle” because it is covered with specialized hollow hairs, which inject a number of irritating chemicals into objects that come into contact with them. While stinging nettle may look like an ordinary backyard weed, the nettle root is actually loaded with vitamins A, B2, C, D, and K, and it’s also a good source of essential minerals like calcium, iron, iodine, potassium and manganese. Because of its high nutritional value and potent medicinal properties, nettle root has been used by herbalists for many centuries in the treatment of a broad range of medical maladies. Nettle root can be taken as supplements in the form of capsule, tablet, tea, or tincture.

Benefits of Nettle Root

Nettle root provides a wide array of extraordinary health benefits that are backed by strong scientific evidence. Among them are the following:

Allergy Relief

Nettle root can help combat allergies and alleviate associated symptoms. In one study assessing the effects of a freeze-dried preparation of nettle root or placebo on allergic rhinitis, researchers observed that after 1 week of therapy, the patients treated with nettle root had reduced allergic symptoms compared to placebo-treated group.[1] The results of the study strongly suggest that nettle root was better than placebo at treating allergic response to whatever subjects were allergic to.

Lower Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Impairment in the delicate balance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body can increase one’s risk of cardiovascular disease. According to a 2012 study, consuming 100 mg per kg of nettle root extract for 8 weeks can help increase the levels of antioxidants in the body, thus lowering cardiovascular risk.[2] The study included diabetic men who were given nettle root extract. After the treatment period, study participants had increased levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Superoxidant Dismutase (SOD).

Relief from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

BPH is a common problem experienced by older men. This condition is characterized by prostate enlargement leading to problems with urinating. A 2005 study investigated the effects of nettle root or placebo in men with BPH.[3] After using nettle root for 6 months at a thrice daily dose of 120 mg, 81% of the study participants treated with nettle root reported significant improvement in symptoms of BPH compared to only 14% in the placebo-treated group. All of the study participants reported no side effects of nettle root.

Relief from Arthritis

An overwhelming number of clinical studies show that applying nettle leaf and root topically at the site of pain, and taking nettle root extract orally can decrease joint pain in people with arthritis.[4-7] Another study published in the Journal of Rheumatology found that nettle root contains potent anti-inflammatory compounds that can help alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.[8]

Prevention of Bleeding

Certain products containing stinging nettle can help reduce the incidence of bleeding during surgery. A 2010 study investigated the effects of Ankaferd blood stopper, a product containing stinging nettle, in patients with bleeding tendencies due to different presurgical conditions.[9] Interestingly, Ankaferd blood stopper was found to be effective within 10 to 20 minutes in controlling and reducing bleeding in most of the patients after tooth extraction.

Improved Sexual Function

A 2017 study published in the Translational Andrology and Urology included nettle root in the list of Asian herbals and natural aphrodisiacs used for managing erectile dysfunction.[10] The specific mechanism by which nettle root boosts libido and improve sexual function is by inhibiting 5 alpha reductase activity, an important enzyme that breaks testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.[11] Inhibition of this enzyme results in high levels of testosterone in the blood. Since the hormone testosterone fuels a man’s sex drive, boosting its levels will certainly ramp up sexual power.

Cancer Prevention

Nettle root has been shown to possess strong anti-cancer properties. One study investigated the effects of nettle root extract on human prostate cancer cells.[12] When exposed to nettle root extract, researchers observed that low dose of the extract was able to suppress the growth and reproduction of human prostate cancer cells.

References:

1. Mittman P. Randomized, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Planta medica. 1990; 56(1):44-7.
2. Namazi N, Tarighat A, Bahrami A. The effect of hydro alcoholic nettle (Urtica dioica) extract on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS. 2012; 15(2):98-102.
3. Safarinejad MR. Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy. 2005; 5(4):1-11.
4. Randall C, Meethan K, Randall H, Dobbs F. Nettle sting of Urtica dioica for joint pain–an exploratory study of this complementary therapy. Complementary therapies in medicine. 1999; 7(3):126-31.
5. Rayburn K, Fleischbein E, Song J. Stinging nettle cream for osteoarthritis. Alternative therapies in health and medicine. 2009; 15(4):60-1.
6. Randall C, Dickens A, White A, Sanders H, Fox M, Campbell J. Nettle sting for chronic knee pain: a randomised controlled pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2008; 16(2):66-72.
7. Randall C, Randall H, Dobbs F, Hutton C, Sanders H. Randomized controlled trial of nettle sting for treatment of base-of-thumb pain. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000; 93(6):305-9.
8. Klingelhoefer S, Obertreis B, Quast S, Behnke B. Antirheumatic effect of IDS 23, a stinging nettle leaf extract, on in vitro expression of T helper cytokines. The Journal of rheumatology. 1999; 26(12):2517-22.
9. Baykul T, Alanoglu EG, Kocer G. Use of Ankaferd Blood Stopper as a hemostatic agent: a clinical experience. The journal of contemporary dental practice. 2010; 11(1):E088-94.
10. Lim PHC. Asian herbals and aphrodisiacs used for managing ED. Translational Andrology and Urology. 2017;6(2):167-175. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.04.
11. Nahata A, Dixit VK. Evaluation of 5α-reductase inhibitory activity of certain herbs useful as antiandrogens. Andrologia. 2014; 46(6):592-601.
12. Konrad L, Müller HH, Lenz C, Laubinger H, Aumüller G, Lichius JJ. Antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer cells by a stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) extract. Planta medica. 2000; 66(1):44-7.

Marshmallow Root Powder

Marshmallow (Althea officinalis) is a perennial herb that commonly grows in the damp areas of northern Europe and western Asia. The root of marshmallow plant has a long history dating back centuries as a herbal remedy for a wide array of medical maladies. Researchers believe that its medicinal properties are attributed to its rich flavonoid content, which are plant compounds known to have health-boosting effect. In addition, marshmallow root is also a nutritional powerhouse because it is loaded with vitamins A, C, and B-complex as well as essential minerals such as copper, iron, selenium and zinc. To enjoy the therapeutic benefits of this ancient medical herb, it is best consumed in the form of powder, capsules, and liquid extract.

Benefits of Marshmallow Root

Growing evidence supports the diverse health benefits of marshmallow root. Among them are the following:

Relieves Cough and Colds

Marshmallow root is considered as a demulcent, an agent that provides a protective barrier in the digestive and respiratory tract. Studies show that marshmallow root can help suppress cough and treat symptoms of dry mouth in people with cough and colds.[1-2] These effects were also accompanied by improvements in the quality of life of the study participants.

Treats Bacterial Infections

There is increasing evidence that taking marshmallow root can treat symptoms of tonsillitis, bronchitis, and other respiratory infections. A 2013 study found that marshmallow root has potent antibacterial properties that can help alleviate swelling, burning and tenderness.[3] This in turn can speed up the healing process and improve the overall quality of life of affected individuals.

Maintains Healthy Skin

Numerous high quality studies show that the extract of the marshmallow root helps maintain healthy skin by reducing the levels of harmful free radicals and inflammatory markers in the body, which are known to accelerate skin aging.[4-5] Other studies even found that marshmallow root is externally used for various skin conditions such as  furunculosis (skin infections that form lumps and pus), eczema and dermatitis.[6]

Improves Cholesterol Levels

A 2011 study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Biology suggests that marshmallow root supplementation at dose of 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight can significantly improve cholesterol profile by increasing the levels of high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol).[7].

Detoxifies the Body

Marshmallow root has potent diuretic effect, which means it increases urine volume and frequency.[8] With this effect, it can help flush out toxins and other harmful substances from the body.

Prevents Erectile Dysfunction

There is increasing evidence that plant compounds known as flavonoids which are present in marshmallow root can help prevent the incidence of erectile dysfunction. For instance, a 2016 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that higher dietary intake of specific flavonoid-rich foods such as marshmallow root is associated with reduced incidence of erectile dysfunction.[9] By loading up on this powerful herb, aging men can improve their sexual function as well as quality of life.

Prevents Cognitive Decline

Large clinical trials have shown that higher intakes of flavonoids were associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in older men.[10-12] Since marshmallow root has rich flavonoid content, it can help improve cognitive health as well as quality of life of men in the older population.

Improves Mood

Aging men tend to experience mood changes which affect their activities of daily living and quality of life. Interestingly, a 2015 study found that higher intake of flavonoids is associated with improved mood and self-esteem.[13] The high flavonoid content in marshmallow root can help aging men experience a significant improvement in their overall mood.

References:

1. Skrinjar I, Vucicevic Boras V, Bakale I. Comparison between three different saliva substitutes in patients with hyposalivation. Clinical oral investigations. 2015; 19(3):753-7.
2. Nosál’ova G, Strapková A, Kardosová A, Capek P, Zathurecký L, Bukovská E. [Antitussive action of extracts and polysaccharides of marsh mallow (Althea officinalis L., var. robusta)]. Die Pharmazie. 1992; 47(3):224-6.
3. Dawid-Pać R. Medicinal plants used in treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postȩpy Dermatologii I Alergologii. 2013;30(3):170-177. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.35620.
4. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. Altheae radix. 2nd ed. New York: Thieme; 2003. ESCOP Monographs; pp. 32–5.
5. Radix Althaeae. Vol. 2. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. WHO Monographs on selected medicinal plants; pp. 5–11.
6. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckann J. Marshmallow root. Newton: American Botanical Council; 2000. Herbal medicine. Expanded Commission E Monographs; pp. 246–7.
7. Hage-Sleiman R, Mroueh M, Daher CF. Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis flower grown in Lebanon. Pharmaceutical biology. 2011; 49(3):327-33.
8. Available from http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2015/12/WC500198781.pdf.
9. Cassidy A, Franz M, Rimm EB. Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2016;103(2):534-541. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010.
10. Schmitt-Schillig S, Schaffer S, Weber CC, Eckert GP, Muller WE. Flavonoids and the aging brain. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;56(Suppl 1):23–36.
11. Mattson MP. Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2004 Aug 5;430(7000):631–639.
12. Behl C. Amyloid beta-protein toxicity and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Tissue Res. 1997 Dec;290(3):471–480.
13. Bell L, Lamport DJ, Butler LT, Williams CM. A Review of the Cognitive Effects Observed in Humans Following Acute Supplementation with Flavonoids, and Their Associated Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients. 2015;7(12):10290-10306. doi:10.3390/nu7125538.

L-Glycine

L-Glycine, also known as glycine, is a non-essential amino acid, which means your body can produce it on its own if you have low dietary intake of glycine. While glycine is the smallest amino acid in size, it is responsible for a broad range of biochemical reactions in your body such as muscle growth, energy production, and proper cell functioning. You can enjoy the therapeutic benefits of glycine by consuming protein-rich foods including meat, fish, dairy, and legumes. Glycine is also available in the form of capsules, pills and powder in many health food stores.

Benefits of L-Glycine

Strong scientific studies support the following amazing health benefits of this powerful amino acid:

Promotes Restful Sleep

Most men especially the older population experience insomnia or difficulty sleeping. According to a 2012 study published in Frontiers in Neurology, glycine supplementation may help alleviate symptoms of insomnia.[1] The study participants were restricted to 25% less than the usual sleep time for three consecutive nights and were asked to take 3 g of glycine or placebo before bedtime. In subjects given with glycine, their visual analog scale (VAS), a measure of sleepiness and fatigue, showed a significant reduction in fatigue and a tendency toward reduced sleepiness. In addition, questionnaires revealed that the group who took glycine had improved daytime sleepiness and reduced fatigue compared to the placebo-treated group, suggesting that glycine may help promote restful sleep.

Sharpens Memory

Taking glycine can also improve mental capabilities. One study assessing the effects of glycine on memory of middle-aged and elderly men found that glycine supplementation at 5 g twice daily orally for a period of 3 weeks was able to improve memory and vigor of the study participants compared to placebo supplement.[2] This result suggests that glycine may help prevent cognitive decline associated with aging.

Repairs and Protects Joints and Cartilage

Glycine plays a crucial role in the formation of collagen, which also plays a major role in the formation of connective tissue that keeps joint flexible and durable. Studies show that amino acids like glycine help repair damaged tissues within joints caused by injury or aging.[3] Therefore, glycine consumption can prevent loss of mobility and functionality in older men.

Slows Down Aging

Increased levels of free radicals in the body are known to accelerate the aging process. In order to combat the effects of aging, you need to load up on potent antioxidants such as glutathione. Interestingly, glycine helps form glutathione and according to a 2011 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, glycine supplementation in elderly people can help restore glutathione within healthy levels.[4] This in turn helps lower the concentrations of free radicals, thereby slowing the effects of aging.

Fights Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is linked to increased incidence of heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and other serious health conditions in men. According to a 2003 study assessing the therapeutic benefits of glycine on the human body, this powerful amino acid acts on inflammatory cells to suppress activation of inflammatory pathways and the formation of free radicals, thereby preventing chronic inflammation.[5]

Treats Various Mental Disorders

An overwhelming body of clinical research supports the therapeutic benefits of glycine in a wide array of mental disorders. For instance, glycine supplementation has been shown in one study to significantly reduce symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder.[6] Another study also found that adding 8 g/kg/day of glycine to antipsychotic medication of patients with schizophrenia significantly reduced the symptoms without any adverse side effects.[7] Finally, one study also found that depression is associated with lower levels of blood glycine, suggesting that glycine supplementation may help improve mood.[8]

Helps Lose Weight

A 2008 study published in the European Journal of Pharmacology found that glycine increases adiponectin, a protein involved in fatty acid breakdown.[9] By boosting the production of adiponectin, glycine supplementation can help you shed a lot of pounds.

Prevents Diabetes

Researchers found that taking 5 grams of glycine daily reduces glycated hemoglobin (A1C), a major risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes.[10] Another study also found that glycine stimulates the secretion of a gut hormone known as glucagon that helps insulin stabilize blood sugar levels.[11]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Studies show that glycine supplementation can lower systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome.[12] This blood pressure-lowering effect of glycine can also help lower one’s risk for several health conditions associated with hypertension.

References:

1. Bannai M, Kawai N, Ono K, Nakahara K, Murakami N. The Effects of Glycine on Subjective Daytime Performance in Partially Sleep-Restricted Healthy Volunteers. Frontiers in Neurology. 2012;3:61. doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00061.
2. Arwert LI, Deijen JB, Drent ML. Effects of an oral mixture containing glycine, glutamine and niacin on memory, GH and IGF-I secretion in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Nutritional neuroscience. 2003; 6(5):269-75.
3. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 22.3, Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix.
4. Sekhar RV, Patel SG, Guthikonda AP. Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011; 94(3):847-53.
5. Zhong Z, Wheeler MD, Li X. L-Glycine: a novel antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective agent. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2003; 6(2):229-40.
6. Louis Cleveland, Robert L. DeLaPaz, Rashid A. Fawwaz, and Roger S. Challop, “High-Dose Glycine Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in a 5-Year Period,” Neural Plasticity, vol. 2009, Article ID 768398, 25 pages, 2009. doi:10.1155/2009/768398.
7. Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt DC. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry. 2004; 55(2):165-71.
8. Altamura C, Maes M, Dai J, Meltzer HY. Plasma concentrations of excitatory amino acids, serine, glycine, taurine and histidine in major depression. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995; 5 Suppl:71-5.
9. Garcia-Macedo R, Sanchez-Muñoz F, Almanza-Perez JC, Duran-Reyes G, Alarcon-Aguilar F, Cruz M. Glycine increases mRNA adiponectin and diminishes pro-inflammatory adipokines expression in 3T3-L1 cells. European journal of pharmacology. 2008; 587(1-3):317-21.
10. Cruz M, Maldonado-Bernal C, Mondragón-Gonzalez R. Glycine treatment decreases proinflammatory cytokines and increases interferon-gamma in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2008; 31(8):694-9.
11. Gannon MC, Nuttall JA, Nuttall FQ. The metabolic response to ingested glycine. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2002; 76(6):1302-7.
12. Díaz-Flores M, Cruz M, Duran-Reyes G. Oral supplementation with glycine reduces oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome, improving their systolic blood pressure. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2013; 91(10):855-60.

L-Glutamic Acid HCl

L-glutamic acid HCL is known by many names such as glutamic acid, glutamic acid HCl, glutamina, glutaminate, glutamine, glutamine ethyl ester, or glutamine ethyl ester HCl. L-glutamic acid HCL is a neurotransmitter, a brain chemical that is responsible for regulating the electrical conduction inside the brain. This amino acid is also used to flavor food and can be found in high protein foods such as fish, meat, dairy products, eggs, legumes, lentils and beans. Because L-glutamic acid HCL is needed by your body in large amounts, you need to load up on this essential amino acid by taking supplements.

Benefits of L-Glutamic Acid HCl

L-glutamic acid HCL has a multitude of positive benefits on the human body, including:

Relief from Leaky Gut Syndrome

Leaky gut syndrome happens when tight junctions in the gut, which control what passes through the lining of the small intestine, start to malfunction. As a result, substances leak into the bloodstream and cause unpleasant digestive symptoms such as bloating, gas, abdominal pain, cramps and food sensitivities. A study published in the medical journal Lancet investigated the effect of L-glutamic acid HCL supplementation on 20 hospital patients with leaky gut syndrome.[1] Interestingly, researchers observed that the treatment was able to decrease intestinal permeability, resulting in significant improvement of symptoms.

Strong Immune System

Taking L-glutamic acid HCL can help boost the immune function, thereby preventing a wide array of medical maladies. A medical study published in 2001 investigated the effects of L-glutamic acid HCL on the immune system.[2] Researches found that L-glutamic acid HCL benefits the body by regulating the IgA immune response. IgA is an important antibody that fights harmful microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria.

Improved Exercise Recovery

During an intense workout, your muscles and tendons become stressed and inflamed, resulting in body pains. In addition to this, your body will require more glutamine and will enter a muscle-wasting state. Fortunately, one study found that L-glutamic acid HCL supplementation can prevent this from happening.[3] Another study also found that L-glutamic acid HCL supplementation at a dose of 8 grams in seven physically active male subjects after exhaustive exercise resulted in improved muscle recovery.[4]

Improved Wound Healing

There is strong scientific evidence that L-glutamic acid HCL supplementation can accelerate the wound healing process. According to a 2001 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, L-glutamic acid HCL supplementation in postoperative patients can decrease the length of hospital stay and incidence of infections, as well as improve the rate at which wound heals.[5]

Weight Loss

Research suggests that L-glutamic acid HCL can help burn fat through various mechanisms. For instance, one study found that nine healthy subjects who ingested 2 grams of L-glutamic acid HCL dissolved in a cola drink over a 20-min period 45 min after a light breakfast, had improved fat metabolism and significant increase in growth hormone levels.[6] Researchers believe that this hormonal response boosts the fat-burning ability of the body.

Blood Sugar Control

A 2009 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition suggests that oral L-glutamic acid HCL supplementation can help normalize the levels of the hormones glucagon and insulin in the blood, both of which play a major role in regulating blood sugar levels.[7] The study included 8 healthy normal-weight volunteers, 8 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and 8 obese nondiabetic control subjects who were given glucose, L-glutamic acid HCL, or placebo. After 120 minutes, subjects who took 30 grams of L-glutamic acid HCL had better glucagon and insulin levels.

Healthy Heart

Research has shown that L-glutamic acid HCL may play a role in improving heart health. When given to patients with heart disease, L-glutamic acid HCL in the form of monosodium glutamate (0.8 and 1.5 mg/kg body weight intravenously or 40 and 80 mg/kg orally), can increase exercise tolerance and improve heart rate without any adverse side effects.[8]

Lower Risk of Depression and Anxiety-Related Disorders

There is increasing evidence that L-glutamic acid HCL may also play a role in improving mental health. According to a 2006 study published in Molecular Psychiatry, low levels of L-glutamic acid HCL in the body are linked to higher prevalence of depression, anxiety-related disorders, and other mental disorders.[9] The study involved a sample of 9270 adult subjects from the population-based Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. After careful data analysis, researchers found that subjects with low L-glutamic acid HCL were more susceptible to a range of anxiety disorders and major depression.

Improved Prostate Health

L-glutamic acid HCL plays a major role in facilitating the normal functioning of the prostrate. In fact, prostate fluid contains large amounts of glutamic acid. One study even found that L-glutamic acid HCL supplementation can help improve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition characterized by prostate enlargement.[10]

 References:

1. Van der Hulst RR, van Kreel BK, von Meyenfeldt MF. Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet (London, England). 1993; 341(8857):1363-5.
2. Chang WK, Yang KD, Shaio MF. Effect of glutamine on Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 1999; 93(3):294-301.
3. Available from http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06162005-142747/unrestricted/Piattoly_thesis.pdf.
4. Bowtell JL, Gelly K, Jackman ML, Patel A, Simeoni M, Rennie MJ. Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999; 86(6):1770-7.
5. Wilmore DW. The effect of glutamine supplementation in patients following elective surgery and accidental injury. The Journal of nutrition. 2001; 131(9 Suppl):2543S-9S; discussion 2550S-1S.
6. Welbourne TC. Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1995; 61(5):1058-61.
7. Greenfield JR, Farooqi IS, Keogh JM. Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009; 89(1):106-113.
8. Thomassen A, Bøtker HE, Nielsen TT, Thygesen K, Henningsen P. Effects of glutamate on exercise tolerance and circulating substrate levels in stable angina pectoris. The American journal of cardiology. 1990; 65(3):173-8.
9. Hettema JM, An SS, Neale MC. Association between glutamic acid decarboxylase genes and anxiety disorders, major depression, and neuroticism. Molecular psychiatry. 2006; 11(8):752-62.
10. FEINBLATT HM, GANT JC. Palliative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy; value of glycine-alanine-glutamic acid combination. The Journal of the Maine Medical Association. 1958; 49(3):99-101 passim.

L-Alanine

L-alanine, also known as “alanine” or “alpha-alanine”, is an organic amino acid that plays a major role in the production of proteins and brain chemicals, and proper functioning of the central nervous system. Furthermore, your body uses L-alanine to draw upon blood sugar as a source of energy.[1] You can get a decent amount of L-alanine in poultry, beef, pork and fish. However, your alanine reserves can get depleted due to poor nutrition, environmental factors, stress, and the aging process. In order to compensate for this loss, you need to load up on L-alanine dietary supplements to keep your body working at optimum levels.

Benefits of L-Alanine

This powerful amino acid has a lot of proven health benefits to offer, including:

Improved Blood Sugar Levels

L-alanine supplementation has been known to treat individuals who suffer from low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) since it aids in the production of blood sugar in the body, according to one study.[2] This effect can help prevent the sudden drop in blood sugar levels of diabetic individuals.

Healthy Prostate

There have been numerous studies that have shown that L-alanine helps prevent benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition characterized by enlargement of the prostate which causes severe pains and urinary problems. According to these studies, L-alanine supplementation can help maintain a healthy prostate and even treat urinary symptoms associated with BPH.[3-4]

Improved Exercise Tolerance

One study has shown that L-alanine supplementation may help increase physical fitness when combined with exercise.[5] Over 400 participants were asked to take L-alanine supplements or placebo. After the treatment period, researchers observed that the group who took L-alanine supplements performed significantly better than the placebo-treated group. This effect can be attributed to L-alanine’s ability to aid in the production of blood sugar as a source of energy.

Improved Mood

There is strong scientific evidence that loading up on amino acids can boost overall mood. According to studies, taking amino acid supplements such as L-alanine, might help improve symptoms of depression and mental illnesses as well as overall quality of life by increasing the production of certain brain chemicals that control a person’s mood.[6-8]

Improved Libido

An overwhelming body of clinical research shows that amino acids, particularly L-alanine, can help ramp up a man’s sexual power and performance. According to studies, amino acids boost the production of testosterone, a hormone that fuels a man’s sex drive.[9-10] In addition, amino acids also prevent erectile dysfunction by improving blood flow within the penis.[11]

References:

1. Shiga H. et al: Amino acid therapy for hypertrophy of the prostate; Hinyokika Kiyo 2008; S. 625-632
2. Brennan L, Shine A, Hewage C, Malthouse JP, Brindle KM, McClenaghan N, Flatt PR, Newsholme P. A nuclear magnetic resonance-based demonstration of substantial oxidative L-alanine metabolism and L-alanine-enhanced glucose metabolism in a clonal pancreatic beta-cell line: metabolism of L-alanine is important to the regulation of insulin secretion. Diabetes. 2002 Jun; 51(6):1714-21.
3. Kuritzky L. A Primary Care Physician’s Perspective on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Reviews in Urology. 2003;5(Suppl 5):S42-S48.
4. FEINBLATT HM, GANT JC. Palliative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy; value of glycine-alanine-glutamic acid combination. The Journal of the Maine Medical Association. 1958; 49(3):99-101 passim.
5. Available from http://aminoacidstudies.org/l-alanine/#fn-202-2.
6. Rao TSS, Asha MR, Ramesh BN, Rao KSJ. Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;50(2):77-82. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.42391.
7. Parker G, Brotchie H. Mood effects of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine: ‘Food for Thought’ III. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2011; 124(6):417-26.
8. Honig A, Bartlett JR, Bouras N, Bridges PK. Amino acid levels in depression: a preliminary investigation. Journal of psychiatric research. 1988; 22(3):159-64.
9. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Volek JS. The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2006; 55(3):282-91.
10. Available from http://www.aminoacid-studies.com/areas-of-use/virility-and-libido.html.
11. Stanislavov R, Rohdewald P. Improvement of erectile function by a combination of French maritime pine bark and roburins with aminoacids. Minerva urologica e nefrologica = The Italian journal of urology and nephrology. 2015; 67(1):27-32.

Juniper Berry Powder

Juniper berries are actually not berries at all, but the seed cone of the juniper plant. However, they are considered to be a berry because of its scales. Juniper berries are a nutritional powerhouse because they loaded with copper, calcium, chromium, iron, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, zinc, as well as vitamins B1, B2, B3 and C. They also contain a decent amount of health-boosting plant compounds known as flavonoids. To obtain the therapeutic benefits of juniper berries, it’s best to take them in the form of powder, tea, capsules and tablets.

Benefits of Juniper Berry

Numerous high quality studies support the extensive health benefits of juniper berries. Among them are the following:

Promotes Restful Sleep

Most men, especially the older population, commonly experience sleeping difficulties or insomnia. A study from Mie University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan found that using juniper berry essential oil as a form of therapeutic fragrance can help induce restful sleep in patients with insomnia.[1] Researchers also observed that the treatment decreased the use of sleeping pills by the study participants, suggesting that juniper berry aids in restful sleep and can be a natural remedy for sleeping difficulties experienced by aging men.

Fights Cancer

Growing evidence supports the anti-cancer properties of juniper berry essential oil or extract. Studies show that that juniper berry can induce programmed cell death of drug-resistant strain of leukemia, liver cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, and nerve tissue cancer cells.[2-3] This mechanism causes malignant cells to self-destruct, thereby preventing its progression.

Combats Infection

Studies show that juniper berry has potent antibacterial, antimicrobial and antifungal activities.[4-6] Researchers even reported that juniper berry extract was found to be very effective as compared to standard antibiotics such as ampicillin and erythromycin, in treating infections. This effect suggests that juniper berry can help fight a wide array of infections caused by harmful microorganisms.

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Consuming juniper berries can also be beneficial in men with type 2 diabetes. Studies show that the antioxidants in juniper berries helps bring down the levels of blood sugar in diabetics by improving the body’s response to insulin, a hormone that lowers blood sugar.[7-8]

Eliminates Stubborn Fat

Juniper berry oil can reduce the appearance of cellulite, a dimpled skin appearance that occurs when underlying fat deposits begin to push through layers of connective tissue. This condition becomes more noticeable in fat people. Interestingly, one study found that the application of juniper berry oil can help reduce the appearance of cellulite in affected skin areas.[9] This suggests that juniper berry may have fat-burning effects, which may ultimately  contribute to healthy, rejuvenated skin.

Detoxifies the Body

Juniper berry has potent diuretic effect, which means it can increase urinary frequency and urine volume. Studies show that terpinenol, the active compound in juniper berries, can help flush out toxins and harmful substances inside the body by increasing the production of urine.[10-11]

Prevents Erectile Dysfunction

There is increasing evidence that plant compounds known as flavonoids can help prevent the incidence of erectile dysfunction. For instance, a 2016 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that higher dietary intake of specific flavonoid-rich foods such as juniper berries is associated with reduced incidence of erectile dysfunction.[12]

Prevents Cognitive Decline

Large clinical trials have shown that higher intakes of berries such as juniper berries were associated with slower rates of cognitive decline in older men.[13-15] The ability of juniper berries to boost cognitive function is primarily attributed to its rich flavonoid content.

References:

1. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962456205000597. Accessed September 5, 2017.
2. Saab AM, Guerrini A, Sacchetti G. Phytochemical analysis and cytotoxicity towards multidrug-resistant leukemia cells of essential oils derived from Lebanese medicinal plants. Planta medica. 2012; 78(18):1927-31.
3. Lantto TA, Laakso I, Dorman HJ. Cellular Stress and p53-Associated Apoptosis by Juniperus communis L. Berry Extract Treatment in the Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. International journal of molecular sciences. 2016; 17(7).
4. Sati S. C., Joshi S. Antibacterial potential of leaf extracts of Juniperus communis L. from Kumaun Himalaya. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2010;4(12):1291–1294.
5. Pepeljnjak S., Kosalec I., Kalodera Z., Blažević N. Antimicrobial activity of juniper berry essential oil (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae) Acta Pharmaceutica. 2005;55(4):417–422.
6. Modnicki D., Łabędzka J. Estimation of the total phenolic compounds in juniper sprouts (Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae) from different places at the kujawsko-pomorskie province. Herba Polonica. 2009;55(3).\
7. Khan V, Najmi AK, Akhtar M, Aqil M, Mujeeb M, Pillai KK. A pharmacological appraisal of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences. 2012;4(1):27-42. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.92727.
8. Sánchez de Medina F, Gámez MJ, Jiménez I, Jiménez J, Osuna JI, Zarzuelo A. Hypoglycemic activity of juniper “berries”. Planta medica. 1994; 60(3):197-200.
9. Available from http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8050/1/NPR%204%281%29%2018-26.pdf
10. Janku I, Hava M, Motl O. [Diuretic substance from juniper (Juniperus communis L.)]. Experientia. 1957; 13(6):255-6.
11. Ripka O. [Diuretic Effect of Terpinenol, A Constituent of Juniper Oil]. Sbornik lekarsky. 1964; 66:161-6.
12. Cassidy A, Franz M, Rimm EB. Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2016;103(2):534-541. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010.
13. Schmitt-Schillig S, Schaffer S, Weber CC, Eckert GP, Muller WE. Flavonoids and the aging brain. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;56(Suppl 1):23–36.
14. Mattson MP. Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2004 Aug 5;430(7000):631–639.
15. Behl C. Amyloid beta-protein toxicity and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Tissue Res. 1997 Dec;290(3):471–480.

Horsetail Stem

Horsetail is a thin plant with a stalk that is similar to the tail of a bird or a horse. This plant is also known by many other names such as Horsetail Fern, Field Horsetail, Common Horsetail, Giant Horsetail, Pewterwort, Scouring Rush, Shavegrass, Candock, Paddock pipes, or Bottle brush. For many centuries, ancient Greeks, Romans and Chinese herbalists have been using horsetail in order to treat a wide array of medical maladies. The therapeutic benefits of this ancient medical herb can be attributed to a number of essential minerals and other nutrients it contains, such as calcium, iron, manganese, flavonoids, caffeic acid, saponins, tannins, esters, fatty acids, alkaloids, silica, phytosterols and phenolic acids. You can reap the potential health benefits of horsetail by consuming it as a supplement, in capsule form, or brewing it directly into a tea.

Benefits of Horsetail Stem

Consuming horsetail stem is linked to a broad range of proven health benefits, including:

Stronger Skeletal Frame

There is strong scientific evidence that horsetail can help improve bone health. According to numerous studies, the silicon in horsetail helps prevent bone breakdown by stimulating bone regeneration and increasing the production of osteoblast, a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.[1-9]

Body Detoxification

Horsetail is a medicinal plant with a potential diuretic effect, meaning it increases your urinary output. In a clinical trial involving 36 healthy male volunteers who were given with a standardized dried extract of horsetail (900 mg/day), placebo (corn starch, 900 mg/day), or hydrochlorothiazide (a diuretic medication, 25 mg/day), separated by a 10-day washout period, researchers observed that the group who took horsetail had significant improvement in urinary frequency.[10] In addition, researchers found that the horsetail extract was effective as the diuretic medication. By increasing urinary output, horsetail can also help detoxify the body by flushing out harmful toxins.

Cancer Prevention

Chronic inflammation and uncontrolled cell division are both linked to cancer progression. According to a 2014 study published in BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine, a standardized extract of horsetail can help inhibit cancer cell growth and reproduction, as well as inflammation by altering several mechanisms of cell cycle.[11] Another study found that horsetail has potent antioxidant properties which can help counter the harmful effects of free radicals.[12] Increased levels or chronic exposure to free radicals are known to contribute to cancer development.

Liver Protection

Horsetail has also beneficial effect on the liver aside from flushing harmful toxins out of the body. According to a 2014 study published in Natural Product Research, several compounds known as glycosides isolated from the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of horsetail can help protect the liver against human hepatitis B virus.[13]

Strong Immune System

Horsetail can also boost the immune system because it has potent antimicrobial and antifungal properties. A 2015 study assessing the effects of horsetail on different microorganisms found that horsetail was able to kill various bacteria and fungi in addition to its antioxidant properties.[14]

Relief from Kidney Stones

Due to the diuretic activity of horsetail, this ancient herb may be beneficial for patients with kidney stones. Normally, uric acid kidney stones develop when urine output is low. This causes kidney stones to lodge into urinary canal and kidneys, resulting in debilitating urinary symptoms such as pain, infection and difficulty in urinating. By increasing urine production and frequency, horsetail can help flush out kidney stones.

Improved Blood Sugar Levels

The blood sugar-lowering effect a single dose (0.33 g/kg) of a water extract from aerial parts of horsetail was investigated in 11 patients with type 2 diabetic patients.[15] Blood sugar and insulin levels were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after administration. Interestingly, after 90, 120 and 180 minutes of treatment, the blood sugar levels of diabetic patients were significantly reduced, suggesting that horsetail supplementation can help stabilize blood sugar levels.

References:

1. Brady MC, Dobson PRM, Thavarajah M, Kanis JA. Zeolite A stimulates proliferation and protein synthesis in human osteoblast –like cells and osteosarcoma cell line MG-63. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1991:S139.
2. Mills BG, Frausto A, Wiegand KE. Mitogenis effect of N-0974 on human bone cells. Journal of Dental Research. 1989:68. Abstract No. 1363.
3. Keeting PE, Oursler MJ, Wiegand KE, Bonde SK, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL. Zeolite A increases proliferation, differentiation, and transforming growth factor b production in normal adult human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7:1281–1289.
4. Reffitt DM, Ogston N, Jugdaohsingh R, et al. Orthosilicic acid stimulates collagen type I synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Bone. 2003;32:127–135.
5. Arumugam MQ, Ireland DC, Brooks RA, Rushton N, Bonfield W. The effect orthosilicic acid on collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin mRNA expression in human bone-derived osteoblasts in vitro. Bioceramics 18, Pts 1 &2 Key Engineering Materials. 2006;309-311:121–124.
6. Schutze N, Oursler MJ, Nolan J, Riggs BL, Spelberg TC. Zeolite A inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in vitro. J Cell Biochem. 1995;58:39–46.
7. Hench LL, Xynos ID, Polak JM. Bioactive glasses for in situ tissue regeneration. Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition. 2004;15(4):543–62.
8. Porter AE, Patel N, Skepper JN, Best SM, Bonfield W. Effect of sintered silicate-substituted hydroxyapatite on remodelling processes at the bone-implant interface. Biomaterials. 2004;25:3303–3314.
9. Birchall JD. The essentiality of silicon in biology. Chemical Society Reviews. 1995:351–357.
10. Carneiro DM, Freire RC, Honório TC. Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial to Assess the Acute Diuretic Effect of Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail) in Healthy Volunteers. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM. 2014; 2014:760683.
11. Gründemann C, Lengen K, Sauer B, Garcia-Käufer M, Zehl M, Huber R. Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2014; 14:283.
12. Antioxidative and antiproliferative activities of different horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extracts. D.D. Cetojevic-Simin, et al. Journal of Medicinal Food. April 2010; 13(2): 452-9.
13. Jin M, Zhang C, Zheng T. A new phenyl glycoside from the aerial parts of Equisetum hyemale. Natural product research. 2014; 28(21):1813-8.
14. de Queiroz GM, Politi FA, Rodrigues ER. Phytochemical Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Antioxidant Potential of Equisetum hyemale L. (Equisetaceae) Extracts. Journal of medicinal food. 2015; 18(7):830-4.
15. Revilla MC, Andrade-cetto A, Islas S, Wiedenfeld H. Hypoglycemic effect of Equisetum myriochaetum aerial parts on type 2 diabetic patients. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81(1):117-20.

Gravel Root Powder

Gravel root is a hardy perennial plant that is located in the United States and Canada. This medicinal root is also commonly known as Joe Pye weed, or Sweet Joe Pye weed. Legend has it that a Native American named Joe Pye used gravel root to help cure people affected by typhoid outbreak. Since then, gravel root was quickly adopted by the settlers in the treatment of a wide array of medical maladies. Researchers believe that its medicinal properties are primarily attributed to its rich flavonoid content, which are plant compounds thought to provide health benefits through its antioxidant effects. You can reap the potential therapeutic benefits of this ancient medicinal herb by consuming it in the form of tea, powders, pills, and tinctures.

Benefits of Gravel Root

There is growing body of evidence that gravel root can benefit almost every organ system in the body. The following are among its extensive health benefits:

Detoxifies the Body

There is increasing evidence that gravel root can help eliminate harmful toxins from the body. A 2010 study found that gravel root has potent diuretic effect, which means that it helps increase urinary frequency and volume.[1] This in turn helps flush toxins and other harmful substances out of the body.

Fights Inflammation

According to a 2001 test tube study published in Phytotherapy Research, gravel root can help fight inflammatory conditions through its anti-inflammatory properties.[2] Researchers found that gravel root was able to suppress inflammation and lower the levels of inflammatory markers, suggesting that it can be beneficial in several inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.

Fights Infection

Gravel root is long used by Native Americans in treating a wide array of infections. In fact, studies show that it has antibacterial and antiviral properties which can help combat infection-causing microorganisms.[3]

Prevents Various Types of Cancers

The anti-cancer properties of gravel root are attributed to its rich flavonoid content. Numerous studies have shown that flavonoid-rich plants such as gravel root can help combat various types of cancers by suppressing its growth and reproduction. According to these high quality studies, flavonoids fight cancer cells by inducing programmed cell death of malignant cells, altering cell cycle of cancer cells, and suppressing different signaling pathways involve in cancer cell growth.[4-12]

Improves Prostate Health

As men get older, their risk of getting various prostate conditions increases. One of the most common prostate problems that older men experience is benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH. This condition is characterized by prostate enlargement, which ultimately results in urinary problems, bladder infections and bladder stones. Growing evidence supports that flavonoids from gravel root can help treat and prevent this condition. Studies show that higher consumption of flavonoids is associated with lower risk of BPH and other prostate conditions, as well as improved symptoms of BPH.[13-16]

Improves Sleep Quality

Strong scientific studies suggest that flavonoids from gravel root can help improve sleep quality especially in aging men. Numerous clinical trials have shown that flavonoid consumption can help improve sleep pattern and sleeping time in people with insomnia.[17-20]

Wards Off Depression

Flavonoids from gravel root possess potent anti-depressant properties which can help improve mood. Studies show that flavonoids increase the levels of certain brain chemicals that fight depression and boost overall mood.[21]

Improves Blood Pressure

A 2011 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition suggests that habitual intake of flavonoids is associated with a significant reduction in blood pressure.[22] This finding indicates that gravel root supplementation can benefit hypertensive individuals.

Prevents Erectile Dysfunction

Consuming flavonoids from gravel root can help ramp up sexual power in men. According to a 2016 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, higher habitual intake of specific flavonoids is associated with reduced incidence of erectile dysfunction.[23]

Fights Signs of Aging

Numerous studies support the anti-aging properties of gravel root flavonoids. According to these studies, flavonoids help prevent visible signs of aging such as wrinkles, blemishes and brown spots by neutralizing the harmful effects of free radicals, which are known to accelerate the aging process.[24-29]

References:

1. Koithan M, Niemeyer K. Using Herbal Remedies to Maintain Optimal Weight. The journal for nurse practitioners : JNP. 2010;6(2):153-154. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2009.12.005.
2. Habtemariam S. Anti-inflammatory activity of the anti-rheumatic herbal drug, gravel root (Eupatroium purpureum): further biological activities and constituents. Phytotherapy Research. 2001 December;15(8):687-90.
3. Available from https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_eufi2.pdf.
4. Lin Y, Shi R, Wang X, Shen HM. Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Current cancer drug targets. 2008; 8(7):634-46.
5. Sak K. Cytotoxicity of dietary flavonoids on different human cancer types. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2014;8(16):122-146. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.134247.
6. Batra P, Sharma AK. Anti-cancer potential of flavonoids: recent trends and future perspectives. 3 Biotech. 2013;3(6):439-459. doi:10.1007/s13205-013-0117-5.
7. Brownson DM, Azios NG, Fuqua BK, Dharmawardhane SF, Mabry TJ. Flavonoid effects relevant to cancer. The Journal of nutrition. 2002; 132(11 Suppl):3482S-3489S.
8. Maggioni D, Biffi L, Nicolini G, Garavello W. Flavonoids in oral cancer prevention and therapy. European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP). 2015; 24(6):517-28.
9. Le Marchand L. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids–a review. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. 2002; 56(6):296-301.
10. Yao H, Xu W, Shi X, Zhang Z. Dietary flavonoids as cancer prevention agents. Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews. 2011; 29(1):1-31.
11. Theodoratou E, Kyle J, Cetnarskyj R. Dietary flavonoids and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2007; 16(4):684-93.
12. Busch C, Burkard M, Leischner C, Lauer UM, Frank J, Venturelli S. Epigenetic activities of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Clinical epigenetics. 2015; 7:64.
13. Katz AE. Flavonoid and botanical approaches to prostate health. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002; 8(6):813-21.
14. Eleazu C, Eleazu K, Kalu W. Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Could Dietary Polyphenols Be an Alternative to Existing Therapies? Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2017;8:234. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00234.
15. Castelli T, Russo GI, Reale G, et al. Metabolic syndrome and prostatic disease: potentially role of polyphenols in preventive strategies. A review. International Brazilian Journal of Urology : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. 2016;42(3):422-430. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0095.
16. Sciarra F, Toscano V. Role of estrogens in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. Archives of andrology. 2000; 44(3):213-20.
17. San AMM, Thongpraditchote S, Sithisarn P, Gritsanapan W. Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Contents and Hypnotic Effect in Mice of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Seed Extract. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2013;2013:835854. doi:10.1155/2013/835854.
18. Shi Y, Dong J-W, Zhao J-H, Tang L-N, Zhang J-J. Herbal Insomnia Medications that Target GABAergic Systems: A Review of the Psychopharmacological Evidence. Current Neuropharmacology. 2014;12(3):289-302. doi:10.2174/1570159X11666131227001243.
19. Fernández S, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M. Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2004; 77(2):399-404.
20. Jiang JG, Huang XJ, Chen J, Lin QS. Comparison of the sedative and hypnotic effects of flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides extracted from Semen Ziziphus jujube. Natural product research. 2007; 21(4):310-20.
21. Sawamoto A, Okuyama S, Yamamoto K. 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Heptamethoxyflavone, a Citrus Flavonoid, Ameliorates Corticosterone-Induced Depression-like Behavior and Restores Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression, Neurogenesis, and Neuroplasticity in the Hippocampus. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2016; 21(4):541.
22. Cassidy A, O’Reilly ÉJ, Kay C. Habitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and incident hypertension in adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011; 93(2):338-47.
23. Cassidy A, Franz M, Rimm EB. Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2016;103(2):534-541. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122010.
24. Chuarienthong P, Lourith N, Leelapornpisid P. Clinical efficacy comparison of anti-wrinkle cosmetics containing herbal flavonoids. International journal of cosmetic science. 2010; 32(2):99-106.
25. Ganceviciene R, Liakou AI, Theodoridis A, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology. 2012;4(3):308-319. doi:10.4161/derm.22804.
26. Karim AA, Azlan A, Ismail A. Phenolic composition, antioxidant, anti-wrinkles and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of cocoa pod extract. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2014; 14:381.
27. Korać RR, Khambholja KM. Potential of herbs in skin protection from ultraviolet radiation. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2011;5(10):164-173. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.91114.
28. Schagen SK, Zampeli VA, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology. 2012;4(3):298-307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876.
29. Rice-Evans C. Flavonoid antioxidants. Current medicinal chemistry. 2001; 8(7):797-807.

Goldenseal Root Powder

Goldenseal root (Hydrastis canadensis), commonly called orange root or yellow puccoon, is a perennial herb that belongs to the buttercup family. This medicinal plant has been an important part of traditional medicine in Canada, United States, and some parts of Europe. The potent medicinal properties of goldenseal root are primarily due to calcium, iron, manganese, vitamins A, C, E and B-complex, isoquinoline alkaloids, essential oil, and other essential minerals present in this powerful herb. Goldenseal root is dried and turned into powder, capsule, tinctures and creams.

Benefits of Goldenseal Root

There is growing evidence that goldenseal root can boost overall health. The following are the proven health benefits of this nutritional powerhouse:

Healthy Cardiovascular System

Goldenseal root contains an organic compound called berberine, which is known to boost heart health. According to a 2001 study published in Cardiovascular Therapeutics, berberine helps maintain a healthy heart by improving the force of muscular contractions, preventing abnormal heart rhythm, and widening the blood vessels to improve blood circulation.[1]

Improved Blood Sugar and Blood Pressure

The usage of berberine from goldenseal root in reducing blood sugar, according to a 2012 meta-analysis, is comparable to Metformin, an oral anti-diabetic drug.[2] The study included fourteen randomized trials, involving 1068 participants, and showed that patients with type 2 diabetes who took berberine in addition to lifestyle modification, had significant improvement in blood sugar levels as well as blood pressure. These results suggest that goldenseal root can be beneficial in diabetic and hypertensive individuals.

Improved Cholesterol Levels

Berberine from goldenseal root can also be beneficial in people with abnormal cholesterol profile. In a 2008 study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, researchers observed that patients with type 2 diabetes who received berberine at a dose of 1 gram daily had lower levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) compared to placebo-treated group.[3] In addition, the study participants did not report any side effects associated with berberine supplementation. Another study also found that berberine supplementation at a dose of 500 mg twice daily decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol while raising the level of high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) of subjects with low cardiovascular risk.[4]

Weight Loss

For men who are trying to lose weight, taking goldenseal root powder can help shed a lot of pounds. A 2013 study revealed that administration of berberine taken from goldenseal root in patients with metabolic syndrome resulted in significant reductions in waist circumference, suggesting that the treatment can help improve body composition.[5]

Relief from Mouth Sores

Mouth sores, medically known as canker sores, are small, painful ulcers located on the tongue, lips, gums, or throat. A 2013 Chinese study revealed that administration of gelatin containing berberine (5 mg/g) 4 times a day for 5 days in patients with mouth sores was able to significantly reduce ulcer pain score, size, redness and swelling without any adverse side effects.[6] This result suggests that berberine may be a safe and effective treatment for mouth sores.

Improved Exercise Capacity

There is strong scientific evidence that berberine from goldenseal root may help improve exercise capacity. According to a 2003 study assessing the effects of berberine in persons with cardiomyopathy (abnormal heart muscle), a dose of 1.2-2 g daily in addition to standard therapy may improve exercise capacity and quality of life by boosting heart function.[7] Researchers observed that study participants who took berberine had stronger heart muscular contractions, improved blood circulation within the heart, and normal heart rhythm – all of these factors primarily contribute to improvement in exercise capacity.

Potential Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease

Accumulation of abnormal protein structures in the brain known as amyloid beta is one of the major causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Interestingly, one laboratory study found that berberine from goldenseal root was able to inhibit the production of human amyloid beta samples, suggesting that it can be considered as a therapeutic strategy in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.[8]

Improved Sexual Function

Goldenseal root has been long used as a traditional Chinese medical therapy for erectile dysfunction. There is growing body of clinical evidence that goldenseal root and its active compound berberine may help improve sexual function in men. According to a 2017 study published in Translational Andrology and Urology, berberine could induce relaxation of corpus cavernosum (either of two masses of erectile tissue forming the bulk of the penis), which in turn results in increased penile blood flow and harder erections.[9]

Cancer Prevention

An overwhelming body of evidence supports the anti-cancer properties of goldenseal root. Studies show that its active compound berberine can inhibit the growth and reproduction of prostate cancer cells by suppressing its migration and invasion, inducing cell cycle arrest, and altering signaling pathways involved in cancer cell growth.[10-12]

References:

1. Lau CW, Yao XQ, Chen ZY, Ko WH, Huang Y. Cardiovascular actions of berberine. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2001;19(3):234-44.
2. Dong H, Wang N, Zhao L, Lu F. Berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 2012; 2012:591654.
3. Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2008; 93(7):2559-65.
4. Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Bonaventura A, Bianchi L, Romano D, Maffioli P. Effects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular risk. Expert opinion on biological therapy. 2013; 13(4):475-82.
5. Pérez-Rubio KG, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Robles-Cervantes JA, Espinel-Bermúdez MC. Effect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders. 2013; 11(5):366-9.
6. Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL. Effects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohort. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. 2013; 115(2):212-7.
7. Zeng XH, Zeng XJ, Li YY. Efficacy and safety of berberine for congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology. 2003; 92(2):173-6.
8. Asai M, Iwata N, Yoshikawa A. Berberine alters the processing of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein to decrease Abeta secretion. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2007; 352(2):498-502.
9. Li H, Jiang H, Liu J. Traditional Chinese medical therapy for erectile dysfunction. Translational Andrology and Urology. 2017;6(2):192-198. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.03.02.
10. Liu C-H, Tang W-C, Sia P, et al. Berberine Inhibits the Metastatic Ability of Prostate Cancer Cells by Suppressing Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-Associated Genes with Predictive and Prognostic Relevance. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015;12(1):63-71. doi:10.7150/ijms.9982.
11. Lu W, Du S, Wang J. Berberine inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and induces G₀/G₁ or G₂/M phase arrest at different concentrations. Molecular medicine reports. 2015; 11(5):3920-4.
12. Li J, Cao B, Liu X. Berberine suppresses androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2011; 10(8):1346-56.

Fo-Ti Root Powder

Fo-Ti, also known as Polygonum multiflorum, is a member of the buckwheat family. It’s a vine that’s native to China and is also grown in Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Over the years, the leaves, root tuber, and rhizomes of Fo-ti have been used to treat a broad range of medical maladies. Scientists believe that Fo-Ti’s medicinal properties are attributed to its phytonutrient content. Phytonutrients are plant compounds that are thought to have health-protecting qualities. You can reap the potential therapeutic benefits of Fo-Ti by taking it in the form of capsules and pills which are available in many health food stores.

Benefits of Fo-Ti Root

Fo-ti’s anti-aging reputation and potent healing properties are backed by evidence-based studies. Among its many health benefits, the following are worth mentioning:

Fights Infections

An overwhelming body of research supports the ability of Fo-Ti root to combat various infections. Studies show that Fo-Ti root can inhibit the growth and reproduction of coronavirus (causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.[1-3] All of these microorganisms are known to cause several difficult-to-treat infections in humans.

Protects Against Alzheimer’s Disease

Taking Fo-Ti root may also help improve mental health by protecting against Alzheimer’s disease. In one Chinese study involving 209 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, researchers found that participants treated with Fo-Ti extract had better scores on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Ability of Daily Living Scale (ADLS), suggesting an improvement in cognitive function and overall quality of life.[4]

Lowers Cholesterol Levels

Results from three high quality studies show that Fo-Ti root do have a cholesterol-lowering effect.[5-7] According to these studies, consuming Fo-Ti root extract can significantly lower low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) levels without any adverse side effects.

Prevents Blood Clots

Abnormal platelet aggregation (clumping of platelets) is highly associated with blood clot formation, which can ultimately lead to heart disease and stroke. Interestingly, one study found that Fo-Ti root has potent anti-platelet activity which can help reduce the incidence of blood clot formation.[8] Researchers found that the specific mechanism by which Fo-Ti root exert this effect is by modulating human platelet activity.

Fights Various Types of Cancers

Fo-Ti root also has potent anti-cancer properties which can help lower one’s risk for this deadly disease. A systematic review of the literature on Fo-ti root was performed using several resources, including classic books on Chinese herbal medicine and various scientific databases, in order to assess its safety and efficacy on various types of cancers.[9] The review found that most of the data and studies suggest that Fo-Ti root may help combat prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and other types of cancer by inducing programmed cell death of malignant cells.

Promotes Better Sleep

Taking Fo-Ti root may also help improve sleep quality and pattern. In fact, one study found that Fo-Ti root has been commonly used and prescribed for treating insomnia in Asian countries for centuries.[10] Another study also found that Fo-Ti root supplementation in patients with bipolar disorder (a mental disorder marked by alternating periods of elation and depression) was able to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and insomnia.[11]

Prevents Hair Loss

Baldness is a common condition experienced by men, especially those in the older population. According to one study, Fo-ti root can help prevent this problem by stimulating hair growth.[12] The researchers treated human dermal papilla cells (play an important role in hair growth) with Fo-Ti root compound in order to assess its efficacy. After 21 days, Fo-Ti root was able to increase hair-fiber length significantly by boosting the production of human dermal papilla cells.

Improves Sexual Function

Fo-Ti root has long been used in the treatment of sexual dysfunction. A 2011 study published in the Journal of Andrology reported that this herbal aphrodisiac can treat erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.[13] Another study also found that Fo-Ti root can increase the levels of nitric oxide (NO), which helps widen blood vessels of the penis. This in turn results in longer and harder erections necessary for sexual intercourse.[14]

References:

1. Ho TY, Wu SL, Chen JC, Li CC, Hsiang CY. Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. Antiviral research. 2007; 74(2):92-101.
2. Lin HW, Sun MX, Wang YH. Anti-HIV activities of the compounds isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum. Planta medica. 2010; 76(9):889-92.
3. Zuo GY, Wang GC, Zhao YB. Screening of Chinese medicinal plants for inhibition against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2008; 120(2):287-90.
4. Chen L, Huang J, Xue L. [Effect of compound Polygonum multiflorum extract on Alzheimer’s disease]. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences. 2010; 35(6):612-5.
5. Miao Hu, Weiwei Zeng, and Brian Tomlinson, “Evaluation of a Crataegus-Based Multiherb Formula for Dyslipidemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2014, Article ID 365742, 9 pages, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/365742.
6. Bounda GA, Feng YU. Review of clinical studies of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and its isolated bioactive compounds. Pharmacognosy research. 2015; 7(3):225-36.
7. Wang W, He Y, Lin P. In vitro effects of active components of Polygonum Multiflorum Radix on enzymes involved in the lipid metabolism. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2014; 153(3):763-70.
8. Xiang K, Liu G, Zhou YJ. 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG) attenuates human platelet aggregation, secretion and spreading in vitro. Thrombosis research. 2014; 133(2):211-7.
9. Lin L, Ni B, Lin H. Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a review. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2015; 159:158-83.
10. Chen FP, Jong MS, Chen YC. Prescriptions of Chinese Herbal Medicines for Insomnia in Taiwan during 2002. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 2011; 2011:236341.
11. Baek JH, Nierenberg AA, Kinrys G. Clinical applications of herbal medicines for anxiety and insomnia; targeting patients with bipolar disorder. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry. 2014; 48(8):705-15.
12. Sun YN, Cui L, Li W. Promotion effect of constituents from the root of Polygonum multiflorum on hair growth. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2013; 23(17):4801-5.
13. Ho CC, Singam P, Hong GE, Zainuddin ZM. Male sexual dysfunction in Asia. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2011;13(4):537-542. doi:10.1038/aja.2010.135.
14. Bounda G-A, Feng Y. Review of clinical studies of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and its isolated bioactive compounds. Pharmacognosy Research. 2015;7(3):225-236. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.157957.

Cayenne Pepper Powder (fruit)

Cayenne peppers belong to a family of flowering plants and are closely related to jalapeño, bell peppers and paprika. This thin red pepper has a deceptively mild smell but it is loaded with capsaicin, the active ingredient in cayenne peppers which gives them their powerful fiery taste as well as medicinal properties. Cayenne peppers boast an impressive nutrition profile, which includes vitamins A, E, C, K and B6, fiber, protein, manganese, potassium, riboflavin, and a variety of potent antioxidants that are beneficial for your health.

Benefits of Cayenne Pepper

The following are among the extensive, science-backed health benefits of cayenne pepper:

Helps Lose Weight

Including cayenne pepper in your diet or taking it in the form of supplements can help you shed a lot of pounds. Studies show that cayenne pepper helps burn more calories and fats by increasing the amount of heat your body produce, boosting your metabolism and reducing your food intake. In one study, people who ate a breakfast containing capsaicin burned 51% more calories during that meal compared to those who didn’t.[1] Another study also found that people who took capsaicin supplements had reduced food intake throughout the day compared to those who didn’t take any.[2]

Improves Digestive Health

Cayenne pepper may provide many benefits for your digestive system. For instance, one study found that cayenne pepper may help prevent and treat ulcers by inhibiting acid secretion and increasing gastric mucosal blood flow.[3] The study also found that the capsaicin in cayenne pepper stimulates neurons in the stomach and signals for protection against injury causing agents. Another study also found that cayenne pepper increases the production of digestive enzymes, which helps digest food properly.[4]

Relieves Pain

Capsaicin in cayenne pepper has potent pain-relieving properties when applied to the skin. According to one study, capsaicin helps relieve pain by reducing the amount of substance P, a hormone that transmits pain signals to the brain.[5] Other studies also show that capsaicin skin cream is effective for relief of joint and muscle pain, lower back pain, postoperative pain, and nerve pain.[5-6]

Alleviates Symptoms of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin condition characterized by patches of red, itchy and scaly skin. Currently, there is no cure for this debilitating condition. However, studies show that capsaicin creams can help relieve itching and improve the appearance of the affected skin of people with psoriasis.[7-8]

Fights Cancer

The capsaicin in cayenne peppers shows promise in lowering one’s risk of cancer. Studies show that capsaicin exerts its anti-cancer properties by attacking many different pathways involved in cancer cell growth and reproduction, and by inducing programmed cell death of malignant cells.[9-10] In addition, a 2006 study also found that capsaicin prevented prostate cancer progression by suppressing the production of certain proteins that fuel cancer cell growth.[11]

Lowers Blood Pressure

A 2015 study suggests that capsaicin in cayenne pepper has vasodilatory effects.[12] This means that capsaicin has the ability to widen blood vessels, thereby improving blood circulation and lowering blood pressure.

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Cayenne pepper can also be beneficial for diabetics. A 2006 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition suggests that eating capsaicin-rich foods can improve blood sugar levels of patients with type 2 diabetes by improving the body’s response to the hormone insulin.[13]

Improves Cholesterol Profile

A 2006 study published in the West Indian Medical Journal suggests that taking cayenne pepper supplements in doses of two to three capsules three to four times daily can help improve cholesterol levels.[14] Researchers found that patients who took the supplement had increased fecal excretion of cholesterol and reported no adverse side effects during the treatment period.

Ramps up Sexual Power

Cayenne pepper and other spicy foods have been long used as potent aphrodisiacs. In fact, there is strong scientific evidence that capsaicin in cayenne pepper may help improve sexual function in men. According to a 2010 study published in the Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, administration of capsaicin in men with low libido can induce harder and longer erections, which improves overall sexual function.[15] Researchers believe that this effect is attributed to capsaicin’s vasodilatory effect, which boosts blood circulation within the penis.

References:

1. Clegg ME, Golsorkhi M, Henry CJ. Combined medium-chain triglyceride and chilli feeding increases diet-induced thermogenesis in normal-weight humans. European journal of nutrition. 2013; 52(6):1579-85.
2. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Smeets A, Lejeune MP. Sensory and gastrointestinal satiety effects of capsaicin on food intake. International journal of obesity (2005). 2005; 29(6):682-8.
3. Maji AK, Banerji P. Phytochemistry and gastrointestinal benefits of the medicinal spice, Capsicum annuum L. (Chilli): a review. Journal of complementary & integrative medicine. 2016; 13(2):97-122.
4. Winter J, Bevan S, Campbell EA. Capsaicin and pain mechanisms. British journal of anaesthesia. 1995; 75(2):157-68.
5. Chrubasik S, Weiser T, Beime B. Effectiveness and safety of topical capsaicin cream in the treatment of chronic soft tissue pain. Phytotherapy research: PTR. 2010; 24(12):1877-85.
6. Groninger H, Schisler RE. Topical Capsaicin for Neuropathic Pain #255. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2012;15(8):946-947. doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.9571.
7. Bernstein JE, Parish LC, Rapaport M, Rosenbaum MM, Roenigk HH. Effects of topically applied capsaicin on moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986; 15(3):504-7.
8. Shenefelt PD. Herbal Treatment for Dermatologic Disorders. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011. Chapter 18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92761/.
9. Bode AM, Dong Z. The two faces of capsaicin. Cancer research. 2011; 71(8):2809-14.
10. Surh YJ. More than spice: capsaicin in hot chili peppers makes tumor cells commit suicide. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002; 94(17):1263-5.
11. Mori A, Lehmann S, O’Kelly J. Capsaicin, a component of red peppers, inhibits the growth of androgen-independent, p53 mutant prostate cancer cells. Cancer research. 2006; 66(6):3222-9.
12. McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH. Capsaicin may have important potential for promoting vascular and metabolic health. Open Heart. 2015;2(1):e000262. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2015-000262.
13. Ahuja KD, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Ball MJ. Effects of chili consumption on postprandial glucose, insulin, and energy metabolism. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2006; 84(1):63-9.
14. Jainarinesingh J. Herbs that Ensure Good Health and Longevity. The West Indian Medical Journal. 2014;63(1):90-91. doi:10.7727/wimj.2013.153.
15. Lazzeri M, Barbanti G, Beneforti P, Turini D. Intraurethrally infused capsaicin induces penile erection in humans. Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 1994; 28(4):409-12.

Catalase

Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms using oxygen. As a highly potent antioxidant, it helps combat harmful free radicals in the body such as hydrogen peroxide, by converting them into harmless substances. Specifically, catalase breaks down millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules into water and oxygen in just one second, which is then reused by the body. As we age, our body produces less catalase, preventing the hydrogen peroxide from being broken down. Fortunately, we can restore catalase to its youthful levels by taking catalase supplements in the form of capsules and pills.

Benefits of Catalase

Because of its scientifically-proven powerful antioxidant properties, catalase can provide a wide array of health benefits, including:

Potential Cure for Gray Hair and Vitiligo

People’s hair goes gray because of massive build-up of hydrogen peroxide in hair follicles. Increased level of this harmful free radical causes hair to bleach itself from the inside out. In 2013, researchers from the United Kingdom and Germany reported that massive build-up of hydrogen peroxide can be reversed with PC-KUS, a modified pseudocatalase.[1] In addition, the researchers concluded that the treatment can also treat patients with vitiligo, a long-term skin problem in which white patches of skin appear on certain sections of skin. After the treatment period, researchers observed that PC-KUS treatment led to restoration of the patient’s original skin and hair color, suggesting that this catalase treatment is effective in combating free radicals.

Anti-Aging

An overwhelming body of clinical research strongly suggests that increased levels of free radicals known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) accelerates the aging process and that catalase has potent anti-aging properties.[2-5] According to these studies, catalase brings down the levels of ROS and hydrogen peroxide and neutralize their harmful effects on the body.

Increased Life Span

Numerous studies suggest that there is a direct link between the catalase enzyme, free radical damage and extending human life span.[6-8] Also, these studies suggest that the ability of catalase enzyme to reduce free radical damage may help ward off a wide array of degenerative diseases, therefore prolonging life span.

Improved Exercise Recovery

There is increasing evidence that higher levels of catalase in the body may help prevent exercise-induced muscle damage by combating free radicals.[9] A 2013 study investigated the changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant status indices related to a 3-week high-intensity interval training regimen in 8 physically active males.[10] Researchers observed that training induced a marked elevation of antioxidant status indices, particularly catalase, which is believed to help counter the negative effects of oxidative stress on the muscles. This in turn can help accelerate exercise recovery after strenuous exercises.

Cancer Prevention

Numerous studies suggest that there is a strong link between high levels of free radicals, particularly hydrogen peroxide, and cancer development.[11-14] Because catalase is an important antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, taking catalase supplements can help limit the deleterious effects of hydrogen peroxide and free radicals on the body, which ultimately lower one’s risk of cancer.

References:

1. Nordqvist, Christian. “Cure For Gray Hair And Vitiligo Found.” Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 5 May. 2013. Web. 13 Aug. 2017. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/260089.php
2. Miller RA. Biomedicine. The anti-aging sweepstakes: catalase runs for the ROSes. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2005; 308(5730):1875-6.
3. Poduslo JF, Whelan SL, Curran GL, Wengenack TM. Therapeutic benefit of polyamine-modified catalase as a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenics. Annals of neurology. 2000; 48(6):943-7.
4. Li D, Duan D. Mitochondria-targeted antiaging gene therapy with adeno-associated viral vectors. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2013; 1048:161-80.
5. Terlecky SR, Koepke JI, Walton PA. Peroxisomes and Aging. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2006;1763(12):1749-1754. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.017.
6. Imlay JA. Pathways of oxidative damage. Annual review of microbiology. 2003; 57:395-418.
7. Cutler RG. Oxidative stress and aging: catalase is a longevity determinant enzyme. Rejuvenation research. 2005; 8(3):138-40.
8. Van Zandycke SM, Sohier PJ, Smart KA. The impact of catalase expression on the replicative lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mechanisms of ageing and development. 2002; 123(4):365-73.
9. Oba T, Ishikawa T, Takaishi T, Aoki T, Yamaguchi M. Hydrogen peroxide decelerates recovery of action potential after high-frequency fatigue in skeletal muscle. Muscle & nerve. 2000; 23(10):1515-24.
10. Bogdanis GC, Stavrinou P, Fatouros IG. Short-term high-intensity interval exercise training attenuates oxidative stress responses and improves antioxidant status in healthy humans. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2013; 61:171-7.
11. Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS. 2008;4(2):89-96.
12. Florence TM. The role of free radicals in disease. Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology. 1995; 23(1):3-7.
13. Rahman K. Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2007;2(2):219-236.
14. Ward JF, Evans JW, Limoli CL, Calabro-Jones PM. Radiation and hydrogen peroxide induced free radical damage to DNA. The British Journal of Cancer Supplement. 1987;8:105-112.

Burdock Root Powder

Burdock, also known as Arctium lappa, is a vegetable that is native to Asia, Europe, and the United States. The deep roots of the burdock plant have been used for centuries in Western folk herbalism and traditional Chinese medicine to treat a broad range of medical maladies. The medicinal properties of burdock root are primarily attributed to its rich antioxidant content. You can enjoy the therapeutic benefits of this ancient medicinal plant by consuming it in the form of tea or supplement.

Benefits of Burdock Root

Now, researchers have discovered a wide array of potential uses and health benefits of burdock root, making it as a complementary treatment for certain conditions. The following are among its extensive therapeutic benefits:

Anti-Aging

Scientific studies have shown that burdock extract can help slow the clinical signs of skin aging. For instance, a 2008 study showed that topical treatment with a natural burdock extract significantly stimulated collagen synthesis and led to a visible wrinkle reduction in human skin cell samples.[1]

Cancer Prevention

Burdock root shows promise for naturally fighting cancer because it contains a potent anti-cancer agent known as arctigenin. According to one study, arctigenin combats cancer cells by selectively stopping their growth and reproduction.[2] Another study found that arctigenin killed various types of human cancer cells including prostate, lung, liver and stomach cancer.[3]

Relief from Arthritis

Burdock root is known to possess potent anti-inflammatory properties that can be beneficial in patients with arthritis. According to a 2012 study published in the International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, burdock root tea may help improve inflammatory status and symptoms of patients with knee osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease.[4] The study participants were given three cups of burdock root tea per day for 42 days and were then assessed for blood levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein. After the treatment period, the study participants had lower levels of inflammatory markers and reported significant improvement in symptoms.

Improved Wound Healing

The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of burdock root can help accelerate wound healing when it’s applied to the skin. A 2014 study even found evidence that burdock root may help treat burns by preventing infection and accelerating the wound repair process.[5]

Prevents Baldness

South Korean scientists found that the arctiin found in burdock root can help prevent free radical-induced death of human hair dermal papilla cells (HHDPCs).[6] This finding is highly significant since these cells help regulate hair follicle growth. This in turn can help increase hair growth, thereby preventing baldness in men.[7]

Improved Blood Pressure

One study reported that the mechanism by which arctigenin in burdock root seems to elicit its antihypertensive effects involves increased production of nitric oxide (NO), which helps widen blood vessels.[8] This in turn helps lower blood pressure and improve blood circulation.

Improved Sexual Function

The aphrodisiac effects of burdock root may be related to the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and other plant compounds.[9] Specifically, the arctigenin in burdock root may help improve sexual function by boosting the levels of nitric oxide, thereby improving blood flow within the penis. This in turn results in harder and longer erections sufficient for sexual intercourse.

Liver Protection

Accumulation of free radicals in the liver is associated with various liver diseases including liver cancer, hepatitis and scarring. Interestingly, a 2011 study published in Complementary & Alternative Medicine reported that burdock root extract exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging activity in human liver cells compared to other herbal medicines, suggesting that it can help protect and detoxify the liver.[10]

References:

1. Knott A, Reuschlein K, Mielke H. Natural Arctium lappa fruit extract improves the clinical signs of aging skin. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2008; 7(4):281-9.
2. Susanti S, Iwasaki H, Inafuku M, Taira N, Oku H. Mechanism of arctigenin-mediated specific cytotoxicity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Phytomedicine: international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2013; 21(1):39-46.
3. Susanti S, Iwasaki H, Itokazu Y. Tumor specific cytotoxicity of arctigenin isolated from herbal plant Arctium lappa L. Journal of natural medicines. 2012; 66(4):614-21.
4. Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L, Alipoor B, Abed R, Eftekhar Sadat B, Mesgari-Abbasi M, Asghari Jafarabadi M. Effects of Arctium lappa L. (Burdock) root tea on inflammatory status and oxidative stress in patients with knee osteoarthritis. International journal of rheumatic diseases. 2016; 19(3):255-61.
5. Rieman MT, Neely AN, Boyce ST. Amish burn ointment and burdock leaf dressings: assessments of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Journal of burn care & research: official publication of the American Burn Association. 2014; 35(4):e217-23.
6. Bae S, Lim KM, Cha HJ, et al. Arctiin blocks hydrogen peroxide-induced senescence and cell death though microRNA expression changes in human dermal papilla cells. Biological Research. 2014;47(1):50. doi:10.1186/0717-6287-47-50.
7. Driskell RR, Clavel C, Rendl M, Watt FM. Hair follicle dermal papilla cells at a glance. Journal of Cell Science. 2011;124(8):1179-1182. doi:10.1242/jcs.082446.
8. Anwar MA, Al Disi SS, Eid AH. Anti-Hypertensive Herbs and Their Mechanisms of Action: Part II. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2016;7:50. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00050.
9. JianFeng C, PengYing Z, ChengWei X, TaoTao H, YunGui B, KaoShan C.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12(1):1.
10. Predes FS, Ruiz AL, Carvalho JE, Foglio MA, Dolder H. Antioxidative and in vitro antiproliferative activity of Arctium lappa root extracts. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011;11:25. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-11-25.

Beta-Sitosterol Complex

Beta-sitosterol is a chemical found in all plant foods including rice bran, soybeans, wheat germ, and corn oil. It is one of the main subcomponents of phytosterols (heart-healthy nutrients) and is known to offer a great number of health benefits. Even though it naturally occurs in foods, the amount present in fruits and vegetables is just too small so you need to load up on supplements to achieve its therapeutic benefits.

Benefits of Beta-Sitosterol

For the past several decades, doctors have routinely prescribed a variety of plant-based drugs such as beta-sitosterol in the treatment of a wide array of diseases and improvement of overall health. The following are among the many proven health benefits of beta-sitosterol:

Improves Cholesterol Levels

According to a 2010 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, beta-sitosterol supplementation among men with abnormal cholesterol levels at 2000 mg per day significantly reduced the level of low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) by increasing fecal cholesterol excretion and intestinal cholesterol absorption.^[1] This finding is highly significant because even the slightest reductions in bad cholesterol levels can drastically reduce one’s risk for heart disease and stroke.

Improves Prostate Health

Beta-sitosterol is widely used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition characterized by enlargement of the prostate gland resulting in urinary problems. Although non-cancerous, BPH can cause the bladder to be blocked, making it impossible or extremely hard to pass urine. Interestingly, results from two high quality studies show that beta-sitosterol supplementation in men with BPH significantly improved the symptoms and urinary flow parameters, indicating the effectiveness of beta-sitosterol in the treatment of this prostate condition.^[2-3]

Boosts Immune Function

Human clinical trials have shown that beta-sitosterol supplementation can help strengthen the immune system by enhancing the functions of T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells.^[4] The reestablishment of these immune parameters may be of great help in preventing chronic immune-mediated abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases and chronic viral infections.

Fights Cancer

A 2005 study revealed that beta-sitosterol can inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells by inducing programmed cell death and arresting cells at different locations.^[5] This finding suggest that beta-sitosterol can be an effective treatment alternative in other types of cancers.

Accelerates Wound Healing

Results from one high quality study show that the use of moist exposed burn ointment containing beta-sitosterol is effective in treating patients with partial thickness burns of the face.^[6] Similarly, a 2009 study published in the Journal of the Euro-Mediterranean Council for Burns and Fire Disasters reported that beta-sitosterol accelerates the wound healing process by promoting epithelialization, a process in which granulation tissues form.^[7] 

Improves Exercise Recovery

Performing vigorous exercises can lead to pain and inflammation of the muscles in different body parts. Interestingly, one study found that beta-sitosterol supplementation can help prevent exercise-induced muscle pain and inflammation, thereby improving exercise recovery.^[8] According to the study, marathon runners who took beta-sitosterol capsules prior to exercise had less of inflammatory response compared to those who took placebo.

References:

1. Racette SB, Lin X, Lefevre M, et al. Dose effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism: a controlled feeding study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;91(1):32-38. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28070.
2. Wilt T, Ishani A, Macdonald R, Stark G, Mulrow C, Lau J. Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001043.
3. Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, Senge T. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-sitosterol Study Group. Lancet. 1995;345(8964):1529-32.
4. Bouic PJ, Lamprecht JH. Plant sterols and sterolins: a review of their immune-modulating properties. Altern Med Rev. 1999;4(3):170-7.
5. Awad AB, Burr AT, Fink CS. Effect of resveratrol and beta-sitosterol in combination on reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin release by PC-3 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005;72(3):219-26.
6. Ang ES, Lee ST, Gan CS, et al. The role of alternative therapy in the management of partial thickness burns of the face–experience with the use of moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO) compared with silver sulphadiazine. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2000;29(1):7-10.
7. Jewo PI, Fadeyibi IO, Babalola OS, et al. A Comparative Study of the Wound Healing Properties of Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO) and Silver Sulphadiazine. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 2009;22(2):79-82.
8. Bouic PJ, Clark A, Lamprecht J, et al. The effects of B-sitosterol (BSS) and B-sitosterol glucoside (BSSG) mixture on selected immune parameters of marathon runners: inhibition of post marathon immune suppression and inflammation. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20(4):258-62.

Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral, a metal that is necessary for a wide array of biological functions in the body. In fact, more than 300 different enzymes require zinc to function optimally. Zinc can be found in every cell in the body, with the highest concentrations in white and red blood cells, eyes, skin, liver, pancreas and bones. Because zinc is used in various metabolic processes critical for human survival, it needs to be replenished often.

Benefits of Zinc

Among the extensive benefits of zinc in the body, the following are the most important:

Boosts Sex Drive and Improves Sexual Function

Studies have linked zinc deficiency to low testosterone levels and vaginal dryness, which affect sex drive and sexual function.^[1-2] Therefore, maintaining a healthy level of zinc can help boost your sexual vitality as well as self-confidence.

Prevents Heart Disease and Related Deaths

Zinc levels may be of great value in predicting the incidence of heart disease and sudden death. The fact that it has an important role in states of heart diseases and increased risk of deaths has been studied and described by several research groups. Researchers found out that zinc appears to have protective effects in various heart diseases by regulating the   redox signaling pathway.^[3] Dysregulation in this pathway can lead to the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In another study, 6 months of zinc supplementation in elderly subjects significantly reduced the levels of disease-causing inflammatory substances.^[4]

Helps Drive Away Pimples and Acne

In a Swedish dermatological study, doctors found that oral supplementation with zinc sulfate for 12 weeks decreased the severity of acne lesions from 100% to 15%.^[5]    

Boosts Immune Function

The human body needs zinc to activate T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune system, which destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells.^[6] In addition, clinical trial data support the therapeutic value of zinc in effectively reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms when administered within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms.^[7]

Wards off Depression

Clinically, blood level of zinc is lower in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).^[8] In one study, zinc supplementation in patients with major depression significantly reduced depressive symptoms as evidenced by good scores in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).^[9]    

Prevents Cancer

A large body of evidence suggests that a significant percentage of deaths related to cancer could be avoided through adequate nutrition, particularly, consumption of zinc-rich foods and supplements. Dietary deficiencies in zinc are known to contribute to DNA breakdown, increasing one’s risk for cancer development.^[10] 

Prevents Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

AMD is a degenerative disorder of the central part of the retina and is the common cause of vision loss in the elderly. In one study, high dietary intake of zinc in older patients was associated with a substantially reduced risk of AMD.^[11]

References:

1. Prasad AS, Mantzoros CS, Beck FW, Hess JW, Brewer GJ. Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996;12(5):344-8.
2. Read J. Sexual problems associated with infertility, pregnancy, and ageing. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 1999;318(7183):587-589.
3. Little PJ, Bhattacharya R, Moreyra AE, Korichneva IL. Zinc and cardiovascular disease. Nutrition. 2010;26(11-12):1050-7.
4. Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, et al. Zinc decreases C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects: a potential implication of zinc as an atheroprotective agent. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(6):1634-41.
5. Michaëlsson G, Juhlin L, Vahlquist A. Effects of oral zinc and vitamin A in acne. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113(1):31-6.
6. Kaltenberg J, Plum LM, Ober-Blöbaum JL, Hönscheid A, Rink L, Haase H. “Zinc signals promote IL-2-dependent proliferation of T cells.” Eur J Immunol. 2010 May;40(5):1496-503. doi: 10.1002/eji.200939574. Accessed October 17th 2013.
7. Hulisz D. Efficacy of zinc against common cold viruses: an overview. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2004;44(5):594-603.
8. Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Mcintyre RS, et al. Potential roles of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(5):911-29.
9. Ranjbar E, Shams J, Sabetkasaei M, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on efficacy of antidepressant therapy, inflammatory cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depression. Nutr Neurosci. 2014;17(2):65-71.
10. Ho E. Zinc deficiency, DNA damage and cancer risk. J Nutr Biochem. 2004;15(10):572-8.
11. Van leeuwen R, Boekhoorn S, Vingerling JR, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA. 2005;294(24):3101-7.