Sage Leaf

Sage is a medicinal herb which belongs to the mint family of plants and is closely related to rosemary. This Mediterranean plant has gray-green leaves with a pleasant, earthy scent. Traditionally, sage was used in the treatment of various medical conditions ranging from mental disorders to gastrointestinal discomfort. Aside from its medicinal uses, sage is also used in a variety of international cuisines because of its sweet savory flavor.

Benefits of Sage Leaf

Sage contains a variety of volatile oils, flavonoids and phenolic acids which are mainly responsible for its medicinal properties. Here are some of the proven health benefits of taking sage leaf extract:

Treats Menopausal Symptoms

Menopausal women may find sage a helpful herb for reducing the intensity and frequency of hot flashes, which are periods of intense heat, warm skin, and sweating. According to one study, menopausal women who took sage leaf extract experienced lesser periods of hot flashes compared to those who took placebo, indicating that the treatment can be a natural remedy for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms.^[1]  

Improves Cognitive Function

Studies have shown that sage can improve memory not only in older adults but in young, healthy adults, too. According to a study published in the Journal of Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, participants who received a standardized essential oil extract of sage leaf performed better in a series of tests measuring cognitive function compared to those who took placebo.^[2] 

Lowers Blood Sugar and Cholesterol

In a study published in Complementary Therapies in Medicine, researchers found that diabetic patients who were given sage leaf extract for 3 months had lower blood sugar, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to those who took placebo.^[3] The researchers concluded that sage leaf extract supplementation may be safe and effective in improving blood sugar and cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Maintains Healthy Skin

A 2013 study found that the antioxidant properties of sage leaf help prevent skin aging.^[4] Researchers reported that by scavenging harmful free radicals in the body, sage leaf stimulates cell renewal, resulting in younger, healthy skin.

Fights Cancer

There is increasing evidence that sage leaf possesses anti-cancer properties. According to a 2011 study published in the Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, sage leaf supplementation combined with chemotherapy showed favorable effect in improving quality of life and prolonging survival time of patients with advanced lung cancer.^[5]

Improves Digestive Health

One study found that the crude extract of sage leaf can help relieve abdominal spasms, diarrhea and other symptoms of hyperactive gut disorders.^[6]

Treats Excessive Sweating

A recent German study found that taking either a dry leaf extract or an infusion of sage leaf can help reduce excessive sweating by 50%.^[7] Researchers found that sage leaf is an antiperspirant and helps eliminate body odor.

References:

1. Rahte S. et al. Salvia officinalis for Hot Flushes: Towards Determination of Mechanism of Activity and Active Principles. Plants Med. 2013 Jun;79(9):753-60.
2. Tildesley NT, Kennedy DO, Perry EK, et al. Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) enhances memory in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75(3):669-74.
3. Kianbakht S, Dabaghian FH. Improved glycemic control and lipid profile in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract: a randomized placebo. Controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2013;21(5):441-6.
4. Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D. Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2013;2013:827248. doi:10.1155/2013/827248.
5. Xu ZY, Jin CJ, Zhou CC, Wang ZQ, Zhou WD, Deng HB, et al. Treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with Chinese herbal medicine by stages combined with chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137:1117–22.
6. Khan A, Najeeb-ur- Rahman, Alkharfy K, Gilani A. Antidiarrheal andantispasmodic activities of Salvia officinalis are mediated through activation of K + channels. J Bangladesh Pharmacol Soc. 2011;6:111–6.
7. Hamidpour M, Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Shahlari M. Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Property of Sage (Salvia) to Prevent and Cure Illnesses such as Obesity, Diabetes, Depression, Dementia, Lupus, Autism, Heart Disease, and Cancer. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2014;4(2):82-88. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.130373.

Rutin Powder

Rutin is a type of bioflavonoid found predominantly in citrus fruits, black tea, buckwheat bran and apple, and is also available as supplements. One of its main roles is to help the body utilize vitamin C more efficiently as well as help produce collagen (the skin’s main structural protein). In addition, rutin has antioxidant properties which help neutralize the damaging effects of free radicals.

Benefits of Rutin

Rutin has a wide array of health benefits such as:

Improved Blood Circulation

Rutin can help strengthen and increase the flexibility of blood vessels to improve blood circulation. In one study, patients with chronic venous insufficiency (malfunctioning vein valves that causes impairment of blood flow) who took rutin supplements experienced a significant improvement in cramps, edema and other clinical symptoms.^[1] In another study, researchers found that rutoside (a compound found in rutin) supplementation appears to help relieve the symptoms of varicose veins in late pregnancy.^[2]

Lower Risk for Stroke and Heart Disease

Blood clot formation, medically known as thrombosis, is the major cause of strokes and heart attacks. The good news is that higher intake of rutin may help lower one’s risk for these fatal conditions. In fact, one study revealed that rutin helps prevent the formation of blood clots by blocking the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase (PDI).^[3] In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established that rutin is safe and a cost-effective drug that could reduce recurrent blood clots.

Improved Cholesterol Levels

There’s compelling evidence that rutin can help lower low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol). In one study, diabetics who had a history of high blood pressure took 500 mg of rutin once daily.^[4] Interestingly, researchers found a decrease in LDL cholesterol levels of participants.

Relief from Symptoms of Arthritis

Rutin can help ease symptoms of arthritis. A study found that rutin’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties suppress oxidative stress in patients with arthritis resulting in improved function of the affected body part^.[5]

Lower Risk for Cancer

Adequate intake of rutin is associated with a lower risk for cancer. In fact, rutin supplementation in patients with brain cancer resulted in a significant reduction in tumor size. Researchers concluded that the specific mechanism by which rutin suppresses the growth and reproduction of cancer cells is through the induction of death-signaling pathways.^[6]    

Better Vision

Glaucoma is an eye condition in which the pressure of fluid within the eye rises, resulting in vision impairments and permanent blindness. Interestingly, one study found that oral rutin supplementation in patients with glaucoma who were poorly responsive to medications reduced eye pressure and improved vision.^[7]

References:

1. Cataldi A, Gasbarro V, Viaggi R, Soverini R, Gresta E, Mascoli F. [Effectiveness of the combination of alpha tocopherol, rutin, melilotus, and centella asiatica in the treatment of patients with chronic venous insufficiency]. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2001;49(2):159-63.
2. Bamigboye AA, Smyth R. “Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD001066.
3. Available at: http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol1Issue12/07Abstract.htm. Accessed February 20, 2017.
4. Available at: http://www.ijpbs.net/issue-4/Ph-56. Accessed February 20, 2017.
5. Ostrakhovitch EA, Afanas’ev IB. Oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis leukocytes: suppression by rutin and other antioxidants and chelators. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001;62(6):743-6.
6. Pathak S, Multani AS, Banerji P, Banerji P. Ruta 6 selectively induces cell death in brain cancer cells but proliferation in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes: A novel treatment for human brain cancer. Int J Oncol. 2003;23(4):975-82.
7. Vetrugno M, Uva MG, Russo V, et al. Oral administration of forskolin and rutin contributes to intraocular pressure control in primary open angle glaucoma patients under maximum tolerated medical therapy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2012;28(5):536-41.

RNA/DNA Complex

RNA or ribonucleic acid is a nucleotide molecule that is a very important genetic material in almost any living thing, including viruses.  RNA, along with DNA is vital for life because of its role in storing and replicating genetic information in cells. Additionally, RNA and DNA are involved in protein synthesis and cellular renewal. While both have the same function, they have different structure. DNA has double strands, while RNA has only one.

People take RNA/DNA combinations to boost their brain power and reverse the signs of aging. The primary value of RNA/DNA complex as a health supplement deals with its ability to enhance cellular growth and reproduction. This property is especially useful in injuries or trauma, and diseases of the immune system.

Benefits of RNA/DNA Complex

The following are among the extensive health benefits of RNA/DNA:

Accelerates Wound Healing and Boosts Immune Function

Major surgery or injury is one of the indications of RNA/DNA supplements, particularly patients requiring intensive care. In one study, postoperative feeding with a nutritionally complete diet supplemented with RNA, arginine and omega-3 fatty acids in patients undergoing surgery for upper gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies increased the levels of white blood cells,^[1] suggesting that the treatment may help prevent infection and speed up wound healing after surgical trauma.

Improves Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease

RNA/DNA supplements are usually prescribed for the treatment of various heart diseases. Doses of nucleic acids were varied depending on the severity of the condition and the response of the individual. Researchers often treated patients with heart disease with daily doses of RNA/DNA supplements ranging from 500 mg to 10 grams.^[2] After 2 weeks of supplementation, all of the patients experienced an improvement in exercise tolerance, breathing, chest pain and leg swelling.

Improves Vision

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a genetic disorder that impairs the retina’s ability to respond to light, can lead to permanent blindness. In one study, daily RNA supplementation at a dose of 5 grams per day along with a diet high in omega-3 normalized the vision of a 35-year-old patient with RP.^[3] In another study, researchers treated three cases of glaucoma with RNA/DNA complex, in which all of the patients experienced improvement in vision and were able to discontinue their eye medications.^[4]  

Treats Symptoms of Alcohol and Narcotic Addiction

Research suggests that RNA/DNA complex can help treat patients suffering from heroin or alcohol addiction.^[5] In alcoholics, RNA/DNA supplementation at 7-15 grams twice weekly resulted in improved strength, mental clarity, well-being, and facial skin color. Also, a significant reduction in tremors was observed following the treatment. In several heroin addicts, RNA supplementation at 2-5 grams three to five times weekly resulted in a dramatic improvement in facial skin complexion, vitality and well-being, as well as reduction in skin infections.

Maintains Healthy Skin

There are many causes of cellular damage that becomes noticeable with aging. Aside from a poor diet and unhealthy lifestyle, free radical damage that results from sun exposure, smog, and other environmental toxins can lead to the development of wrinkles, age spots, and other skin imperfections. Interestingly, higher intake of RNA/DNA through diet or supplements can help protect against damaging free radicals by neutralizing its detrimental effects on the skin.^[6] 

References:

1. Kemen M, Senkal M, Homann HH, et al. Early postoperative enteral nutrition with arginine-omega-3 fatty acids and ribonucleic acid-supplemented diet versus placebo in cancer patients: an immunologic evaluation of Impact. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(4):652-9.
2. Dean, W. A highly effective anti-aging supplement-Ribonucleic Acid. Vitamin Research News, 2003, 17: 10, 1-4, 11.
3. Dean, W. Review of potential anti-aging effects of Ribonucleic Acid. Vitamin Research News, 2003, 17: 1-3, 14.
4. Frank, B. Nucleic Acid Therapy in Aging and Degenerative Disease-A Metabolic Approach with DNA, RNA and Related Metabolites. Psychological Library, New York, 1968.
5. Frank, B. Nucleic Acid and Anti Oxidant Therapy of Aging and Degeneration, Royal Health Books, Ltd., Long Island, NY, 1977.
6. Peter J. D’Adamo; Catherine Whitney (5 December 2006). Menopause: Manage Its Symptoms With the Blood Type Diet: The Individualized Plan for Preventing and Treating Hot Flashes, Lossof Libido, Mood Changes, Osteoporosis, and Related Conditions. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-1-4406-8474-6.

Rhodiola Rosea Root

Rhodiola rosea also known as “golden root” is a unique medicinal herb that grows at high altitudes in the arctic areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. Historically, the Vikings used Rhodiola rosea as a natural supplement for boosting physical strength and improving muscle mass. This ancient medicinal herb is considered as an adaptogen, a natural substance that helps your body fight and adapt to physical, chemical and environmental stress. In addition, Rhodiola rosea is a nutrient powerhouse, consisting of several health-boosting organic compounds such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones. Rhodiola rosea is available in many herbal shops in the form of capsules, pills, and tea.

Benefits of Rhodiola Rosea Root

An overwhelming body of high quality research supports the following health benefits of Rhodiola rosea root:

Improves Exercise Performance and Recovery

Rhodiola rosea helps improve exercise performance. In a 2004 study published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, researchers observed that healthy young adults who consumed 200 mg of Rhodiola rosea root extract one hour before exercise significantly increased their capacity for endurance exercise.^[1] In another study, healthy untrained volunteers who consumed Rhodiola rosea root extract had a significant reduction in muscle inflammation as evidenced by reduced levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein.^[2]

Prevents Neurodegenerative Disease

Recent research confirms that Rhodiola rosea has potent antioxidant effects that protect cells of the nervous system. Researchers at the Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine in China found that salidroside, an active constituent found in Rhodiola rosea, protects human nerve cells from free radical-induced cell death, suggesting that this effect can help prevent various neurodegenerative diseases.^[3]

Fights Stress

As an adaptogen, Rhodiola rosea can help enhance the body’s response to stress. In fact, a 2012 study published in Phytotherapy Research found that Rhodiola rosea root extract supplementation at a dose of 200 mg twice daily for 4 weeks significantly improved life-stress symptoms of all volunteers to a clinically relevant degree.^[4]

Improves Cognitive Function

One twelve-week study found that Rhodiola rosea extract in combination with vitamin and mineral supplementation on 120 adults with cognitive impairment resulted in positive changes in their physical and cognitive responses without any adverse side effects.^[5]

Aids in Weight Loss

A controlled placebo study conducted in 130 overweight patients at Georgian State Hospital showed that daily Rhodiola rosea extract supplementation resulted in a mean weight loss of 19 pounds (11% reduction in total body fat).^[6]   

Wards Off Depression

In a clinical trial involving 150 patients suffering from depression, participants who were given Rhodiola rosea root for one month experienced significant improvement in symptoms of depression and daytime weakness.^[7]

Fights Cancer

A 2005 study published in the Phytotherapy Research found that rhodioflavonoside and gallic acid in Rhodiola rosea root can inhibit the growth and reproduction of human prostate cancer cells by inducing programmed cell death.^[8]   

References:

1. De Bock K, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Jun;14(3):298-307.
2. Abidov M, Grachev S, Seifulla RD, Ziegenfuss TN. Extract of Rhodiola rosea radix reduces the level of C-reactive protein and creatinine kinase in the blood. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004 Jul;138(1):63-4.
3. Zhang L, Yu H, Sun Y, et al. Protective effects of salidroside on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 14;564(1-3):18-25.
4. Edwards D, Heufelder A, Zimmermann A. Therapeutic effects and safety of Rhodiola rosea extract WS® 1375 in subjects with life-stress symptoms–results of an open-label study. Phytother Res. 2012 Aug;26(8):1220-5. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3712.
5. Fintelmann V, Gruenwald J. Efficacy and tolerability of a Rhodiola rosea extract in adults with physical and cognitive deficiencies. Adv Ther. 2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):929-39.
6. Zakir Ramazanov, Z. et al. (1999) “New secrets of effective natural stress and weight management, using Rhodiola rosea and Rhodendron caucasicum” ATN/Safe Goods Publishing, CT.
7. Brown R, Gerbarg P, Ramazanov Z. Rhodiola rosea: a phytomedicinal overview.    American Botanical Council. 2002; 56:40-52.
8. Ming DS, Hillhouse BJ, Guns ES. Bioactive compounds from Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae). Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2005; 19(9):740-3.

Red Raspberry Fruit Powder

Red raspberry is a perennial plant native to Europe and Asia. Its fruit is eaten fresh, used in desserts, or preserved as jam and jelly. Aside from being palatable, red raspberries possess anti-aging and health-boosting properties which are mainly due to their rich antioxidant content. In addition, red raspberries contain decent amount of ellagic acid (from ellagotannins), polyphenols, quercetin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, and other bioflavonoids.

Benefits of Red Raspberry Fruit

An overwhelming body of research supports the many health benefits of consuming red raspberries. Loading up on this nutrient powerhouse can give you the following benefits:

Fights Cancer

According to a study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food, the polyphenolic profile and antioxidative properties of red raspberry were mainly responsible for the death of cancer cells of the larynx and colon, indicating that red raspberry has a potent cytotoxic effect on malignant cells.^[1] 

Makes Labor Easier

Consuming red raspberries during pregnancy may help shorten the process of labor, thus, lowering the risk for complications and other adverse outcomes. According to a study published in Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, pregnant women who consumed raspberry tablets at a dose of 1.2 grams per day had shorter duration of the second stage of labor (begins from complete opening of the cervix and ends with childbirth) and had lower rate of forceps deliveries.^[2] Interestingly, the supplemented group did not experience any adverse side effects, suggesting that red raspberry supplementation is safe and effective.

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

According to a study published in the Journal of Nutrition, consuming red raspberries along with other berries is associated with an improved blood sugar level.^[3] The researchers found that those who consumed 150 grams of mixed berries had normal blood sugar tests and improved blood sugar metabolism.

Improves Blood Pressure

One study found that the polyphenols in red raspberries can help reduce blood pressure by increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO).^[4] NO is a potent vasodilator, which means that it helps widen the blood vessels and improve blood circulation. By increasing NO production, the pressure within the blood vessels will be significantly reduced.

Improves Cholesterol Levels

Many studies have shown that the anthocyanins in red raspberries can improve cholesterol profile. A 2014 study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism found that consumption of two anthocyanin capsules for 24 weeks was able to reduce low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) levels by 9.72% and increase high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) by 17.4%.^[5]   

Treats Inflammation

A 2011 study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry reported that the polyphenols in raspberry extract possess anti-inflammatory properties.^[6] The researchers found that red raspberry extract was able to protect cartilage samples from inflammation, damage, and bone breakdown.

Fights Infection

One test tube study revealed that the polyphenols isolated from red raspberry prevented the growth of various microorganisms including Azotobacter, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas species.^[7]

References:

1. Durgo K, Belščak-cvitanović A, Stančić A, Franekić J, Komes D. The bioactive potential of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) leaves in exhibiting cytotoxic and cytoprotective activity on human laryngeal carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma. J Med Food. 2012;15(3):258-68.
2. Simpson M, Parsons M, Greenwood J, Wade K. Raspberry leaf in pregnancy: its safety and efficacy in labor. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2001;46(2):51-9.
3. Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Poutanen K, Mykkanen H, Niskanen L. Berries reduce postprandial insulin responses to wheat and rye breads in healthy women. J Nutr 2013; 143: 430– 6.
4. Jia H, Liu JW, Ufur H, He GS, Liqian H, Chen P. The antihypertensive effect of ethyl acetate extract from red raspberry fruit in hypertensive rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2011;7(25):19-24. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.75885.
5. Zhu Y, Huang X, Zhang Y, et al. Anthocyanin supplementation improves HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 activity and enhances cholesterol efflux capacity in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(2):561-9.
6. Jean-gilles D, Li L, Ma H, Yuan T, Chichester CO, Seeram NP. Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract in an antigen-induced arthritis rat model. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(23):5755-62.
7. Nikitina VS, Kuz’mina LIu, Melent’ev AI, Shendel’ GV. [Antibacterial activity of polyphenolic compounds isolated from plants of Geraniaceae and Rosaceae families]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2007;43(6):705-12.

Red Clover

Red clover is a wild plant that belongs to the family of legumes and is located across Europe, Asia and Africa. The flowers of red clover are widely used in the field of traditional medicine because of its high nutritional value. Red clover contains isoflavones, which are a type of phytoestrogen (plant hormone that resembles human estrogen). Scientists believe that the isoflavones in red clover are responsible for the many health benefits of this plant.

Benefits of Red Clover

Taking red clover supplements has a lot of proven health benefits to offer. This includes:

Treats Menopausal Symptoms

The age-related decline of estrogen in women is the main cause of menopausal symptoms. Since the phytoestrogens in red clover resemble women’s estrogen, it makes sense that taking red clover supplements can help treat hormonal depletions as well as menopausal symptoms. According to a study evaluating the effects of phytoestrogens, including isoflavones from red clover extracts, researchers found that red clover isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women at a dose of 80 mg per day significantly decreased menopausal symptoms.^[1]

Improves Cholesterol Levels

Results from one study show that red clover supplementation doesn’t only improve menopausal symptoms but also lowers high cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women.^[1] According to the study, there was a significant reduction in low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) and triglyceride levels after 180 days of treatment. Additionally, red clover supplementation significantly improved the overall quality of life of these patients.  

Improves Skin Health

Researchers have found that average adult women taking red clover extract for 90 days experienced a significant improvement in the health of their skin, hair and scalp, indicating that red clover has anti-aging properties.^[2]  

Improves Libido and General Well-Being

A study published in Obstetrics and Gynecology International found that red clover extract supplementation in postmenopausal women at a dose of 40 mg significantly improved low libido, mood, sleep quality and tiredness.^[3]

Helps Maintain Bone Strength

Research has shown that the most common cause of osteoporosis is estrogen deficiency at menopause, which is why there’s increasing evidence that higher dietary intake of  phytoestrogenic isoflavones from red clover are associated with a lower incidence of osteoporosis, fractures, and other bone disorders in the elderly.^[4]

Fights Cancer

Numerous clinical trials assessing the effects of isoflavones from red clover in cancer patients have found that these isoflavones may inhibit the growth of cancer cells and may help prevent some forms of cancer such as breast and endometrial cancer.^[5-8]

Lowers High Blood Pressure

Isoflavones from red clover is known to possess blood pressure-lowering properties. Results from one study assessing the effects of red clover supplementation in hypertensive postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes proved that this medicinal plant can improve blood pressure levels.^[9] According to the study, women who received dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover at a dose of 50 mg/day for 4 weeks experienced a significant reduction in their blood pressure levels compared to those who received placebo.

References:

1. Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, Ross S, San miguel G. The effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005;21(5):257-64.
2. Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, et al. Effect of Red Clover Isoflavones over Skin, Appendages, and Mucosal Status in Postmenopausal Women. Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2011;2011:949302. doi:10.1155/2011/949302.
3. Beck V, Rohr U, Jungbauer A. Phytoestrogens derived from red clover: an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy? Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2005;94(5):499–518.
4. Occhiuto F, Pasquale RD, Guglielmo G, Palumbo DR, Zangla G, Samperi S, Renzo A, Circosta C. Effects of phytoestrogenic isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) on experimental osteoporosis. Phytother Res. 2007 Feb;21(2):130-134.
5. Cassady JM, Zennie TM, Young-Heum C, et al. Use of a mammalian cell culture benzo(a)pyrene metabolism assay for the detection of potential anticarcinogens from natural products: Inhibition of metabolism by biochanin A, anisoflavone from Trifolium pratense L.Cancer Res. 1988;48:6257-6261.
6. Mannella P, Tosi V, Russo E, et al. Effects of red clover extracts on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Gynecol endocrinol. 2012;28(1):29-33.
7. Powles TJ, Howell A, Evans DG, McCloskey EV, Ashley S, Greenhalgh R, Affen J, Flook LA, Tidy A. Red clover isoflavones are safe and well tolerated in women with a family history of breast cancer. Menopause Int. 2008 Mar;14(1):6-12.
8. Woodside JV, Campbell MJ. Isoflavones and breast cancer. Journal of the British Menopause Society. 2001;Supplement S1:17-21.
9. Howes JB, Tran D, Brillante D, Howes LG. Effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in postmenopausal type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2003;5(5):325-32.

Raspberry

Raspberry is an edible fruit that belongs to the rose family. Vividly colored and refreshingly sweet, this fruit is well-known for its high nutritional value and medicinal properties. Aside from possessing antioxidant properties which help fight the effects of damaging free radicals, raspberries also contain high concentrations of vitamins, minerals, fiber, bioflavonoids, and phytochemical compounds.

Benefits of Raspberry

Increasing your intake of raspberry has a lot of proven health benefits to offer. Strong scientific evidence suggests that raspberry supplementation can give you the following benefits:

Prevents Cellular Damage and Slows Down Aging

Organic raspberries are potent antioxidants. This means that they have the ability to neutralize cellular damage caused by increasing pollution, sun exposure, chronic stress and unhealthy lifestyle. Evidence is accumulating that these factors accelerate the aging process and increase one’s risk for a wide array of fatal illnesses by damaging body cells.^[1] Therefore, the antioxidant properties of raspberry can help slow down the process of aging.

Fights Cancer

The incidence of cancer is increasing but with current advances and studies on it, this medical condition can be prevented. Results from several high quality studies show that raspberry has anti-cancer properties.^[2-5] According to these studies, the antioxidant activities of raspberries and the bioflavonoids they contain can help suppress the growth of various human cancer cell lines including colon cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. Also, the bioflavonoids in raspberries have been shown to induce programmed cell death of malignant cells in various types of cancer.

Maintains Eye Health

According to a study published in the Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research, higher dietary intake of phytochemicals, vitamins A and C, and bioflavonoids which are all present in raspberries, appears to lower the risk for age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and dry eye syndrome.^[6]  

Improves Body Composition

Taking raspberry supplements can help you lose weight and gain lean muscle mass. According to a study published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, daily raspberry supplementation in 70 obese but otherwise healthy subjects for 8 weeks resulted in significant reductions in body weight, fat mass, and waist and hip girth.^[7]

 Improves Blood Circulation

Laboratory studies suggest that raspberry can improve blood circulation through its anti-coagulant property (blood-thinning effect).^[8] In critical cases where patients experience clotting problems, raspberry supplementation can help dissolve blood clots and improve blood flow especially to the vital organs. Since blood clots are major risk factors of heart disease and stroke, it makes sense that consuming raspberry has the added benefit of lowering your risk for these deadly diseases aside from maintaining the fluidity of your blood.

Maintains Healthy Pregnancy

Raspberries and particularly raspberry leaf have been shown to safely and effectively improve the process of labor and reduce pain during childbirth. In one study, researchers found that pregnant women consumed raspberry leaf products experienced shorter labor with no side effects and less bleeding compared to those who did not.^[9]  

References:

1. Florence TM. The role of free radicals in disease. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1995;23(1):3-7.
2. Yang JH, Hsia TC, Kuo HM, et al. Inhibition of lung cancer cell growth by quercetin glucuronides via G2/M arrest and induction of apoptosis. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006;34(2):296-304.
3. God J, Tate PL, Larcom LL. Red raspberries have antioxidant effects that play a minor role in the killing of stomach and colon cancer cells. Nutr Res. 2010;30(11):777-82.
4. Wang LS, Kuo CT, Cho SJ, et al. Black raspberry-derived anthocyanins demethylate tumor suppressor genes through the inhibition of DNMT1 and DNMT3B in colon cancer cells. Nutr Cancer. 2013;65(1):118-25.
5. Stoner GD, Wang L-S, Casto BC. Laboratory and clinical studies of cancer chemoprevention by antioxidants in berries. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29(9):1665-1674. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn142.
6. Hobbs RP, Bernstein PS. Nutrient Supplementation for Age-related Macular Degeneration, Cataract, and Dry Eye. Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research. 2014;9(4):487-493. doi:10.4103/2008-322X.150829.
7. Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Hofheins JE, et al. Eight weeks of supplementation with a multi-ingredient weight loss product enhances body composition, reduces hip and waist girth, and increases energy levels in overweight men and women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013;10:22. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-22.
8. Torres-urrutia C, Guzmán L, Schmeda-hirschmann G, et al. Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic activity in vitro of extracts from selected fruits and vegetables. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2011;22(3):197-205.
9. Parsons M, Simpson M, Ponton T. Raspberry leaf and its effect on labour: safety and efficacy. Aust Coll Midwives Inc J. 1999;12(3):20-5.

Quercetin Dihydrate

Quercetin is a type of bioflavonoid (plant pigment) and is a potent antioxidant. It plays an important part in neutralizing free radical damage, and slowing down the signs of aging. While you can get copious amounts of quercetin from red wine, ginkgo biloba, grapefruit, apples, onions, tea, and buckwheat, some also take quercetin supplements for their strong anti-inflammatory effects. When looking for quercetin supplements, quercetin dihydrate is the most effective and best absorbed by the body.

Benefits of Quercetin Dihydrate

Of the many bioflavinoids in the planet, quercetin is one of the most well studied because it offers a wide array of health benefits:

Prevents Various Neurological Disorders

Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are the most common neurological disorders among the older population. In both of these diseases, inflammation is an exacerbating factor. Interestingly, studies suggest that quercetin appears to have anti-inflammatory effects in the brain even at low concentrations.^[1-2]  

Helps Lower High Blood Pressure

In patients with stage I hypertension who received 730 mg quercetin in two divided doses over a month, supplementation was associated with significant reductions in blood pressure.^[3] However, this effect did not occur in non-hypertensive patients.

Improves Exercise Endurance

Quercetin intake can help boost the exercise endurance of pro athletes and amateurs alike.  One study using 300 mg quercetin has noted significant improvements in exercise performance and power output of trained cyclists.^[4]  When this study is replicated using 500 mg quercetin given two times a day in trained cyclists, researchers observed a significant improvement in maximal oxygen uptake and time to fatigue on a cycling test after one week.^[5]

Fights Allergies

Histamine is a compound secreted by cells in response to injury or allergic reactions, causing unpleasant symptoms such as rashes, swollen skin, runny nose, watery eyes, indigestion, and breathing difficulties. Severe cases of allergic reactions can even lead to death. The good news is that quercetin can help combat allergies by stabilizing the release of histamines from certain immune cells. In fact, studies show that quercetin can be in par with anti-histamine medications at fighting allergies.^[6]

Helps Relieve Pain

Cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to inflammatory pain. Researchers believe that quercetin exerts its pain-relieving effect by inhibiting the production of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines.^[7]  

Prevents Cancer

Quercetin supplementation is considered a safe approach in slowing the progression of cancer. A large body of high quality research shows that quercetin can inhibit cancer cell cycle progression^[8] by interacting with receptors involved in the development of cancers.^[9-10] Other studies suggest that quercetin can eradicate cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest.^[11]

Maintains a Healthy Skin

Since quercetin is capable of blocking immune cells that trigger inflammatory disease and autoimmune disease,^[12] it may help protect the skin from the effects of dermatitis (skin inflammation) and light sensitivity.

References:

1. Kwon YS, et al. Modulation of suppressive activity of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by glycosidation of flavonoids. Arch Pharm Res. (2004)
2. Bureau G, Longpré F, Martinoli MG. Resveratrol and quercetin, two natural polyphenols, reduce apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Res. (2008).
3. Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T. Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr. 2007;137(11):2405-11.
4. Macrae HS, Mefferd KM. Dietary antioxidant supplementation combined with quercetin improves cycling time trial performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(4):405-19.
5. Davis JM, et al. The dietary flavonoid quercetin increases VO (2max) and endurance capacity. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2010).
6. Chirumbolo S. Quercetin as a potential anti-allergic drug: which perspectives? Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;10(2):139-40.
7. Valério DA, Georgetti SR, Magro DA, et al. Quercetin reduces inflammatory pain: inhibition of oxidative stress and cytokine production. J Nat Prod. 2009;72(11):1975-9.
8. Jeong J-H, An JY, Kwon YT, Rhee JG, Lee YJ. Effects of low dose quercetin: Cancer cell-specific inhibition of cell cycle progression. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2009;106(1):73-82. doi:10.1002/jcb.21977.
9. Murakami A, Ashida H, Terao J. Multitargeted cancer prevention by quercetin. Cancer Lett. 2008;269(2):315-25.
10. Park CH, Chang JY, Hahm ER, Park S, Kim HK, Yang CH. Quercetin, a potent inhibitor against beta-catenin/Tcf signaling in SW480 colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;328(1):227-34.
11. Vidya priyadarsini R, Senthil murugan R, Maitreyi S, Ramalingam K, Karunagaran D, Nagini S. The flavonoid quercetin induces cell cycle arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells through p53 induction and NF-κB inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;649(1-3):84-91.
12. Weng Z, Zhang B, Asadi S, et al. Quercetin is more effective than cromolyn in blocking human mast cell cytokine release and inhibits contact dermatitis and photosensitivity in humans. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e33805.

Protease

The vast majority of metabolic enzymes in the body that help regulate almost every cellular function are proteases or also known as proteolytic enzymes. Protease occurs naturally in the body and makes up 1-5% of all genetic content.^[1] These enzymes are so versatile that they can meet both digestive and metabolic needs in the body.

Proteases are group into six:
Aspartate protease
Cysteine protease
Glutamic acid protease
Metalloproteases
Serine protease
Threonine protease

Each of these protein specific enzymes plays a major role in maintaining optimal health. You can load up on these health-enhancing enzymes by taking protease supplements.

Benefits of Protease

Loading up on protease supplements can give you the following proven health benefits:

Strong Immune System

Protease can help boost the immune function and prevent a wide array of diseases and infections. In fact, the natural killer cells of the immune system contain proteases known as granzymes which help them function at optimal levels. Results from one study shows that natural killer cells and other immune system cells require granzymes for the rapid induction of programmed cell death in susceptible target cells.^[2]

Protection Against Free Radicals and Inflammation

Proteolytic enzymes provide synergistic protection against free radical damage in the intestinal tract due their anti-inflammatory properties. One study found that proteolytic enzymes were able to bring down the levels of inflammatory substances, indicating that protease can help combat inflammatory disorders.^[3] In particular, this makes protease preparations especially useful for people suffering from ulcers, celiac and Crohn’s disease.

Colon Cancer Prevention

There is compelling evidence indicating that certain protease enzymes might help prevent cancer progression. In a recent study assessing the impact of protease enzymes on colorectal cancer, researchers found that the treatment has the potential to suppress the growth and development of malignant cells.^[4]  

Stroke and Heart Disease Prevention

The build-up of cholesterol inside the arteries and vessel walls (atherosclerosis) form a harmful plaque which may eventually lead to stroke or heart attack. Interestingly, a study published in 2009 demonstrated that protease enzymes may help reduce the formation of this dangerous plaque build-up and may have a therapeutic role in atherosclerosis.^[5]  

Faster Recovery from Injuries

A large body of research found that proteolytic enzyme combinations can help treat sports injuries. For instance, in a study of 44 people with sports-related ankle injuries, researchers found that treatment with proteolytic enzymes resulted in faster healing and reduced the time away from training by about 50%.^[6]  Three other studies involving a total of 80 athletes, found that supplementation with proteolytic enzymes accelerated healing of bruises and other athletic injuries compared to placebo.^[7-9]  

Relief from Osteoarthritis

Several lines of evidence suggest that proteolytic enzymes can be in par with the standard drug diclofenac for the treatment of osteoarthritis.^[10-11] For instance, results from two studies show that proteolytic enzyme treatment in patients with osteoarthritis improved joint inflammation and stiffness, as well as quality of life.^[12-13]

References:

1. Applications of Advanced Omics Technologies: From Genes to Metabolites. Elsevier. 8 May 2014. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-444-62669-1.
2. Shresta S, MacIvor DM, Heusel JW, Russell JH, Ley TJ. Natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cells require granzyme B for the rapid induction of apoptosis in susceptible target cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1995;92(12):5679-5683.
3. Tasaka K, Meshi T, Akagi M, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of a proteolytic enzyme, Prozime-10. Pharmacology. 1980;21(1):43-52.
4. Herszényi L, Barabás L, Hritz I, István G, Tulassay Z. Impact of proteolytic enzymes in colorectal cancer development and progression. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 2014;20(37):13246-13257. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13246.
5. Kim DE, Kim JY, Schellingerhout D, et al. Molecular imaging of cathepsin B proteolytic enzyme activity reflects the inflammatory component of atherosclerotic pathology and can quantitatively demonstrate the antiatherosclerotic therapeutic effects of atorvastatin and glucosamine. Mol Imaging. 2009;8(5):291-301.
6. Baumuller M. The application of hydrolytic enzymes in blunt wounds to the soft tissue and distortion of the ankle joint: a double-blind clinical trial [translated from German].
7. Zuschlag JM. Double-blind clinical study using certain proteolytic enzyme mixtures in karate fighters. Working paper. Mucos Pharma GmbH (Germany). 1988;1-5.
8. Rathgeber WF. The use of proteolytic enzymes (Chymoral) in sporting injuries. S Afr Med J. 1971;45:181-183.
9. Deitrick RE. Oral proteolytic enzymes in the treatment of athletic injuries: a double-blind study. Pa Med. 1965;68:35-37.
10. Singer F, Oberleitner H. Drug therapy of activated arthrosis. On the effectiveness of an enzyme mixture versus DiclofenacW [translated from German]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1996;146:55-58.
11. Klein G, Kullich W. Reducing pain by oral enzyme therapy in rheumatic diseases [translated from German]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149:577-580.
12. Akhtar NM, Naseer R, Farooqi AZ, et al. Oral enzyme combination versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee—a double-blind prospective randomized study. Clin Rheumatol. 2004;23:410-415.
13. Klein G, Kullich W, Schnitker J, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of an oral enzyme combination in painful osteoarthritis of the hip. A double-blind, randomised study comparing oral enzymes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24:25-30.

Probiotics

Probiotics or also known as “good bacteria” are actually live bacteria and yeasts that are beneficial for your digestive system. Normally, the human gut is populated with billions of beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and promote overall health. When this delicate balance is compromised (e.g. invasion of bad bacteria, or prolonged use of antibiotics), this results to unpleasant symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, bloating, and too little or excessive intestinal gas. Adding probiotics to your diet can help restore this balance by adding good bacteria in the gut.

Benefits of Probiotics

Probiotics hold the key not just for better health, but also for treating digestive problems and neurological disorders and improving mental health.

Boosts your Immune Function

Your digestive tract is critical to health because 80% of your immune system is located in your gut! In one study, the consumption of two new probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT 5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT 5711 improved the immune function of healthy volunteers as evidenced by an increase in the proportion of natural killer (NK) cells and in IgA concentrations, which are vital in fighting bacteria, viruses, and toxins.^[1]

Aids in Weight Loss

In one study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 (LPR) supplementation in obese men and women over 24 weeks resulted in significant reductions in body weight and fat mass.^[2]

Prevents Urinary Tract Infections

Specific strains of lactobacilli such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14, Lactobacillus casei shirota and Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 have shown beneficial effects in preventing recurrent urinary tract infections in women.^[3]

Necessary for Healthy Skin

Studies examining the therapeutic benefit of oral and topical probiotic administration in patients with mild acne resulted in decreased release of inflammatory mediators as well as increased production of ceramide (hold skin cells together) and skin barrier restoration.^[4-5] In addition, probiotics have been shown to prevent eczema and skin allergy reactions.^[6]

Heals Inflammatory Bowel Conditions and Various Infections

Randomized studies have provided evidence of probiotic effectiveness for the treatment and prevention of cow milk-induced food allergy, acute diarrhea, antibiotic-induced diarrhea, traveler’s diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-induced colitis, dental caries, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.^[7]

Prevents Cancer

Several studies have postulated that probiotics prevent colon cancer by altering the growth and reproduction of tumor cells. In one study assessing the effects of milks fermented with individual strains of Lactobacillus helveticus, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus or a mix of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus on human colon cancer cell line (HT-29), analyses revealed that the growth of HT-29 significantly decreased.^[8]

Improves Mood and Well-being

In a recent clinical study, researchers reported that two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 (PF) taken in combination for 30 days decreased the global scores of hospital anxiety and depression scale in healthy human volunteers.^[9]

Lowers Cholesterol Levels

Certain lactic acid-producing bacteria help lower cholesterol levels by breaking down bile (aids in digestion) in the gut.^[10]

References:

1. Olivares M, Díaz-ropero MP, Gómez N, et al. The consumption of two new probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT 5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT 5711, boosts the immune system of healthy humans. Int Microbiol. 2006;9(1):47-52.
2. Sanchez M, Darimont C, Drapeau V, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(8):1507-19.
3. Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Tokas T, Athanasiou S. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a review of the evidence from microbiological and clinical studies. Drugs. 2006;66(9):1253-61.
4. Muizzuddin N, Maher W, Sullivan M, Schnittger S, Mammone T. Physiological effect of a probiotic on skin. J Cosmet Sci. 2012;63(6):385-95.
5. Di marzio L, Cinque B, De simone C, Cifone MG. Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on ceramide levels in human keratinocytes in vitro and stratum corneum in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(1):98-106.
6. Ozdemir O., Göksu Erol AY. Preventative and Therapeutic Probiotic Use in Allergic Skin Conditions: Experimental and Clinical Findings. BioMed Research International. 2013;2013:932391. doi:10.1155/2013/932391.
7. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Clinical indications for probiotics: an overview. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46 Suppl 2:S96-100.
8. Baricault, L; Denariaz, G; Houri, JJ; Bouley, C; Sapin, C; Trugnan, G. Use of HT-29, a cultured human colon cancer cell line, to study the effect of fermented milks on colon cancer cell growth and differentiation. Carcinogenesis 1995, 16, 245–252.
9. Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Desor D, Javelot H, Rougeot C. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers. Gut Microbes. 2011;2(4):256-61.
10. Begley M, Hill C, Gahan CG. Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(3):1729-38.

Potassium (potassium chloride)

Potassium is the third most abundant mineral in the body which is required for a wide array of vital bodily functions. Potassium chloride is the main variety of this mineral, and it works to keep the brain, heart, kidneys, and other vital organs working at optimal levels. If potassium levels get too high (hyperkalemia) or too low (hypokalemia), it can have detrimental effects on the heart and nervous system. Luckily, if you eat a healthy diet or take supplements, you will consume enough potassium to stay healthy.

Benefits of Potassium

An overwhelming body of research shows the extensive health benefits of potassium chloride:

Maintains a Healthy Heart

Research suggests that an increase in potassium intake can have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In one study assessing the effects of potassium supplementation or placebo on the heart function of 42 participants, researchers found that potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate were able to significantly improve cardiovascular function by increasing blood flow to the heart.^[1]

Maintains Stronger Skeletal Structure

There are certain qualities of potassium which helps retain and preserve calcium, thereby maintaining bone strength and durability while preventing osteoporosis and various fractures. One study revealed that potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate supplementation in healthy individuals both reduced the excretion of calcium in the urine within a 24-hour period.^[1]

Lowers High Blood Pressure

Clinical trials in young and middle-aged hypertensive patients indicate that consuming potassium-rich foods lowers blood pressure. Interestingly, one study found that patients (60 years old and above) who received potassium chloride (120 mmol/day) along with dietary intake of potassium, sodium and calcium experienced a significant reduction in blood pressure.^[2]

Lowers Risk for Stroke

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and is the most common cause of disability in the older population.^[3] The good news is that increasing potassium intake can help prevent stroke. In fact, one study found that a 10-mmol increase in daily potassium intake was associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of stroke and related deaths.^[4]  

Lowers Risk for Kidney Stones

Several studies found a strong association between low potassium status and high risk of kidney stones.^[5-6]  Because of this, researchers suggest that potassium intake can help prevent the occurrence of kidney stones especially in patients with kidney problems. In one study assessing the effects of potassium citrate (potassium salt combined with citric acid) in patients with kidney stones, a significant reduction in the recurrence of calcium-based stones was observed after the treatment.^[7]

Improves Muscle Strength

Potassium helps ensure proper growth of tissues and muscles as well as proper energy utilization during metabolism. In this way, it helps add muscular strength necessary for activities of daily living.^[8]   

References:

1. He FJ, Marciniak M, Carney C, et al. Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate on endothelial function, cardiovascular risk factors, and bone turnover in mild hypertensives. Hypertension. 2010;55(3):681-8.
2. Smith SR, Klotman PE, Svetkey LP. Potassium chloride lowers blood pressure and causes natriuresis in older patients with hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;2(8):1302-9.
3. Fred Ottoboni; M. Alice Ottoboni (2002). The Modern Nutritional Diseases: Heart Disease, Stroke, Type-2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cancer: and how to Prevent Them. amazon.com. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-915241-03-3.
4. Khaw KT, Barrett-connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(5):235-40.
5. Hirvonen T, Pietinen P, Virtanen M, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Nutrient intake and use of beverages and the risk of kidney stones among male smokers. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:187–194.
6. Ramaswamy K, Killilea DW, Kapahi P, Kahn AJ, Chi T, Stoller ML. The elementome of calcium-based urinary stones and its role in urolithiasis. Nature reviews Urology. 2015;12(10):543-557. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2015.208.
7. Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, Rousaud A, Pak CY. Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1993;150:1761–1764.
8. Hodgkin AL, Horowicz P. The influence of potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibres. The Journal of Physiology. 1959;148(1):127-160.

Pomegranate

Pomegranate is a ruby red, delicious and nutrient rich fruit which is widely cultivated throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, and some parts of Southeast Asia. It is highly rich in fiber, protein, vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, and potassium. This nutrient powerhouse contains a unique and powerful antioxidant called punicalagin, which is crucial in safeguarding your health.

Benefits of Pomegranate

An overwhelming body of research supports the many health benefits of consuming pomegranate fruits and supplements. Among its diverse health benefits, the following are worth mentioning:

Fights Cancer

Numerous studies have shown that pomegranate has anti-angiogenic properties, meaning that they may help inhibit the growth of tumors by cutting their blood supply.^[1-2] In another study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, researchers found that the phytochemicals from pomegranate fruits may inhibit growth and reproduction of cancer cells by inducing programmed cell death and affecting their signaling pathways.^[3]

Protects Against Heart Disease

The phytochemicals in pomegranate may help prevent the formation of harmful plaques within the arteries of the heart (atherosclerotic plaque). In a study of patients with severe blockage of the carotid arteries (supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood), researchers found that patients who consumed one ounce of pomegranate juice daily for one year had a 30% reduction in atherosclerotic plaque.^[4] In striking contrast, participants who did not take the pomegranate juice had a 9% increase in atherosclerotic plaque.

Improves Memory and Brain Function

Memory dysfunction often occurs in the elderly and is a common complaint following heart surgery. According to a study published in the Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, drinking 8 ounces of pomegranate juice daily for 4 weeks can help improve memory problems in the elderly.^[5] The researchers found that the supplemented group performed better in a series of memory and brain function tests compared to those who took placebo. Similarly, another study found that patients who took 2 grams of pomegranate extract per day from one week before heart surgery to 6 weeks after surgery had improved memory retention performance in a battery of neuropsychological tests compared to those who took placebo.^[6]

Lowers High Blood Pressure

Regular intake of pomegranate juice has been shown to significantly lower blood pressure levels in hypertensive individuals. In one study, hypertensive patients had a significant reduction in blood pressure after drinking 150 ml of pomegranate juice per day for 2 weeks.^[7]

Fights Inflammation

Pomegranate is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for people with arthritis. Laboratory studies have shown that pomegranate extract can block enzymes that are responsible for damaging joints and cartilages. Therefore, pomegranate supplementation can help maintain joint integrity and function.^[8-9]  

Improves Exercise Performance and Blood Circulation

In a study of 19 runners, researchers found that consumption of 1 gram of pomegranate extract 30 minutes before treadmill exercise resulted in increased exercise efficiency and a delay in the onset of fatigue.^[10] Interestingly, the researchers also found that the blood flow within the blood vessels is also improved after ingestion of pomegranate extract.

References:

1. Toi M, Bando H, Ramachandran C, et al: Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate fractions in vitro and in vivo. Angiogenesis 2003, 6:121-128.
2. Sartippour MR, Seeram NP, Rao JY, et al: Ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract inhibits angiogenesis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2008, 32:475-480.
3. Adams LS, Seeram NP, Aggarwal BB, Takada Y, Sand D, Heber D. Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(3):980-5.
4. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(3):423-33.
5. Bookheimer SY, Renner BA, Ekstrom A, et al. Pomegranate Juice Augments Memory and fMRI Activity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Mild Memory Complaints. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2013;2013:946298. doi:10.1155/2013/946298.
6. Ropacki SA, Patel SM, Hartman RE. Pomegranate Supplementation Protects against Memory Dysfunction after Heart Surgery: A Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:932401.
7. Asgary S, Sahebkar A, Afshani MR, Keshvari M, Haghjooyjavanmard S, Rafieian-kopaei M. Clinical evaluation of blood pressure lowering, endothelial function improving, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice in hypertensive subjects. Phytother Res. 2014;28(2):193-9.
8. Ahmed S, Wang N, Hafeez BB, Cheruvu VK, Haqqi TM. Punica granatum L. extract inhibits IL-1beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases by inhibiting the activation of MAP kinases and NF-kappaB in human chondrocytes in vitro. J Nutr. 2005;135(9):2096-102.
9. Rasheed Z, Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. Pomegranate extract inhibits the interleukin-1β-induced activation of MKK-3, p38α-MAPK and transcription factor RUNX-2 in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(5):R195.
10. Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Melvin MN, Roelofs EJ, Wingfield HL. The effects of pomegranate extract on blood flow and running time to exhaustion. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2014;39(9):1038-1042. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0137.

Pineapple

Pineapples belong to the Bromeliaceae family and are actually a composite fruit made of many individual berries that fuse together around a central core. Spiny on the outside, sweet on the inside, this superfood is jam-packed with essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, including vitamin C, vitamin B6, thiamin, folate, potassium, manganese, copper, calcium, magnesium, beta carotene, and bromelain. Whether eaten fresh, juiced, cooked and preserved, consuming this nutrient powerhouse can benefit almost every organ system in the body.

Benefits of Pineapple

For centuries, people consumed pineapples not only for their amazing flavor, but also for their seemingly miraculous health benefits. Among its many benefits on the human body, the following are worth mentioning:

Boosts Immune Function

Pineapples contain several compounds that are known to have immune-boosting effect. According to a 2014 study published in the Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, higher intake of pineapple may shorten the duration and incidence of viral and bacterial infections by increasing the production of immune system cells such as granulocytes and CD4 cells.[1] Researchers observed that study participants who consumed two cans (280 g) of canned pineapples for 9 weeks demonstrated higher production of immune system cells, indicating an improved immune function.

Combats Cancer

An overwhelming body of research shows that bromelain from pineapples has anti-cancer properties. For instance, one study found that bromelain inhibited the growth and reproduction of several gastric cancer cell lines by inducing programmed cell death and altering several pathways involved in cancer cell survival.[2] Another study also found that oral administration of bromelain in healthy volunteers significantly reduced      tumor-platelet aggregates that protect tumor cells from immune recognition.[3]

Treats Osteoarthritis

Due to the anti-inflammatory properties of bromelain, several studies suggest that pineapples can be used as a natural treatment for osteoarthritis.[4-10] According to these studies, patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and shoulder who received bromelain treatment experienced a significant improvement in symptoms and range of motion of the affected joints.

Maintains Strong Bones

Pineapple is loaded with an impressive amount of manganese, a trace mineral that helps build bones and connective tissue. There is strong scientific evidence that consuming manganese-rich foods such as pineapple can help prevent bone breakdown.[11]

Prevents Eye Disorders

Results from a study conducted by the Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group suggest that the likelihood of vision loss from macular degeneration (deterioration of the small central area of the retina) can be reduced in people with higher intake of beta-carotene-rich foods, such as pineapples.[12]

Improves Digestive Health

Pineapple fiber can bulk up the stool, which helps normalize bowel movements. It also promotes the release of gastric and digestive juices to speed up digestion and absorption of foods. In one study, researchers concluded that pineapple fiber can help treat various digestive problems such as constipation, loose bowel movement, and inflammatory bowel syndrome.[13]

Speeds Up Recovery

Studies show that administration of bromelain, particularly from pineapples, before a surgery, can reduce the length of hospital stay by fighting pain and post-surgery inflammation.[14-15] Nowadays, bromelain is prescribed for treating inflammatory conditions and sports injuries.

Prevents Cardiovascular Disease

According to a 2011 study published in the Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, consumption of pineapples can help prevent heart disease by deceasing blood platelet aggregation and preventing blood clot formation.[16-17] In addition, two large scale tests on patients with heart disease have shown that pineapple consumption completely eliminated blood clots, thereby preventing the risk of heart attack.[18-19]

Improves Libido

A 2015 study published in the Journal of Integrative Nephrology & Andrology suggests that pineapple consumption can help increase the level of the hormone testosterone.[20] This finding is highly significant since testosterone fuels a man’s sex drive

References:

1. Cervo MMC, Llido LO, Barrios EB, Panlasigui LN. Effects of Canned Pineapple Consumption on Nutritional Status, Immunomodulation, and Physical Health of Selected School Children. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2014;2014:861659. doi:10.1155/2014/861659.
2. Amini A, Ehteda A, Masoumi Moghaddam S, Akhter J, Pillai K, Morris DL. Cytotoxic effects of bromelain in human gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines (MKN45, KATO-III, HT29-5F12, and HT29-5M21). OncoTargets and therapy. 2013;6:403-409. doi:10.2147/OTT.S43072.
3. Smyth RD, Brennan R, Martin GJ. Systemic biochemical changes following the oral administration of a proteolytic enzyme, bromelain. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1962;136:230–236.
4. Cohen A, Goldman J. Bromelain therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Penn Med J. 1964;67:27–30.
5. Leipner J, Iten F, Saller R. Therapy with proteolytic enzymes in rheumatic disorders. Biodrugs. 2001;15:779–789.
6. Singer F, Oberleitner H. Drug therapy of activated arthrosis. On the effectiveness of an enzyme mixture versus diclofenac. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1996;146:55–58.
7. Klein G, Kullich W. Short-term treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the knee with oral enzymes: a randomised, double-blind study versus Diclofenac. Clin Drug Invest. 2000;19:15–23.
8. Singer F, Singer C, Oberleitner H. Phlyoenzym versus diclofenac in the treatment of activated osteoarthritis of the knee. Int J Immunother. 2001;17:135–141.
9. Tilwe GH, Beria S, Turakhia NH, Daftary GV, Schiess W. Efficacy and tolerability of oral enzyme therapy as compared to diclofenac in active osteoarthritis of the knee joint: an open randomised controlled clinical trial. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. JAPI. 2001;49:621.
10. Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW. Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well being in a dose dependant fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Phytomedicine. 2002;9:681–686.
11. Fore H, Morton RA. The manganese in bone. Biochemical Journal. 1952;51(5):598-600.
12. Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Muñoz B. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004; 122(4):564-72.
13. Roxas M. The role of enzyme supplementation in digestive disorders. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic. 2008; 13(4):307-14.
14. Tassman GC, Zafran JN, Zayon GM. Evaluation of a plate proteolytic enzyme for the control of inflammation and pain. Journal of Dental Medicine. 1964;19:73–77.
15. Tassman GC, Zafran JN, Zayon GM. A double-blind crossover study of a plant proteolytic enzyme in oral surgery. The Journal of Dental Medicine. 1965;20:51–54.
16. Brien S, Lewith G, Walker A, Hicks SM, Middleton D. Bromelain as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of clinical studies. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2004;1(3):251–257.
17. Ley CM, Tsiami A, Ni Q, Robinson N. A review of the use of bromelain in cardiovascular diseases. J Chin Integr Med / Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2011; 9(7): 702-710.
18. Ley CM, Tsiami A, Ni Q, Robinson N. A review of the use of bromelain in cardiovascular diseases. Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine. 2011; 9(7):702-10.
19. Felton GE. Fibrinolytic and antithrombotic action of bromelain may eliminate thrombosis in heart patients. Medical hypotheses. 1980; 6(11):1123-33.
20. Available from http://www.journal-ina.com/article.asp?issn=2394-2916;year=2015;volume=2;issue=1;spage=5;epage=18;aulast=Wendlov%E1.

Pine Bark

Pine bark extract, also known as pycnogenol, is derived from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). Pine bark is a popular herbal supplement in several Western countries. It is rich in several bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, which is known to possess medicinal properties. In addition, pine bark is a highly potent antioxidant which helps protect against damaging free radicals.

Benefits of Pine Bark

The following are some of the exciting research to date on the health benefits of pine bark:

Lowers Blood Sugar Levels and Improves Symptoms of Diabetes

Pine bark extract has blood sugar-lowering effect. According to a study conducted by the Guang An Men Hospital of Chinese Medical Science Research Institute on 77 patients with type 2 diabetes, researchers found that supplementation of 100 mg pycnogenol for 12 weeks significantly lowered blood sugar levels and improved diabetic symptoms.^[1]   

Treats Various Infections

Pine bark extract possesses antibacterial properties which can help prevent infection. In a study published in Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, researchers found that the proanthocyanidins (flavonoids) in pine bark extract were effective in inhibiting the growth of different strain of bacteria, making it a potential natural preventive measure for different types of infections.^[2]  

Fights Allergy and Asthma

Pycnogenol can be effective for allergic medical conditions. Pycnogenol, when administered at least 5 weeks before the allergy season, helped improve eye and nasal symptoms in allergic individuals.^[3] In addition, pycnogenol can also be an adjunct to asthma treatment because it may improve pulmonary function in asthmatic children.^[4] On the cellular level, pycnogenol inhibits activation of mast cells that release allergy-provoking histamine in times of stress.^[5] A supplementary article in a journal suggested that pycnogenol may help improve allergy symptoms in asthmatic patients who are allergic to mites in house dust.^[6]

Helps Maintain a Healthy Blood Circulation

One pilot study demonstrated the effectiveness of pycnogenol in improving leg heaviness and swelling in persons with chronic venous insufficiency (blood circulation problem caused by damaged vein valves).^[7] In another study, researchers found that daily use of 200 mg pycnogenol  4 times a day for 5 weeks can help reduce pain and cramps, as well as improve circulation in patients with  microangiopathy (disease of blood vessels).^[8]

Improves Exercise Endurance and Athletic Performance

There are studies that show that pycnogenol can help improve physical performance. When researchers administered a single dose of pycnogenol in trained cyclists, a significant improvement in power output and endurance was observed.^[9] Additionally, one study found that pycnogenol ingestion was able to reduce the incidence of cramps and muscular pain in patients with blood vessel problems as well as in healthy athletes without causing negative effects.^[10]

Maintains a Healthy Skin

Evidence suggests that pine bark extract also has anti-aging properties. One study revealed that pycnogenol supplementation in postmenopausal women at a dose of 75 mg per day increased skin elasticity and skin hydration after 6 weeks.^[11]    

References:

1. Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Würthwein G, Rohdewald P. Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II. Life Sci. 2004;75(21):2505-13.
2. Sadeghi M, Zolfaghari B, Jahanian-najafabadi A, Abtahi SR. Anti-pseudomonas activity of essential oil, total extract, and proanthocyanidins of Pinus eldarica Medw. bark. Res Pharm Sci. 2016;11(1):58-64.
3. Wilson D. et al. 2010. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study to evaluate the potential of pycnogenol® for improving allergic rhinitis symptoms. Phytotherapy Research; 24 (8) 1115-1119.
4. Lau B. et al. 2004. Pycnogenol as an adjunct in the management of childhood asthma. The Journal of Asthma; 41 (8) 825-832.
5. Choi Y., Yan G. 2009. Pycnogenol inhibits immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic response in mast cells. Phytotherapy Research; 23 (12) 1691-1695.
6. Belcaro G. et al. 2011. Pycnogenol® improvements in asthma management. Panminerva Medica; 53 (1 supplementary article) 57-64.
7. Petrassi C., Mastomarino A., Spartera C.2000. PYCNOGENOL® in chronic venous insufficiency. Phytomedicine; 7 (5) 383-388.
8. Vinciguerra G. & Belcaro G. et al. 2006. Cramps and Muscular Pain: Prevention with Pycnogenol® in Normal Subjects, Venous Patients, Athletes, Claudicants and in Diabetic Microangiopathy. Angiology; 57 (3) 331-339.
9. Bentley D. et al. 2012. Acute Antioxidant Supplementation Improves Endurance Performance in Trained Athletes. Research in Sports Medicine: An International Journal; 20 (1) 1-12.
10. Vinciguerra G, Belcaro G, Cesarone M.R. et al. Cramps and muscular pain: Prevention with pycnogenol in normal subjects, venous patients, athletes, claudicants and in diabetic microangiopathy. Angiology. 2006;57:331–9.
11. Marini A, Grether-beck S, Jaenicke T, et al. Pycnogenol® effects on skin elasticity and hydration coincide with increased gene expressions of collagen type I and hyaluronic acid synthase in women. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2012;25(2):86-92.

Phytase

Phytase is an enzyme that specifically acts on phytic acid (phytate), one of the primary storage forms for phosphorus in plants. Phytase helps liberate the phosphorus and other minerals such as calcium, zinc, iron and magnesium from phytic acid. Traditionally found in plants and commercially available as supplements, this all-natural enzyme can help boost the nutritional value of grains, seeds, corn, legumes and other hard to digest plant fibers.

Health Benefits of Phytase

Taking phytase supplements can give you the following proven health benefits:

Improved Mineral Absorption

Several high quality studies have shown the role of phytase in improving the digestion and absorption of essential minerals. For instance, a recent research found that phytase supplementation can significantly boost the body’s ability to digest and absorb essential nutrients such as iron, magnesium, and calcium.^[1]  Another study in Germany found that phytase supplementation could enhance mineral uptake and reduce phytic acid content, indicating its role in improving mineral absorption.^[2] These findings are highly significant and clearly suggest that phytase supplementation can help prevent mineral deficiency especially in vulnerable groups such as childbearing women, vegans and vegetarians.

Stronger Bones

As we all know, calcium and phosphorus are essential elements for maintaining stronger and healthy bones. Because phytase boosts the body’s ability to absorb these minerals, phytase supplementation can therefore prevent osteoporosis, fractures, and other bone disorders. The specific mechanism by which phytase helps build strong bones is through its ability to break down and lower phytic acid levels in the body. In fact, one study revealed that postmenopausal women with lower phytic acid levels are at lower risk for bone loss and risk of fractures.^[3]     

A Lower Risk for Anemia

Results from one study show that iron-deficiency anemia is related to higher intake of phytic acid.^[4] According to the study, despite high iron intake, the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia among the participants is attributed to the substantial intakes of phytic acid present in the unleavened wholemeal wheat bread (staple food of the subjects). Since phytase supplementation helps break down phytic acid in the body, it makes sense that it can help prevent anemia.

Healthy Pregnancy

Since phytase helps liberate the phosphorus from phytic acid, it may help boost the digestion and absorption of this very important mineral. During pregnancy, phosphorus helps form the backbone of strands of genetic building blocks, DNA and RNA.^[5] Therefore, phytase supplementation is beneficial for pregnant women and those who are planning to bear a child.

Strong Immune System

Phytase supplementation provides protection against a variety of diseases including cancer. One study found that phytase has potent antioxidant properties which helps fight disease-causing free radicals, inhibit cancer cell growth, and enhance the activity of natural killer cells of the immune system.^[6]

References:

1. Prochaska LJ, Piekutowski WV. On the synergistic effects of enzymes in food with enzymes in the human body. A literature survey and analytical report. Med Hypotheses. 1994 Jun;42(6):355-62.
2. Greiner R, Konietzny U, Jany K-D. Phytate – an undesirable constituent of plant-based foods? (PDF). Journal für Ernährungsmedizin 2006; 8 (3), 18-2.
3. Harinarayan CV. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal south Indian women. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(4):397-402.
4. Haghshenass M, Mahloudij M, Reinhold JG, Mohammadi N. Iron-deficiency anemia in an Iranian population associated with high intakes of iron. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25(11):1143-6.
5. Pennisi E. Biochemistry. What poison? Bacterium uses arsenic to build DNA and other molecules. Science. 2010;330(6009):1302.
6. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814609013624. Accessed March 19, 2017.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body (next to calcium). Phosphorus and calcium works in tandem to build strong bones and teeth. In addition, phosphorus helps filter out wastes and toxins in the kidneys and plays major role in energy storage and consumption. Without phosphorus, there will be an imbalance in other vitamins and minerals including vitamin D, magnesium, zinc and iodine.

Benefits of Phosphorus

Other important benefits of phosphorus are:

Improves Brain Function

Phosphorus is highly required for maintaining proper brain function. Concentration, memory, and thinking skills can be improved by consuming phosphorus-rich foods and supplements.^[1]  

Improves Digestion

Phosphorus helps with digestion by allowing healthy bacteria within the gastrointestinal system to flourish and by activating enzymes that aids in the digestive process.^[2]   Because it acts as an electrolyte, phosphorus also helps reduce abdominal bloating, water-retention and diarrhea, as well as provide natural relief for constipation.^[3]

Maintains Energy Levels and Improves Mood

Phosphorus is capable of improving mood, concentration and motivation. It helps with the absorption and regulation of B vitamins that play a major role in energy production within the cells.^[4] In turn, high energy levels are associated with improved mood and well-being.   

Prevents Neuromuscular Disease

Neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses a wide array of diseases that impair muscle function. Researchers suggest that phosphorus supplementation may help lower one’s risk for neuromuscular diseases. Phosphorus is distributed throughout the body in the form of phosphate. One study revealed that phosphate depletion is associated with neuromuscular dysfunction.^[5]

Helps in Protein Formation

Phosphorus is one of the most important elements in protein formation.^[6] It also facilitates maximum utilization of proteins to ensure proper cell growth and repair. In addition, phosphorus helps make effective use of fats and carbohydrates. Taken together, phosphorus is one of the most essential elements of human metabolism.

Improves Bone Health

In one study, young adults who consumed phosphorus-rich foods increased their levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone that is essential for bone remodeling.^[7]

Prevents Tooth Decay

One study assessing variations of calcium and phosphorus levels in pregnant women revealed that adequate phosphorus levels reduced the occurrence of caries or the general breaking down of the teeth.^[8]

Maintains Healthy Pregnancy and is Essential for Growth and Development

During pregnancy, phosphorus, in the form of the compound phosphate, forms the backbone of strands of genetic building blocks, DNA and RNA.^[9] Because phosphorus is vital for nutrient absorption and bone building, a deficiency in this mineral during toddler and adolescent years can lead to short stature and other developmental problems.

References:

1. Smith CD, Pettigrew LC, Avison MJ, et al. Frontal lobe phosphorus metabolism and neuropsychological function in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1995;38(2):194-201.
2. Penido MGMG, Alon US. Phosphate homeostasis and its role in bone health. Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2012;27(11):2039-2048. doi:10.1007/s00467-012-2175-z.
3. Infante DD, Segarra OO, Redecillas SS, Alvarez MM, Miserachs MM. Modification of stool’s water content in constipated infants: management with an adapted infant formula. Nutrition Journal. 2011;10:55. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-55.
4. Eleanor Noss Whitney; Sharon Rady Rolfes (1 January 2015). Understanding Nutrition. Cengage Learning. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-1-305-53762-0.
5. De Lorenzo F, Hargreaves J, Kakkar VV. Phosphate diabetes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998;74(870):229-232.
6. Felix Bronner; Constantine S. Anast (1981). Pathophysiology of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-135303-2.
7. Calvo MS, Kumar R, Heath H. Elevated secretion and action of serum parathyroid hormone in young adults consuming high phosphorus, low calcium diets assembled from common foods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66(4):823-9.
8. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937834906761. Accessed February 4, 2017.
9. Pennisi E. Biochemistry. What poison? Bacterium uses arsenic to build DNA and other molecules. Science. 2010;330(6009):1302.

Peptidase

Peptidase, also known as protease or proteinase, is a type of proteolytic enzyme (digestive enzyme) that helps break down proteins in the body. This type of enzyme occurs naturally in the digestive, immune and blood circulation systems. Peptidase is considered a crucial element in the human body because it plays a role in protecting against inflammatory conditions, regulating immune function, and proper protein synthesis. Commonly found in pineapple, papaya, whole grains and other high fiber fruits and vegetables, peptidase is also available as supplements in many health food stores.

Health Benefits of Peptidase

Supplementing on peptidase has a wide array of proven health benefits to offer. This includes:

Relief from Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is characterized by an abnormal immune response to a type of protein called gluten which is found in barley, rye and other grains. This damages the inside of your small intestine, resulting to malabsorption of essential nutrients. Interestingly, one study found that in patients with celiac disease, peptidase deficiency is common, indicating that peptidase supplementation can be beneficial.^[1] Another study found that enzyme supplementation, particularly peptidase, can accelerate gastrointestinal degradation of gluten in patients with celiac disease, which leads to significant reduction in symptoms and improved nutritional absorption.^[2]     

Stronger Immune System

There is increasing evidence that peptidase can help boost the immune function and prevent various diseases. Results from two studies show that certain types of peptidase can help regulate immune function by enhancing the activity of T cells and other immune system cells.^[3-4]   

Anti-inflammatory

Proteolytic enzymes such as peptidase possess anti-inflammatory properties. In one study assessing the effects of peptidase supplementation on muscle soreness, participants who consumed 2 peptidase tablets four times daily a day prior to downhill running demonstrated superior recovery and diminished effects of delayed-onset muscle soreness when compared to those who took placebo.^[5] This finding is consistent with the results of other studies that assessed the anti-inflammatory properties of peptidase.^[6-8]  According to these studies, peptidase and other proteolytic enzymes reduce inflammation by neutralizing pro-inflammatory substances to levels where the regeneration of damaged tissues can begin. This simply means that proteolytic enzymes do not completely suppress all phases of the inflammatory process to a point where your body cannot activate the normal healing process.

Improved Blood Circulation

One study revealed that peptidase can help regulate normal blood clotting mechanism by improving blood circulation.^[9] The specific mechanism by which peptidase exerts this effect is by preventing platelet adhesion and breaking down substances that can cause blood clots.

Healthy Heart

Atherosclerosis, a condition in which harmful plaques build up inside the arteries, is the leading cause of heart disease. Interestingly, one laboratory study found that proteolytic enzymes can help break down and prevent the formation of these plaques, thereby improving blood flow to the heart and other vital organs. This in turn can significantly lower one’s risk for heart disease.

References:

1. Cornell HJ, Townley RR. Investigation of possible intestinal peptidase deficiency in coeliac disease. Clin Chim Acta. 1973;43(1):113-25.
2. Sollid LM, Khosla C. Future therapeutic options for celiac disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2(3):140-7.
3. Hildebrandt M, Reutter W, Arck P, Rose M, Klapp BF. A guardian angel: the involvement of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in psychoneuroendocrine function, nutrition and immune defence. Clin Sci. 2000;99(2):93-104.
4. Aytac U, Dang NH. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV: a regulator of immune function and a potential molecular target for therapy. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2004;4(1):11-8.
5. Miller PC, Bailey SP, Barnes ME, Derr SJ, Hall EE. The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running. J Sports Sci. 2004;22(4):365-72.
6. Ambrus JC, Lassman HB, Marchijj DE. Absorption of exogenous and endogenous proteolytic enzymes. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1967;8(3):362-367.
7. Vakians A. Further studies on the absorption of chymotrypsin. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1964:5(6):712-715.
8. Miller J, Opher A. Increased proteolytic activity of human blood serum after oral administration of bromelain. Exp Med Surg 1964;22:277.
9. Olson ST, Richard B, Izaguirre G, Schedin-Weiss S, Gettins PGW. Molecular mechanisms of antithrombin-heparin regulation of blood clotting proteinases. a paradigm for understanding proteinase regulation by serpin family protein proteinase inhibitors. Biochimie. 2010;92(11):1587-1596. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.011.

Pectinase

Pectinase helps break down pectin, a carbohydrate found in plant cell walls and is known to possess various health benefits. Commonly found in apples and bananas, pectinase plays a major role not only in healthy digestion, but also, in general well-being and anti-aging. This health-enhancing fiber is also available as supplements in many health food stores.

Health Benefits of Pectinase

This digestive enzyme has diverse proven health benefits such as:

Healthy Digestive System

Pectinase helps provide favorable pH conditions for beneficial bacteria in the gut, allowing them to grow and multiply.^[1-2] This in turn boosts digestive health and prevents various gastrointestinal symptoms.

Improved Blood Sugar Levels

Improving the body’s absorption of pectin through pectinase supplements can help lower high blood sugar levels, making it beneficial for patients with diabetes. In one study, researchers found that diabetics who consumed a diet supplemented with 20 grams of apple pectin per day had a significant reduction in their blood sugar levels.^[3] 

Improved Cholesterol Levels

The benefits of pectinase supplementation go beyond digestion. By improving the absorption of the highly soluble fiber pectin, pectinase can help lower cholesterol levels even without lifestyle modifications. According to a study conducted at the University of Florida College of Medicine, researchers reported that volunteers who consumed a grapefruit pectin-supplemented diet without change in lifestyle for 16 weeks, experienced a significant reduction in blood cholesterol (7.6%) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (10.8%).^[4]     

Weight Loss

With more pectinase in your body, more pectin will also be absorbed effectively. As a highly soluble fiber, pectin can aid in weight loss by helping you feel full for longer periods of time. This in turn can limit your food intake and boost your weight loss efforts. One study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition proved this effect of pectin.^[5] The study involved U.S. Army employees who are all within  normal weight limits. On days one and two of the study, they fasted overnight and consumed orange juice containing pectin followed by ice cream four hours later. Interestingly, all of the participants felt more satisfied and full for up to four hours after consuming a meal with pectin.

Relief from Persistent Diarrhea

Consuming pectinase from green bananas and supplements can help reduce bouts of diarrhea. In one clinical trial, researchers found that patients who consumed a diet containing 250 grams of cooked green banana daily for 7 days experienced a significant reduction in the amounts of stool, numbers of vomiting and duration of diarrhea.^[6] Also, the diet reduced the use of oral rehydration solution and intravenous fluid.

Cancer Prevention

Loading up on pectinase and improving your body’s absorption of pectin can help prevent one of the world’s most deadly diseases. Laboratory studies found that pectin can help prevent cancer progression by inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis) in various human cancer cell lines.^[7]

References:

1. Umesh L. Apple pectin as a novel prebiotic substance that helps the intestinal microbiota. Med-Chemist. 2010 January 25.
2. Garg G, Singh A, Kaur A, Singh R, Kaur J, Mahajan R. Microbial pectinases: an ecofriendly tool of nature for industries. 3 Biotech. 2016;6(1):47. doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0371-4.
3. Schwartz SE, Levine RA, Weinstock RS, Petokas S, Mills CA, Thomas FD. Sustained pectin ingestion: effect on gastric emptying and glucose tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(6):1413-7.
4. Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW. The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle. Clin Cardiol. 1988;11(9):589-94.
5. Tiwary CM, Ward JA, Jackson BA. Effect of pectin on satiety in healthy US Army adults. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16(5):423-8.
6. Rabbani GH, Teka T, Zaman B, Majid N, Khatun M, Fuchs GJ. Clinical studies in persistent diarrhea: dietary management with green banana or pectin in Bangladeshi children. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(3):554-60.
7. Jackson CL, Dreaden TM, Theobald LK, et al. Pectin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: correlation of apoptotic function with pectin structure. Glycobiology. 2007;17(8):805-19.

Papaya

Papaya is a tropical fruit tree that bears sweet, mushy, and pulpy fruits. The fruits are normally golden or orange in color. The core of the fruit contains black, pepper-like seeds contained in a transparent membrane. Fruits are generally peeled, deseeded, and then consumed. Papaya tastes so good that’s why it is hailed as the “fruit of angels.” Aside from its pleasing taste, papaya also offers a wide variety of health benefits because it is highly rich in antioxidants, vitamins and minerals.

Benefits of Papaya

Here are some of the top proven benefits of papaya fruit:

Cancer Prevention

Research suggests that the lycopene in papaya has anti-cancer properties.[1-2] Lycopene’s cancer-fighting ability appears to be due to its ability to suppress the production of harmful free radicals in the body that contribute to cancer development. Another study found that papaya extract can suppress the growth and reproduction of human breast cancer cell line known as MCF-7.[3]

Healthy Heart

Adding papaya to your diet can boost your heart health significantly. Studies show that lycopene and vitamin C in papaya fruit may help prevent deadly heart diseases by preventing inflammation, blood clots, and other unfavorable cardiovascular events.[4-6]

Healthy Digestive System

Papaya is long used as a natural remedy in a wide array of digestive problems. In one study assessing the effects of papaya on people with chronic indigestions and dysfunctions in the gastrointestinal tract, researchers found that subjects who consumed papaya preparation (20 ml daily for 40 days) reported significant improvements in digestive problems such as constipation and abdominal bloating.[7]

Ulcer Prevention

A 2015 study found that papaya consumption can help treat and prevent Buruli ulcer, a type of ulcer that affects the skin and bone.[8] Researchers in the study found that papaya consumption demonstrated efficacy in hospitalized patients with Buruli ulcer.

Healthy, Younger-Looking Skin

The vitamin C, lycopene and antioxidants in papaya may slow the process of skin aging and protect your skin from harmful free radicals.[9] In one study, older women who consumed a mixture of lycopene, vitamin C and other antioxidants for 14 weeks experienced a significant improvement in the depth of facial wrinkles.[10] This only shows that eating papaya can help you achieve a healthy, rejuvenated skin.

Strong Immune System

Consuming papaya can help ward off a wide array of diseases and infection. In one study, patients suspected of suffering from dengue who received 2 doses of papaya leaf extract at intervals of 8 hours, had increased platelet count and total white blood cell count within 24 hours of treatment with the extract, indicating an improvement in immune function.[11]

Anti-inflammatory

Inflammation is linked with a broad range of medical conditions including arthritis, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases. In one study, researchers found that healthy human subjects who consumed papaya on a regular basis had lower levels of inflammatory markers such as cytokines and interleukin 1 beta.[12] With its anti-inflammatory properties, papaya can help ward off several inflammatory conditions.

References:

1. Gajowik A, Dobrzyńska MM. Lycopene – antioxidant with radioprotective and anticancer properties. A review. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2014; 65(4):263-71.
2. Aruoma OI, Somanah J, Bourdon E, Rondeau P, Bahorun T. Diabetes as a risk factor to cancer: functional role of fermented papaya preparation as phytonutraceutical adjunct in the treatment of diabetes and cancer. Mutation research. 2014; 768:60-8.
3. García-Solís P, Yahia EM, Morales-Tlalpan V, Díaz-Muñoz M. Screening of antiproliferative effect of aqueous extracts of plant foods consumed in México on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2009; 60 Suppl 6:32-46.
4. Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The American journal of medicine. 2002; 113 Suppl 9B:71S-88S.
5. Ellingsen I, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Tonstad S. Vitamin C consumption is associated with less progression in carotid intima media thickness in elderly men: A 3-year intervention study. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2009; 19(1):8-14.
6. Somanah J, Aruoma OI, Gunness TK. Effects of a short term supplementation of a fermented papaya preparation on biomarkers of diabetes mellitus in a randomized Mauritian population. Preventive medicine. 2012; 54 Suppl:S90-7.
7. Muss C, Mosgoeller W, Endler T. Papaya preparation (Caricol®) in digestive disorders. Neuro endocrinology letters. 2013; 34(1):38-46.
8. Tsouh Fokou PV, Nyarko AK, Appiah-Opong R. Ethnopharmacological reports on anti-Buruli ulcer medicinal plants in three West African countries. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2015; 172:297-311.
9. Schagen SK, Zampeli VA, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology. 2012; 4(3):298-307.
10. Jenkins G, Wainwright LJ, Holland R, Barrett KE, Casey J. Wrinkle reduction in post-menopausal women consuming a novel oral supplement: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. International journal of cosmetic science. 2014; 36(1):22-31.
11. Hettige S. Salutary effects of Carica papaya leaf extract in dengue fever patients a pilot study. Sri Lankan Fam Physician. 2008;29:17–9.
12. Abdullah M, Chai PS, Loh CY. Carica papaya increases regulatory T cells and reduces IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells in healthy human subjects. Molecular nutrition & food research. 2011; 55(5):803-6.

Papain

Papain is a powerful digestive enzyme commonly found in papaya fruit and plays a key role in breaking down larger proteins into smaller proteins. Introducing the papaya enzyme papain into a meal can also help breakdown other hard-to-digest proteins such as gluten in wheat and casein in milk, which are often related to various gastrointestinal problems. Available mainly as a pill or powder supplement, this antioxidant can be found in many health food stores.

Benefits of Papain

An overwhelming body of research supports the many health benefits of consuming papain. Among them are the following:

Strengthens Immune System

A 2012 study found that papain may act as an immune support system by modulating leukocytes and other white blood cells in the immune response.^[1] By enhancing the activities of the cells of the immune system, papain can help prevent a wide array of infections caused by harmful microorganisms.

Fights Cancer

A 2015 study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences found that papain has anti-cancer properties.^[2] According to the study, papain was able to alter cancer cell cycle progression and induce programmed cell death of malignant breast cancer cells, suggesting that papain supplementation can be an adjunct treatment for cancer.

Maintains Healthy Skin

Papain has been long used as a potent skin whitening agent. Aside from this effect, a 2013 study published in the Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies found that papain supplementation in patients with skin disorders such as warts, eczema, hardness of the skin, and other skin imperfections showed good results with regards to improving the skin’s appearance.^[3]

Prevents Rheumatoid Arthritis and other Inflammatory Conditions

A 2011 study published in the Journal of Molecular Nutrition and Food Research found that inflammatory markers decreased when healthy individuals were given papaya.^[4]  Researchers believe that the papain in papaya exerts anti-inflammatory properties which can be beneficial in people with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

Fights Fungal Infection

According to a 2010 study published in the African Journal of Agricultural Research, papain appears to be effective in inhibiting the growth and reproduction of different types of fungi, suggesting that it can help prevent various fungal infections.^[5]

Improves Exercise Recovery

Pain and inflammation are common after strenuous exercise. Interestingly, a 2009 study found that papain supplementation in healthy subjects was able to reduce exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage and inflammation.^[6]

References:

1. Paul WE, Zhu J. How are TH2-type immune responses initiated and amplified? Nature reviews Immunology. 2010;10(4):225-235. doi:10.1038/nri2735.
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