Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus casei is one of the most studied probiotics because of its diverse health benefits. This bacterium is found in the intestine and mouth and as a lactic acid producer, it has been found to assist in the propagation of beneficial bacteria in the digestive system. Lactobacillus casei is known to have a high resistance to fluctuations in temperature and pH levels in the gut, allowing it to survive in a harsh environment. This health-enhancing bacterium is used an active ingredient in cheddar cheese, yogurts, and in fermented dairy and plant products. It is also available in the form of supplements or capsules in many health food stores.

Benefits of Lactobacillus case

The immense health benefits of Lactobacillus casei are backed by strong scientific evidence. Among them are the following:

Strengthens the Immune System

Evidence suggests that different strains of probiotics can help boost the immune function by increasing the activity and production of immune system cells. In one study, researchers found that supplementation of Lactobacillus casei along with other probiotic strain in healthy individuals increased the activity of natural killer cells and T helper 1 cytokines, indicating an improved immune function.^[1] In another study, endurance athletes supplemented with fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei daily for 16 weeks while training during the winter months experienced a lower prevalence (36% lower) of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms compared to the placebo-treated group.^[2]

Maintains a Healthy Digestive System

Probiotics such as Lactobacillus casei are generally considered safe and potentially beneficial in digestive health. Researchers in a 2007 trial studied the effects of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei.^[3] They concluded that this treatment may help reduce the prevalence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea without any adverse side effects. In a similar study, researchers found that regular intake of milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei can help improve bowel habits of people with chronic constipation.^[4]

Prevents Cancer

Results from a randomized controlled study show that Lactobacillus casei may prevent the progression of cancer. In one study, oral administration of a Lactobacillus casei preparation at 3 grams per day in patients who had undergone surgical removal of cancerous bladder tissues prevented the recurrence of bladder cancer.^[5]

Improves Mood

When researchers treated 20 healthy participants with Lactobacillus casei W56 along with other probiotic strain for 4 weeks, a significant in improvement in mood, rumination and aggressive thoughts was observed.^[6]

Improves Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Joint inflammation in RA is one of the most debilitating symptoms of this inflammatory disorder. Interestingly, one study found that Lactobacillus casei 01 supplementation at one capsule per day for 8 weeks was effective in reducing tender and swollen joints as well as inflammatory markers of RA in the blood such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.^[7] Also, the patients experienced a significant improvement in their quality of life.

References:

1. Dong H, Rowland I, Yaqoob P. Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune function in vitro. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(3):459-70.
2. Tiollier E, Chennaoui M, Gomez-merino D, Drogou C, Filaire E, Guezennec CY. Effect of a probiotics supplementation on respiratory infections and immune and hormonal parameters during intense military training. Mil Med. 2007;172(9):1006-11.
3. Hickson M, D’souza AL, Muthu N, et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2007;335(7610):80.
4. Koebnick C, Wagner I, Leitzmann P, Stern U, Zunft HJ. Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Can J Gastroenterol. 2003;17(11):655-9.
5. Aso Y, Akazan H. Prophylactic effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. BLP Study Group. Urol Int. 1992;49(3):125-9.
6. Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, Van hemert S, Bosch JA, Colzato LS. A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:258-64.
7. Alipour B, Homayouni-rad A, Vaghef-mehrabany E, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus casei supplementation on disease activity and inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(5):519-27.

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a naturally occurring bacterium in the human digestive system, mouth, and vagina. Some strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus have been found to have probiotic (health-boosting) effects, and their properties have been well-studied. Lactobacillus acidophilus is ‘acid-loving’ and can survive in the hostile environment of the human gut, being resistant to low pH, bile, and digestive enzymes.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is used commercially in many probiotic drinks and yogurts.  It is in fact the most commonly used species in probiotics, with the majority of probiotic yogurt manufacturers using an acidophilus strain in their products. It is also available in capsule and tablet form in many health food stores.

Benefits of Lactobacillus acidophilus

Here are some of the well-known health benefits of taking Lactobacillus acidophilus:

Improves Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS is a chronic disorder that affects the large intestine. This is characterized by stronger or weaker intestinal contractions leading to abdominal cramping, bloating, diarrhea and constipation. In one study, researchers found that four weeks of treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with IBS was associated with a significant reduction in abdominal pain or discomfort compared to baseline.^[1]  

Fights Asthma and Allergies

An allergic response occurs when your immune system mistakenly identify a harmless substance, such as dust or pollen, as an invader. In an attempt to protect your body, chemicals such as interferon gamma, histamine and eosinophils are released to neutralize the allergen. However, the release of these chemicals leads to unpleasant signs and symptoms. If you have asthma, allergies can worsen it. Interestingly, one study found that adult patients with moderate asthma who took live active yogurt with Lactobacillus acidophilus 225 grams twice daily had lower levels of eosinophils in their blood, indicating that the treatment can help reduce asthma attacks and allergic reactions.^[2]

Normalizes Cholesterol Levels and Lowers Risk for Heart Disease

Combined analysis of two studies assessing the effects of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on cholesterol levels demonstrated a 2.9% reduction in blood cholesterol concentration.^[3] This finding is highly significant since every 1% reduction in blood cholesterol concentration is associated with an estimated 2% to 3% reduction in risk for coronary heart disease ^[3]

Boosts Immune Function

Evidence suggests that Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation can help enhance several indices of natural and acquired immunity by increasing the production of natural killer cells, white blood cells, antibodies, and other immune cells.^[4] 

Prevents Cancer

Numerous high quality studies suggest that the tumor suppression trait of Lactobacillus acidophilus can help reduce the incidence of colon cancer.^[5-6] Researchers found that different strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibit cancer cell growth and induce cell cycle arrest to kill malignant cells.^[7-8]   

Prevents Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

The use of probiotics is a potential measure to prevent and treat antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In one study, Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea significantly reduced the symptoms of diarrhea and hospitalization time.^[9]    

References:

1. Sinn DH, Song JH, Kim HJ, et al. Therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(10):2714-8.\
2. Wheeler JG, Shema SJ, Bogle ML, et al. Immune and clinical impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79(3):229-33.
3. Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(1):43-50.
4. Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Prasad J, Gopal PK. Enhancement of natural and acquired immunity by Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001), Lactobacillus acidophilus (HN017) and Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019). Br J Nutr. 2000;83(2):167-76.
5. Friend B.A. Shahani K.M. (1984) Antitumor properties of lactobacilli and dairy products fermented by lactobacilli J. Food Prot. , 47, 717–723.
6. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223702879_Therapeutic_role_of_dietary_lactobacilli_and_lactobacilli_fermented_dairy_products. Accessed March 7, 2017.
7. Kim JY, Woo HJ, Kim YS, Kim KH, Lee HJ. Cell cycle dysregulation induced by cytoplasm of Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis in SNUC2A, a colon cancer cell line. Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):197-201.
8. Hirayama K, Rafter J. The role of lactic acid bacteria in colon cancer prevention: mechanistic considerations. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1999;76(1-4):391-4.
9. Mélanie Beausoleil, Nadia Fortier, Stéphanie Guénette, et al., “Effect of a Fermented Milk Combining Lactobacillus Acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus Casei in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 732-736, 2007.

Lactase

Lactase is an enzyme that is required for the breakdown of lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. This enzyme is produced naturally in the lining of your small intestine. Since some people, especially those who are lactose intolerant, don’t produce enough lactase on their own, taking lactase supplements can help them reap the many health benefits of consuming dairy products.

Benefits of Lactase

The use of lactase as a supplemental agent to help digest lactose has long been confirmed by an overwhelming body of research. Here are some of the proven health benefits of taking lactase supplements:

Treats Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest and absorb lactose, a sugar present in dairy products. People with this condition usually experience bloating, abdominal cramps, gas, loose stools, diarrhea, and other digestive problems 30 minutes to two hours after eating foods with lactose. Lactase supplement has been long used in the treatment of this condition in order to improve the body’s ability to digest lactase, with several studies supporting its benefits. For instance, a recent review published in the Journal of Clinical Therapeutics found that lactase is an effective treatment for digestive imbalances related to lactose intolerance.^[1]

Improves Energy Levels

By improving the digestion and absorption of sugar (lactose) in the body, lactase can help boost energy levels. This is because all cells in the body need sugar in order to function at optimal levels.

Prevents Irritation in the Digestive Tract

Studies suggest that a reduced amount of intestinal lactase enzyme activity are linked to digestive irritation which leads to diarrhea, indigestion, loose stools and other negative responses in the gut.^[3] Loading up on lactase may help ease gut problems and improve digestive health.

Improves Mood

One study found that lactose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression in females.^[4] According to the study, female subjects with lactose malabsorption showed a significantly higher score in the Beck’s depression inventory (test for measuring the severity of depression) than those who were able to absorb lactose.

Lowers Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

A 2006 study found that consumption of dairy products can help lower one’s risk for heart diseases by improving blood pressure and cholesterol levels.^[5] By improving the absorption of lactose and other nutrients from dairy products, lactase supplementation can help improve several markers of heart disease.

References:

1. Roxas M. The role of enzyme supplementation in digestive disorders. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Dec;13(4):307-14. Review.
2. Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, Meisel A. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends in neurosciences. 2013;36(10):587-597. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.07.001.
3. Treem WR, Ahsan N, Sullivan B, Rossi T, Holmes R, Fitzgerald J, Proujansky R, Hyams J. Evaluation of liquid yeast-derived sucrase enzyme replacement in patients with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. Gastroenterology. 1993 Oct;105(4):1061-8.
4. Ledochowski M, Sperner-unterweger B, Fuchs D. Lactose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression in females: a preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(11):2513-7.
5. Tholstrup T. Dairy products and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006;17(1):1-10.

Iodine

Iodine is an essential trace element that is critical for normal growth and development. It is estimated that 60% of the iodine in the body is stored in the thyroid gland.^[1] The thyroid gland, also known as the “master gland”, is one of the largest glands in the body and is responsible for a wide array of vital processes such as energy usage, protein creation, and overall reaction to other hormones.

Fortunately, it’s not necessary to increase your consumption of table salt to get adequate iodine. You can also take iodine directly. While there is very little iodine in food, it is highly concentrated in sea life, particularly seaweed. It is also available in the form of supplements.

Benefits of Iodine

The following are among the extensive benefits of iodine:

Prevents Goiter

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of your thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency. In one study, administration of iodide (a form of iodine) in pregnant women revealed that a dose of 50 micrograms of iodide per day is a safe and effective measure in preventing an increase in thyroid volume but a dose of 200 micrograms of iodide per day appeared to be more effective without any side effects.^[2] 

Maintains Healthy Pregnancy

Early iodine supplementation is important especially in the first month of pregnancy. One study found that a delay of 6-10 weeks in iodine supplementation of mothers with low thyroid hormones at the beginning of pregnancy increases the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in their babies.^[3]

Improves Cognition

Iodine is necessary for normal brain development and cognition. In fact, one clinical trial revealed that iodine supplementation at a dose of 400 mg in iodine-deficient patients resulted in significant improvements in information processing, fine motor skills, and visual problem solving.^[4]

Helps Flush Out Harmful Toxins

The addition of fluoride in water supply and bromide in certain food supply can be both toxic especially to your thyroid gland and central nervous system.^[5] Interestingly, one study found a progressive increase in the urinary excretion of fluoride and bromide in patients who took 3 tablets per day of iodine preparation.^[6]

Improves Metabolism and Aids in Weight Loss

Thyroid hormones regulate the process of metabolism and metabolism controls how efficiently your body burns calories. If your iodine levels are low, then you are at higher risk of having an underactive thyroid, and therefore a slower metabolism. Restoring iodine levels through supplements can help speed up your metabolism and can make you lose weight.^[7]

Prevents Cancer

One study revealed that iodine-deficient residents had a 2-fold increased risk of follicular cancer (develops when the body makes abnormal white blood cells) in men and a 17% increase in risk in women.^[8]

 References:

1. William E. Cornatzer (July 1986). Clinical application of laboratory tests. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-05225-6.
2. Antonangeli L, Maccherini D, Cavaliere R, et al. Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: a longitudinal study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147(1):29-34.
3. Berbel P, Mestre JL, Santamaría A, et al. Delayed neurobehavioral development in children born to pregnant women with mild hypothyroxinemia during the first month of gestation: the importance of early iodine supplementation. Thyroid. 2009;19(5):511-9.
4. Zimmermann MB, Connolly K, Bozo M, Bridson J, Rohner F, Grimci L. Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(1):108-14.
5. Van Lecuwen, F.X.R., et al, The Effect of Sodium Bromide on Thyroid Function. Arch. Thxicol., Suppl. 12:93-97, 1988.
6. Available at: http://www.wachters.com/printarticle.php?newsID=109. Accessed February 5, 2017.
7. Cavalieri RR. Iodine metabolism and thyroid physiology: current concepts. Thyroid. 1997;7(2):177-81.
8. Pettersson B, Coleman MP, Ron E, Adami HO. Iodine supplementation in Sweden and regional trends in thyroid cancer incidence by histopathologic type. Int J Cancer. 1996;65(1):13-9.

Invertase

Invertase, also known as beta-fructofuranosidase, is an enzyme that helps break down sucrose (common table sugar). It enhances the digestion of starch, sugar and other carbohydrates so that it will be readily used as a source of energy by the body. In contrast to many other body enzymes, invertase is very versatile that it can still remain active within different changes in pH levels.

As we age, we have less access to this potent digestive enzyme, resulting in reduced ability to get the most vital nutrients out of the food we eat. In order to boost nutrient absorption, loading up on invertase through dietary intake of honey and yeast food products, as well as invertase supplements is a great way to bring your digestive enzymes back to healthy levels

Benefits of Invertase

The benefits of invertase go beyond digesting starch and carbohydrates. Among its diverse health benefits, the following are worth mentioning:

Fights Cancer

Medicinal studies show that the invertase enzyme may exhibit anti-cancer properties and can be in par with chemotherapeutic drugs.^[1] For instance, research conducted in Australia and Japan have found that intake of invertase as well as other enzymes present in honey resulted in partial or complete disappearance of malignant tumors in cancer patients.^[2] Additionally, it has been shown that treatment with invertase enzymes can reduce the adverse effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Maintains a Healthy Digestive System

The ability of invertase to create pre-digested simple sugars helps prevent toxicity in the stomach. By effectively digesting sugar so that it will be readily converted to energy, the sugars do not remain in the stomach long enough to create toxic fermentation that triggers bacteria build-up in the intestinal tract.^[3] Fermentation of sugars can cause ulceration and other digestive diseases. In this way, invertase can help keep the digestive system healthy and free from diseases.

Improves Energy Levels

Carbohydrates comprise most of our dietary intake and are our main source of energy. By increasing your invertase intake, large amounts of carbohydrates will be easily converted to blood sugar. This in turn boosts your body’s energy stores.

Fights Inflammation

Supplemental oral digestive enzymes such as invertase have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies have shown that invertase and other digestive enzymes can treat inflammatory conditions ranging from osteoarthritis to rheumatoid arthritis without any adverse side effects.^[4-6] The specific mechanism by which invertase exerts its anti-inflammatory effect is by lowering the blood levels of inflammatory substances. Researchers therefore concluded that these commercial enzyme preparations can be equally effective as standard anti-inflammatory drugs.

Fights Infection

Invertase has been shown to possess antibacterial properties. In one laboratory study, researchers found that the invertase in honey can inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomona pyocyanes, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus.^[7]

References:

1. Novak JF, Trnka F. Proenzyme therapy of cancer. Anticancer Res. 2005 Mar;25(2A):1157-77.
2. Leipner J, Saller R. Systemic enzyme therapy in oncology: effect and mode of action. Drugs. 2000 Apr;59(4):769-80.
3. Wang X, Gibson GR. Effects of the in vitro fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine. J Appl Bacteriol. 1993;75(4):373-80.
4. Klein G, Kullich W, Schnitker J, Schwann H. Efficacy and tolerance of an oral enzyme combination in painful osteoarthritis of the hip. A double-blind, randomised study comparing oral enzymes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Jan;24(1):25-30.
5. Akhtar NM, Naseer R, Farooqi AZ, Aziz W, Nazir M. Oral enzyme combination versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee—a double-blind prospective randomized study. Clin Rheumatol. 2004 Oct;23(5):410-5.
6. Oral enzyme therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee. Proteolytic enzyme are effective with few risks. MMW Fortschr Med. 2001 Jun 7;143(23):44-6.
7. Available at: http://www.revbiomed.uady.mx/pdf/rb96716. Accessed March 15, 2017.

Inositol

Inositol is a vitamin-like chemical that occurs naturally in the body. It’s a primary component of all cells and body tissues. Inositol is involved in various biological processes including fat break down and metabolism, proper brain function, and liver detoxification. Because inositol is found in high concentrations in the brain where it facilitates chemical and electric signals between billions of cells, it has a significant impact on mood and cognition.

The most commonly available form of inositol is inositol hexaphosphate. Some other forms of inositol include inositol hexanicotinate, myo-inositol, inositol hexaniacinate, and D-chiro-inositol. The main sources of inositol are fiber rich foods that include wheat bran, brown rice, sesame seeds, beans, and corn. It is commonly taken in the form of nutritional supplements to help treat several health disorders.

Benefits of Inositol

Loading up on inositol has the following proven health benefits:

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Relief

In a study published in endocrine practice in year 2002, researchers found that women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome who were given 600 mg of D-chiro-inositol for 6 to 8 weeks experienced a significant improvement in symptoms including high levels of blood fat and high blood pressure.^[1]

Anxiety Relief

In a study published in 2001 in Clinical Psychopharmacology, researchers found that myo-inositol could be effective in the treatment of panic disorder. Twenty people suffering from panic disorder were given 18 grams of inositol for a month. In the next month, the patients were given 150 mg of fluvoxamine (a prescription drug). Researchers observed that inositol reduced the number of panic attacks by 4 per week compared to fluvoxamine.^[2]

Improved Cholesterol and Blood Pressure Levels

In a 2011 study, researchers found that postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome who took inositol for a period of 6 months experienced significant improvement in cholesterol and blood pressure levels.^[3] Additionally, these effects lowered the patients’ risk for heart disease and related deaths.

Improved Mood and Well-Being

In depressive and bipolar persons who have committed suicide, researchers found that their inositol concentrations in the brain seem to be low.^[4] In one clinical trial, inositol supplementation  at a dose of 12 grams per day in patients with depression resulted in a significant improvement in depressive symptoms as evidenced by better scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.^[5]  

Improved Blood Sugar Levels

Adequate intake of inositol may help prevent diabetes by ensuring proper blood sugar control. In postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome, researchers found that supplementation of 2,000 mg myo-inositol twice daily for six months significantly improved all clinical markers of blood sugar metabolism.^[6]

Lower Risk for Cancer

Several studies have shown that inositol hexaphosphate can help reduce the growth of cancer cells.^[7] Evidence suggests that inositol helps prevent cancer by inhibiting its reproduction and inducing cell cycle arrest to kill malignant cells.^[8-9]  

References:

1. Iuorno MJ, Jakubowicz DJ, Baillargeon JP, Dillon P, Gunn RD, Allan G, Nestler JE. “Effects of d-chiro-inositol in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome.” Endocr Pract. 2002 Nov-Dec;8(6):417-23.
2. Palatnik A, Frolov K, Fux M, Benjamin J. “Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder.” J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;21(3):335-9.
3. Giordano D, Corrado F, Santamaria A, Quattrone S, Pintaudi B, Di Benedetto A, D’Anna R. “Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.” Menopause. 2011 Jan;18(1):102-4.
4. Shimon H, et al. Reduced frontal cortex inositol levels in postmortem brain of suicide victims and patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. (1997).
5. Levine J, et al Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression . Am J Psychiatry. (1995).
6. Giordano D, et al. Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Menopause. (2011).
7. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. “Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: from laboratory to clinic.” J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11 Suppl 1):3778S-3784S.
8. Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(2):109-25.
9. Yang GY, Shamsuddin AM. IP6-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 human colon cancer cells: involvement of intracellular inositol phosphates. Anticancer Res. 1995;15(6B):2479-87.

Holy Basil Leaf

Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is medicinal plant which enjoys the status of elixir of life in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is also known by other names like tulsi, ajaka, brinda, manjari, kha phrao, monk’s basil, patra-puspha, and sacred basil. It is a traditional holy plant, one that is revered by all Hindus. The stems, leaves, and seeds of holy basil have been used widely in the treatment of a wide array of diseases and disorders. Researchers believe that holy basil leaf is jam-packed with essential nutrients, including vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, zinc, iron, and chlorophyll.

Benefits of Holy Basil Leaf

Touted as the “Queen of Herbs”, the health benefits of holy basil leaf are backed by strong scientific studies.

Reduces Stress and Anxiety

Holy basil is an adaptogen, a natural substance that helps the body adapt to physical and mental stress. According to a 2014 study published in the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medicine, holy basil leaf has pharmacological properties that can help counter metabolic stress through its positive effects on memory and cognitive function and through its anti-anxiety and anti-depressant properties.^[1]

Fights Cancer

A study published in the Journal of Nutrition and Cancer found that holy basil leaf supplementation in cancer patients doesn’t only kill cancer cells, but it also prevents it and even protects the body from the effects of dangerous cancer treatments such as radiation therapy, suggesting that holy basil leaf supplementation can be a natural cancer treatment.^[2]

Lowers Blood Sugar and Cholesterol Levels

There is increasing evidence that holy basil leaf supplementation can help normalize blood sugar levels and cholesterol profile in patients with type 2 diabetes.^[3] According to the study, diabetic patients who took holy basil leaf supplements had a significant reduction in their blood sugar and cholesterol levels, indicating that holy basil leaves may be prescribed as adjunct to dietary therapy and drug treatment in diabetes.

Detoxifies the Liver

Studies show that holy basil leaf can protect your body against toxic chemicals and free radical-induced damage. For instance, one study found that holy basil leaf extract protected human liver cell lines against harmful free radicals, possibly due to its potent antioxidant properties.^[4] In addition, researchers observed that holy basil leaf extract increased the levels of glutathione, a potent antioxidant that detoxifies the liver.

Improves Cognitive Function

A 2015 study found that healthy adult volunteers who consumed 300-milligram capsules of ethanolic leaf extracts of holy basil for 30 days performed better in a series of tests assessing cognitive parameters compared to those who took placebo supplements.^[5]

Boosts Immune Function

A 2011 study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that healthy volunteers who took 300 mg of an ethanolic extract of holy basil leaves experienced a significant increase in the levels of IFN-y, IL-4, T-helper cells, natural killer cells, and other cells of the immune system.^[6]

Wards Off Depression

When researchers administered holy basil leaves at a dose of 1 gram daily (in two doses of 500 mg, taken with meals) over 60 days in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, a significant reduction in anxiety and its related depression/stress was observed.^[7]

References:

1. Cohen MM. Tulsi – Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2014;5(4):251-259. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.146554.
2. Baliga MS, et al. Ocimum sanctum L (Holy Basil or Tulsi) and its phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65 Suppl 1:26-35.
3. Agrawal P, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 34(9):406-9.
4. Shivananjappa M, Joshi M. Aqueous extract of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) enhances endogenous antioxidant defenses of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2012;18:331–48.
5. Sampath S, Mahapatra SC, Padhi MM, Sharma R, Talwar A. Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract enhances specific cognitive parameters in healthy adult volunteers: A placebo controlled study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2015;59(1):69-77.
6. Mondal S, Varma S, Bamola VD, et al. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial for immunomodulatory effects of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract on healthy volunteers. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;136(3):452-6.
7. Bhattacharyya D, Sur TK, Jana U, Debnath PK. Controlled programmed trial of Ocimum sanctum leaf on generalized anxiety disorders. Nepal Med Coll J. 2008;10(3):176-9.

Hesperidin

Hesperidin, also known as vitamin P, is a naturally occurring bioflavonoid found primarily in citrus fruits such as orange peels. Hesperidin is not actually a vitamin because your body doesn’t produce it naturally; you need to obtain it through dietary intake or synthetic supplements. As a potent antioxidant, hesperidin helps protect against harmful free radicals and various chronic diseases.

Benefits of Hesperidin

Although hesperidin is not a true vitamin, studies show that it offers a wide array of health benefits:

Improves Blood Circulation and Treats Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)

Normally, veins return blood to the heart from different body organs. In some cases, the valves in the veins become damaged, allowing the blood to leak backward. This condition is known as CVI. CVI is linked to various problems like ankle swelling, varicose veins, cramping, leg ulcerations and delayed wound healing. Interestingly, when researchers administered Daflon 500 mg (contains 10% hesperidin) in patients with CVI, a significant improvement in leg swelling and ulcer healing was observed following the treatment.^[1] The researchers therefore concluded that hesperidin may help treat CVI by improving blood flow to the affected body part.

Treats Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins located around the anus which can cause severe pain, itching, and difficulty sitting. In one study conducted on 150 patients suffering from an acute hemorrhoidal attack, treatment with Daflon 500 mg two to three times a day resulted in a quicker and more pronounced relief of signs and symptoms of acute hemorrhoids compared to placebo.^[2] The use of pain relievers and topical medications was also diminished following the treatment.

Prevents Cardiovascular Diseases

When patients with confirmed metabolic syndrome received 500 mg of hesperidin for three weeks, there is a significant decrease in inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular disease.^[3]  Additionally, other studies have shown consistent findings that hesperidin supplementation at a dose of 500 mg was able to bring down the levels of inflammatory markers such as Apolipoprotein B and low density lipoprotein, indicating less risk for cardiovascular diseases.^[4-6]

Lowers Blood Sugar Levels

Daily supplementation of 500 mg hesperidin for three weeks in patients with high blood sugar levels related to metabolic syndrome trends towards improving the body’s response to the hormone insulin.^[3] Hesperidin supplementation in these patients appears to have a mild effect in lowering blood sugar levels.

Helps Lose Weight

Hesperitin has been noted to stimulate the secretion of adiponectin in the body.^[7] Adiponectin is a hormone that accelerates the rate in which the body breaks down fat.

Improves Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

In one clinical trial assessing the effects of daily hesperidin supplementation at a dose of   3000 mg in 19 patients with RA, a significant improvement in the core symptoms of RA was observed following the treatment.^[8]    

Prevents Cancer

Numerous studies suggest that bioflavonoids have anti-cancer properties. The bioflavonoid hesperidin actually reduces the proliferation of many cancer cells, particularly human colon and breast cancer cells, by inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis).^[9-10]  

References:

1. Bergan JJ, Schmid-schönbein GW, Takase S. Therapeutic approach to chronic venous insufficiency and its complications: place of Daflon 500 mg. Angiology. 2001;52 Suppl 1:S43-7.
2. Cospite M. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of clinical activity and safety of Daflon 500 mg in the treatment of acute hemorrhoids. Angiology. 1994;45(6 Pt 2):566-73.
3. Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA. 2002;287(19):2570-81.
4. Yamamoto M, Suzuki A, Hase T Short-term effects of glucosyl hesperidin and hesperetin on blood pressure and vascular endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats . J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2008).
5. Griffin BA, Furlonger N, Iversen A Plasma apolipoprotein(b) to LDL cholesterol ratio as a marker of small, dense LDL . Ann Clin Biochem. (2000).
6. Chen ZP, et al AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase. FEBS Lett. (1999).
7. Shen J, et al Effect of 4G-alpha-glucopyranosyl hesperidin on brown fat adipose tissue- and cutaneous-sympathetic nerve activity and peripheral body temperature . Neurosci Lett. (2009).
8. Felson DT, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary core set of disease activity measures for rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. The Committee on Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials . Arthritis Rheum. (1993).
9. Park HJ, Kim MJ, Ha E, Chung JH. Apoptotic effect of hesperidin through caspase3 activation in human colon cancer cells, SNU-C4. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1-2):147-51.
10. Lee CJ, Wilson L, Jordan MA, Nguyen V, Tang J, Smiyun G. Hesperidin suppressed proliferations of both human breast cancer and androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Phytother Res. 2010;24 Suppl 1:S15-9.

Hemicellulase

The hemicellulase enzyme breaks down hemicellulose, which is an insoluble substance mainly found in plant cell walls and vegetable fibers. Also, hemicellulase is needed to break down fiber-rich components and polysaccharides (long chains of sugars) from foods so that the body can convert it into usable constituents. Because our bodies do not produce hemicellulase naturally, we rely on microorganisms on our digestive tract to produce it for us. You can also get a decent amount of hemicellulase in the form of dietary supplements in many health food stores.

Benefits of Hemicellulase

This key enzyme has tons of health benefits which include:

Improves Digestive Health

Loading up on digestive enzymes such as hemicellulase can counteract the age-related net loss of enzymes. In fact, Japanese researchers have confirmed that women aged 65 years and above were found to have the sharpest declines in digestive enzymes.^[1] Therefore, taking hemicellulase supplements can help prevent this decline and improve overall digestive health.

Fights Infection

Hemicellulase is a group of enzymes that help inhibit the overgrowth of Candida albicans, which is the most common type of yeast infection in the vagina, mouth, and intestinal tract. This is because hemicellulase contains enzymes that destroy the cell wall of Candia albicans, reducing its ability to hide from the cells of the immune system.^[2]

Fights Cancer

A 2006 study published in the Journal of Evidenced-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that hemicellulase has the ability to kill several lines of cancer cells by delaying cell cycle progression and inducing programmed cell death.^[3]

Improves Cholesterol Levels

A meta-analysis of 67 clinical trials found that increasing fiber consumption can significantly lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.^[4] By increasing the body’s ability to digest fiber-rich foods, hemicellulase can have a favorable effect on cholesterol levels.

Helps Treat Menstrual Symptoms

A 2005 study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that women with higher dietary fiber intake had lesser and tolerable menstrual pain compared to those with lower dietary fiber intake.^[5] By improving the digestion of fiber-rich foods, hemicellulase supplementation can help treat unpleasant symptoms associated with menstruation.

References:

1. Ishibashi T, Matsumoto S, Harada H, Ochi K, Tanaka J, Seno T, Oka H, Miyake H, Kimura I. [Aging and exocrine pancreatic function evaluated by the recently standardized secretin test]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 1991 Sep;28(5):599-605. Japanese.
2. Nakagawa, et al. Suppression by Candida albicans b-glucan of cytokine release from activated human monocytes and from T cells in the presence of monocytes. J Infect Dis. 2003 187: 710–713.
3. Kawamura M, Kasai H. Delayed Cell Cycle Progression and Apoptosis Induced by Hemicellulase-Treated Agaricus blazei. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2007;4(1):83-94. doi:10.1093/ecam/nel059.
4. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):30-42.
5. Nagata C, Hirokawa K, Shimizu N, Shimizu H. Associations of menstrual pain with intakes of soy, fat and dietary fiber in Japanese women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(1):88-92.

Green Tea

Green tea, native to China and India, is a delicious variety of tea that is made from unfermented leaves of Camellia sinensis plant. The tea contains high concentration of powerful antioxidants called polyphenols, which are known to fight free radical damage and prevent a broad range of diseases. Green tea has been consumed and hailed for its therapeutic benefits for thousands of years globally. Enjoyed hot or cold, or even in the form of powder, capsule and pills, green tea is considered as a superfood and has been implicated in benefiting almost every organ system in the body.

Benefits of Green Tea

An overwhelming body of clinical research supports the following health benefits of green tea:

Improves Body Composition

A 2009 study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that green tea consumption can help decrease body fat in overweight and obese persons.[1] The study involved overweight and obese participants who were randomly assigned to receive a beverage containing approximately 625 mg of green tea or placebo, and they were asked to maintain constant energy intake and engage in moderate intensity exercise for 12 weeks. After the treatment period, researchers observed that participants who consumed green tea had a significant reduction in total abdominal fat area compared to those who took placebo.

Reduces Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Stroke

Heart disease and stroke are among the top causes of death worldwide. In a meta-analysis of 9 studies from different research groups, researchers found that a daily dose of 500 ml of green tea (2-3 cups) can help improve blood flow within the blood vessels of the heart and brain, thereby lowering the risk of heart disease and stroke.[2]

Improves Cholesterol Levels

Green tea consumption is associated with a significant improvement in cholesterol profile. In one study, 33 subjects with abnormal cholesterol levels were given 250 mg of green tea via capsule for 8 weeks.[3] After the treatment, the researchers observed a 3.9% reduction in total cholesterol and a 4.5% reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL).

Improves Cognition

A 2011 study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food found that green tea extract supplementation in people with mild cognitive impairment resulted in a significant improvement in cognitive function. After 16 weeks of treatment, the researchers observed that subjects who took green tea extract had increased brain theta waves in their electroencephalogram results, which is indicative of cognitive alertness.[4]

Maintains Healthy Skin

Studies show that catechins in green tea possess strong anti-aging properties. In one study, researchers found that 1402 mg catechins, consumed via beverage, was shown to cause ultraviolet protection and enhanced blood flow to the skin of older women after 6-12 weeks of treatment.[5]

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

There is increasing evidence that green tea consumption can help stabilize blood sugar levels. For instance, one study found that both 110 mg and 220 mg of green tea appeared effective at suppressing the amount of glucose that enters the bloodstream of normal and pre-diabetic individuals over the next 1-2 hours, resulting in lower blood sugar levels.[6]

Reduces Cancer Risk

Green tea is highly rich in powerful antioxidants which are known to combat various types of cancer. A meta-analysis of observational studies found that women who regularly drink green tea had a 22% lower risk of developing breast cancer.[7] In another study involving 69,710 Chinese women, researchers found that habitual green tea drinkers had a 57% lower risk of colorectal cancer.[8]

Wards Off Depression

According to experts, the more green tea you drink, the less depressed you will feel. In fact, a Japanese study involving 1,058 elderly individuals proved that green tea really have an anti-depressant effect.[9] According to the study,  participants who drank four or more cups of green tea per day experienced a significant reduction in depressive symptoms compared to those who did not.

Improves Dental Health

Catechins from green tea are not only potent antioxidants; they also possess strong antibacterial properties. Several high quality studies show that consumption of green tea catechins can help improve dental health by inhibiting the growth of several harmful bacteria in the mouth including Streptococcus mutans.[10-12]

Increases Life Expectancy

Green tea drinkers tend to live longer according to research. In a study of 40,530 Japanese adults, researchers found that subjects who consumed 5 or more cups per day   were significantly less likely to die during an 11 year period.[13] The researchers observed that death of all causes is 23% lower in women who regularly drink green tea.

References:

1. Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M. Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. The Journal of nutrition. 2009; 139(2):264-70.
2. Ras RT, Zock PL, Draijer R. Tea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; a meta-analysis. PloS one. 2011; 6(3):e16974.
3. Batista Gde A, Cunha CL, Scartezini M, von der Heyde R, Bitencourt MG, Melo SF. Prospective double-blind crossover study of Camellia sinensis (green tea) in dyslipidemias. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia. 2009; 93(2):128-34.
4. Park SK, Jung IC, Lee WK. A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of medicinal food. 2011; 14(4):334-43.
5. Heinrich U, Moore CE, De Spirt S, Tronnier H, Stahl W. Green tea polyphenols provide photoprotection, increase microcirculation, and modulate skin properties of women. The Journal of nutrition. 2011; 141(6):1202-8.
6. Butacnum A, Chongsuwat R, Bumrungpert A. Black tea consumption improves postprandial glycemic control in normal and pre-diabetic subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2017; 26(1):59-64.
7. Sun CL, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Yu MC. Green tea, black tea and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Carcinogenesis. 2006; 27(7):1310-5.
8. Yang G, Shu XO, Li H. Prospective cohort study of green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk in women. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2007; 16(6):1219-23.
9. Niu K, Hozawa A, Kuriyama S. Green tea consumption is associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009; 90(6):1615-22.
10. Naderi NJ, Niakan M, Kharazi Fard MJ, Zardi S. Antibacterial Activity of Iranian Green and Black Tea on Streptococcus Mutans: An In Vitro Study. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 2011;8(2):55-59.
11. Narotzki B, Reznick AZ, Aizenbud D, Levy Y. Green tea: a promising natural product in oral health. Archives of oral biology. 2012; 57(5):429-35.
12. Yu H, Oho T, Tagomori S, Morioka T. Anticariogenic effects of green tea. Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica. 1992; 83(4):174-80.
13. Kuriyama S, Shimazu T, Ohmori K. Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study. JAMA. 2006; 296(10):1255-65.

Grape Seed

Grape seeds contain compounds called oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs), which are used in the treatment of a number of diseases and in reversing the signs of aging. Moreover, they contain high concentrations of flavonoids, vitamin E, and linoleic acid. Because of its high nutritional value, most people take grape seed extracts in order to boost their mental and physical health.

Benefits of Grape Seed

There is strong scientific evidence that taking grape seed supplements can positively impact your health. Among its many proven health benefits are the following:

Fights Various Types of Cancer

Numerous high quality studies have shown that the polyphenols, flavonoids, and OPCs in grape seeds can help fight various types of cancers such as skin cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and other malignancies.^[1-3] According to these studies, grape seed inhibits the growth of cancer cells and induces programmed cell death in order to kill malignant cells. Moreover, these studies found that the anti-cancer properties of grape seed work just like how chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells.

Helps Normalize Blood Pressure Levels

In a meta-analysis of 9 clinical trials, researchers found that grape seed extract supplementation appears to lower systolic blood pressure levels significantly in hypertensive patients, indicating that continuous treatment may help normalize high blood pressure levels.^[4]

Improves Women’s Fertility

Results from three high quality studies show that grape seed supplementation can help increase the chance of pregnancy.^[5-7] According to these studies, grape seed can help maintain the vitality of eggs, reduce the aging process in the development of fertilized eggs, and facilitate the implantation of embryos.

Maintains Stronger Skeletal Structure

Chronic autoimmune inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis disrupts the delicate balance between bone resorption (tissue breakdown in bones resulting in calcium transfer) and bone formation, resulting in bone destruction and damage to the joints. Interestingly, one study revealed that grape seed extract supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis appears to suppress bone destruction and improve symptoms.^[8]  

Improves Blood Circulation

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is caused by dysfunction of valves of the veins, resulting to impaired blood circulation in the lower limbs. Interestingly, an analysis of 66 randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of grape seed extract supplementation in patients with CVI found that the treatment was able to reduce leg swelling, cramping and numbness, indicating a significant improvement in blood circulation.^[9]    

Prevents Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

The brains of people with AD contain abnormal proteins called tau proteins. The accumulation of these proteins in the brain is believed to be the main cause of the progression of AD. However, this can be prevented through grape seed extract supplementation. In fact, several studies revealed that grape seed extract can reduce the formation of tau proteins in the brain due to its antioxidant properties.^[10-11]  

References:

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures. 2008: Atlanta, GA. Available from: http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/2008CAFFfinalsecured.pdf.
2. Leiter U, Garbe C. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer: the role of sunlight. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;624:89–103.
3. Zhao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Agarwal R. Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5–3′-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis. 1999;20:1737–45.
4. Feringa HH, Laskey DA, Dickson JE, Coleman CI. The effect of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(8):1173-81.
5. Available from: https://www.google.com/patents/US20070104801.
6. Available from: https://www.google.com/patents/US8383165.
7. Available from https://www.google.com/patents/US8663709.
8. Park JS, Park MK, Oh HJ, et al. Grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract as suppressors of bone destruction in inflammatory autoimmune arthritis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e51377.
9. Martinez-zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Uriona tuma SM, et al. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD003229.
10. Pasinetti GM, Ho L. Role of grape seed polyphenols in Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. Nutrition and dietary supplements. 2010;2010(2):97-103. doi:10.2147/NDS.S6898.
11. Lian Q, Nie Y, Zhang X, et al. Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin on Alzheimer’s disease in vitro and in vivo. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12(3):1681-1692.

Grapefruit

Grapefruit is a citrus fruit known for its sour to semi-sweet taste. Possibly a cross between an orange and a pomelo, this nutritious fruit doesn’t only contain vitamin C. It is also loaded with vitamin A, B complex, E and K. In the mineral department, decent amounts of calcium, folate, potassium, and phosphorus are found in grapefruit. Therefore, consuming raw grapefruit or taking it as supplements can improve your overall health and prevent a wide array of medical maladies.

Benefits of Grapefruit

An overwhelming body of high quality studies supports the medicinal properties of this nutrient powerhouse. Among its diverse health benefits, the following are worth mentioning:

Prevents Cognitive Decline

A 2014 study published in the Neural Regeneration Research found that patients with cognitive impairment related to Parkinson’s disease who were treated with naringin, a well-known flavonoid from grapefruit, experienced an improvement in memory and thinking skills.[1] Researchers found that the treatment significantly increased the levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of nerve cells in the brain.

Helps Lose Weight

While grapefruits are sweet, they are actually very low in calories and they can be added to your weight loss regimen. According to a 2006 study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food, grapefruit consumption can be beneficial in obese patients who are trying to lose weight.[2] Researchers found that after 12 weeks of treatment, patients who ate grapefruit had lost 1.6 kg, patients who drank grapefruit juice had lost 1.5 kg, patients who took grapefruit capsule had lost 1.1 kg, and patients who took placebo had lost only 0.3 kg.

Prevents Insulin Resistance and Diabetes

Insulin resistance occurs when your body stops responding to the effects of insulin, a hormone that helps lower blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance ultimately leads to elevated blood sugar levels – both of which are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Eating grapefruit may help normalize blood sugar levels and reduce the likelihood of becoming insulin resistant. In one study, subjects who consumed half of a fresh grapefruit three times a day before each meal reduced their blood sugar levels significantly compared to those who took placebo, suggesting that grapefruit consumption has anti-diabetic effect.[2]

Boosts Immune Function

The immune-boosting effect of grapefruit is attributed to its high vitamin C content. Several studies suggest that vitamin C from grapefruit can help combat a broad range of infections including common cold, by enhancing the activities of several cells of the immune system, thereby triggering a heightened immune response.[3-6]

Improves Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels

A 2012 study assessing the effects of grapefruit consumption on lipids and blood pressure levels found that healthy, overweight adults who consumed grapefruit with each meal (3x daily) for 6 weeks experienced a significant reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol levels.[7] Aside from these beneficial effects, the researchers also observed that grapefruit consumption has no adverse side effects.

Prevents Kidney Stones

Larger kidney stones known as calcium oxalate stones may block the flow of urine, which can lead to excruciating pain. Citric acid, an organic acid found in grapefruit, may help prevent kidney stones by binding with calcium to flush them out of the body and increasing the volume and pH of your urine to produce an environment that is less favorable to the formation of these stones.[8-10]

References:

1. Jung UJ, Kim SR. Effects of naringin, a flavanone glycoside in grapefruits and citrus fruits, on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection in the adult brain. Neural Regeneration Research. 2014;9(16):1514-1517. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.139476.
2. Fujioka K, Greenway F, Sheard J, Ying Y. The effects of grapefruit on weight and insulin resistance: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. Journal of medicinal food. 2006; 9(1):49-54.
3. Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2013.
4. Douglas RM, Hemilä H, Chalker E, Treacy B. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2007.
5. Ströhle A, Hahn A. [Vitamin C and immune function]. Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten. 2009; 32(2):49-54; quiz 55-6.
6. Fashner J, Ericson K, Werner S. Treatment of the common cold in children and adults. American family physician. 2012; 86(2):153-9.
7. Dow CA, Going SB, Chow HH, Patil BS, Thomson CA. The effects of daily consumption of grapefruit on body weight, lipids, and blood pressure in healthy, overweight adults. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2012; 61(7):1026-35.
8. Caudarella R, Vescini F. Urinary citrate and renal stone disease: the preventive role of alkali citrate treatment. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica. 2009; 81(3):182-7.
9. Phillips R, Hanchanale VS, Myatt A, Somani B, Nabi G, Biyani CS. Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015.
10. Gul Z, Monga M. Medical and Dietary Therapy for Kidney Stone Prevention. Korean Journal of Urology. 2014;55(12):775-779. doi:10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.775.

Grape Skin

Grape skin is either red, green, or purplish-black in color. The outer layer of the grapes is actually a nutrient powerhouse, consisting of bioflavonoids, polyphenols, resveratrol and other health-promoting enzymes. Although the stem and seeds of the grapes are often used in making nutritional supplements, the extract sometimes contains grape skin only.

Benefits of Grape Skin

Grape skins have been used for centuries to treat numerous conditions and improve overall health. An overwhelming body of research supports the following health benefits of consuming grape skins:

Fights Cancer

Test tube studies have shown that grape skin extracts can inhibit the growth and reproduction of various types of cancer cells.^[1-3] According to these studies, the resveratrol in grape skin exhibits antioxidant properties which induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells and other malignant cells.

Maintains a Healthy Heart

Several studies have shown that consumption of grape skin and other grape products may have beneficial effect on the heart by improving blood circulation, decreasing cellular damage induced by free radicals, improving blood vessel function, normalizing blood lipids, and modulating inflammatory process.^[4-7]

Improves Memory and Brain Function

Consumption of flavonoids, specifically anthocyanins, from grapes may have a beneficial effect on brain function and central nervous system by inhibiting nerve cell inflammation and reducing oxidative stress.^[8] According to a study published in the British Journal of Nutrition, 12 weeks supplementation with grape skin extract in older adults with mild memory decline was associated with significant improvement in measures of verbal learning and spatial recall.^[9]

Lowers High Blood Pressure

Resveratrol and polyphenols in grape skin have been shown to exert blood pressure-lowering effects. One clinical trial revealed that the specific mechanism by which these substances exert this effect is by increasing the production of nitric oxide. This in turn causes relaxation of blood vessels, thereby improving blood circulation and lowering blood pressure.^[10]   

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

One study have shown that the resveratrol in grape skin appears to increase insulin sensitivity (body’s response to the effects of insulin) when supplemented in obese persons at 150 mg daily for 30 days.^[11] After the treatment, researchers found a significant reduction in blood sugar levels (4.2%). This blood sugar-lowering effect of resveratrol can help normalize blood sugar levels especially in diabetics.

Improves Body Composition

Test tube studies have shown that resveratrol from grape skin has anti-obesity properties.^[12-13] According to these studies, resveratrol has the ability to induce programmed cell death of fat cells and prevent conversion of muscle cells into fat cells.   

Improves Exercise Endurance

One study found that active adults who took 150 mg resveratrol from grape skin daily over the course of 4 weeks experienced an improvement in power output and exercise endurance compared to those who took placebo.^[14]

References:

1. Hudson TS, Hartle DK, Hursting SD, et al. Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by muscadine grape skin extract and resveratrol through distinct mechanisms. Cancer Res. 2007;67(17):8396-405.
2. Morré DM, Morré DJ. Anticancer activity of grape and grape skin extracts alone and combined with green tea infusions. Cancer Lett. 2006;238(2):202-9.
3. Burton LJ, Rivera M, Hawsawi O, et al. Muscadine Grape Skin Extract Induces an Unfolded Protein Response-Mediated Autophagy in Prostate Cancer Cells: A TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0164115.
4. Vislocky L.M., Fernandez M.L. Grapes and grape products: Their role in health. Nutr. Today. 2013;48:47–51. doi: 10.1097/NT.0b013e31823db374.
5. Li H., Förstermann U. Red wine and cardiovascular health. Circ. Res. 2012;111:959–961. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.278705.
6. Nassiri-Asl M., Hosseinzadeh H. Review of the pharmacological effects of Vitis vinifera (grape) and its bioactive compounds. Phytother. Res. 2009;23:1197–1204. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2761.
7. Xia E.-Q., Deng G.-F., Guo Y.-J., Li H.-B. Biological activities of polyphenols from grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010;11:622–646. doi: 10.3390/ijms11020622.
8. Tsuda T. Dietary anthocyanin-rich plants: Biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2012;56:159–170. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100526.
9. Krikorian R., Nash T.A., Shidler M.D., Shukitt-Hale B., Joseph J.A. Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Br. J. Nutr. 2010;103:730–734. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509992364.
10. Chiva-blanch G, Urpi-sarda M, Ros E, et al. Dealcoholized red wine decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increases plasma nitric oxide: short communication. Circ Res. 2012;111(8):1065-8.
11. Timmers S, et al. Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab. (2011).
12. Umek RM, Friedman AD, McKnight SL CCAAT-enhancer binding protein: a component of a differentiation switch. Science. (1991).
13. Rayalam S, et al. Resveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . Phytother Res. (2008).
14. Scribbans TD1, et al Resveratrol supplementation does not augment performance adaptations or fibre-type-specific responses to high-intensity interval training in humans . Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. (2014).

Gotu Kola Leaf Powder

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) is a creeping plant that grows in the marsh lands in some Asian countries. This plant has green fan-shaped leaves, and pink, light purple, or white flowers. The stems and leaves of this plant are used to make supplements and medicines. The discovery of its medicinal use dates back thousands of years, when it was first used in several Asian countries to treat a number of diseases ranging from respiratory infections to skin diseases and stomach ulcers. The high concentration of saponins found in gotu kola is primary reason for this plant’s healing power.

Benefits of Gotu Kola Leaf

A number of high quality studies support the many amazing benefits of gotu kola on the human body. Among them are the following:

Improves Blood Circulation

When blood vessels lose their elasticity, blood leaks out and pools in the legs, resulting in swelling and pain. This condition is known as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Interestingly, one study of 94 people with CVI found that those who took gotu kola leaf extract experienced a significant improvement in their symptoms compared to those who took placebo.^[1] This finding suggests that gotu kola can help treat CVI by improving blood circulation.

Reduces Anxiety and Depression

When researchers administered 500 mg gota kola capsules twice daily in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the treatment significantly reduced anxiety related symptoms, as well as stress phenomenon and its correlated depression.^[2]

Accelerates Wound Healing

A 2010 study assessing the effects of gotu kola extract on wound healing of diabetics found that subjects who received 50 mg of the extract twice daily had better granulation tissue formation than those who took placebo.^[3] Granulation tissue is the new connective tissue that is created when the wound is healing.

Improves Well-Being

One study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology found that healthy subjects who received a single dose of gotu kola (12 g) reported an increase in calmness due to less reactivity, as well as improved well-being 60 minutes after the treatment.^[4]

Improves Symptoms of Stroke

A 2016 study published in the Journal of Evidence-Based Complimentary and Alternative Medicine found that patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment who received gotu kola extract at 1000 mg/day for 6 weeks, performed better in a series of tests assessing cognitive function.^[5] 

Promotes Sleep

Gotu kola supplementation can help aid in proper sleep. In fact, researchers found that the ability of gotu kola to induce sleep is very similar to how sedatives like oxazepam and bromazepam work. ^[6]

Erases Stretch Marks

Studies have revealed that skin creams which contain gotu kola can help erase unwanted stretch marks caused by weight gain or pregnancy. In one clinical trial, women who used gotu kola creams and supplements twice daily for 12 weeks experienced a significant improvement in the overall appearance, texture, color, and softness of their stretch marks.^[7]

References:

1. Pointel JP, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, Ledevehat C, Joubert M. Titrated extract of centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology. 1987;38(1 Pt 1):46-50.
2. Jana U, Sur TK, Maity LN, Debnath PK, Bhattacharyya D. A clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica. Nepal Med Coll J. 2010 Mar;12(1):8-11.
3. Paocharoen V. The efficacy and side effects of oral Centella asiatica extract for wound healing promotion in diabetic wound patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2010; 93 Suppl 7:S166-70.
4. Bradwejn J, Zhou Y, Koszycki D, Shlik J. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2000; 20(6):680-4.
5. Farhana KM, Malueka RG, Wibowo S, Gofir A. Effectiveness of Gotu Kola Extract 750 mg and 1000 mg Compared with Folic Acid 3 mg in Improving Vascular Cognitive Impairment after Stroke. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2016;2016:2795915. doi:10.1155/2016/2795915.
6. Cauffield JS, Forbes HJ. Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Lippincott’s primary care practice. 2000; 3(3):290-304.
7. Draelos ZD, Gold MH, Kaur M. Evaluation of an onion extract, Centella asiatica, and hyaluronic acid cream in the appearance of striae rubra. Skinmed. 2010; 8(2):80-6.

Goji Berry

Goji berry, also known as Lycium barbarum, is a shrub that bears red berries. Historically, goji berries have been harvested for thousands of years in different Asian countries because of its medicinal properties. What’s unique about goji berries is that they are highly rich in antioxidants, protein, fiber, vitamin A, copper, selenium, B vitamins, zinc, potassium and other essential nutrients. They can be eaten raw or taken as extracts, juice, powders and tablets.

Benefits of Goji Berry

Aside from their sweet taste, goji berries also have a broad range of health benefits that are backed by evidenced-based studies. This includes:

Cancer Prevention

Goji berries are reported to have anti-tumor activities against various types of skin cancer cells. According to one high quality study, goji berries are highly rich in complex starches which inhibit tumor growth by inducing programmed cell death.^[1]  

Healthy Eyes

According to one study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Optometry & Vision Science, consumption of goji berry juice daily for 90 days was associated with a significant increase in the levels of zeaxanthin and antioxidant, which protect eyes from free radical damage and eye diseases.^[2]

Improved Mood and Energy Levels

According to a study from the Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine, regular consumption of goji berry juice can help increase energy levels and improve mood.^[3] Researchers found that participants who drank goji berry juice for 2 weeks reported improved feelings of “general well-being” and increased energy levels.

Anti-aging

Several studies have shown that goji berries may help fight aging by preventing free radicals from damaging the skin’ collagen.^[4] Collagen helps maintain the skin’s  firmness, suppleness and elasticity, and aid in the constant renewal of skin cells. Another test-tube study found that goji berry extract appears to enhance DNA synthesis in certain cells, protecting them against aging caused by free radical damage.^[5]

Weight Loss and Improved Body Composition

Including goji berries in your diet can help boost your weight loss efforts. Research suggests that the high fiber content of goji berries can make you feel full for longer periods of time, thus reducing your food intake.^[6] Results from one study involving overweight persons show that drinking goji berry juice can help you lose a significant amount of weight.^[7] Researchers observed that participants who drank a single 4-ounce (120-ml) dose of concentrated goji berry juice had a 10% improvement in their ability to burn calories compared to those who didn’t drink the juice. Also, when the participants drank goji berry juice continuously for 14 days, their waist circumference decreased by an average of 1.9 inches.

Strong Immune System

One study in 60 healthy older adults found that drinking 100 ml of concentrated goji berry juice daily for 30 days led to an increase in lymphocytes and white blood cells, indicating an improved immune function.^[8]

References:

1. Cheng J, Zhou Z-W, Sheng H-P, et al. An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2015;9:33-78. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S72892.
2. Bucheli P, Vidal K, Shen L, et al. Goji berry effects on macular characteristics and plasma antioxidant levels. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(2):257-62.
3. Amagase H, Nance DM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of the general effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum (Goji) Juice, GoChi. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(4):403-12.
4. Rattan SI. Theories of biological aging: genes, proteins, and free radicals. Free Radic Res. 2006;40(12):1230-8.
5. Wu BY, Zou JH, Meng SC. [Effect of wolfberry fruit and epimedium on DNA synthesis of the aging-youth 2BS fusion cells]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2003;23(12):926-8.
6. Brand-miller JC, Holt SH, Pawlak DB, Mcmillan J. Glycemic index and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):281S-5S.
7. Amagase H, Nance DM. Lycium barbarum increases caloric expenditure and decreases waist circumference in healthy overweight men and women: pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2011;30(5):304-9.
8. Amagase H, Sun B, Nance DM. Immunomodulatory effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum fruit juice in Chinese older healthy human subjects. J Med Food. 2009;12(5):1159-65.

Glucoamylase

Glucoamylase, also known as amyloglucosidase, is responsible for breaking off long chain carbohydrates or starches into sugar that will afterwards be used as a source of energy by every cell in the body. It is a specific type of starch-digesting enzyme called amylase. Every day, we eat large amounts of starches from various food groups, and while these carbohydrates have nutritional value, they cannot be fully absorbed or digested by our body without the presence of glucoamylase. Loading up on glucoamylase through supplements can help you get the most nutrients out of the food you eat.

Benefits of Glucoamylase

A large body of scientific evidence suggests that the health benefits of glucoamylase go beyond digestion of carbohydrates. Among its many proven health benefits are the following:

Improves Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Glucoamylase, when combined with other enzymes has been shown to treat the unpleasant symptoms of IBS according to one study.^[1] Researchers found that participants who ate a high-calorie, high-fat meal and took glucoamylase supplements along with other digestive enzymes experienced a statistically significant reduction in bloating, flatulence, and the sensation of fullness compared to those who took placebo.

Treats Digestive Upset and Gastrointestinal Issues

One clinical trial found that intake of enzymes containing glucoamylase is beneficial in treating gastrointestinal symptoms in hospitalized patients.^[2] When patients took glucoamylase supplements, researchers observed improvement in nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating, heartburn, gas, and loss of appetite.

Prevents Autoimmune Diseases

Researchers believe that glucoamylase supplementation can help regulate an overreactive immune system. One study found that glucoamylase and other digestive enzymes have the ability to suppress inflammation, regulate the activity of natural killer cells and other cells of the immune system, and control other immune complexes.^[3]

Improves Energy Levels

Carbohydrates are our main energy source.^[4] Since glucoamylase is the key in digesting carbohydrates effectively, loading up on this health-enhancing enzyme can help boost your body’s energy stores. Adequate amounts of energy means more work productivity and improved well-being.

Lowers Blood Sugar Levels

Glucoamylase helps metabolize complex sugars into simple sugars so that it will be used effectively as a source of energy. By doing so, glucoamylase helps stabilize blood sugar levels making it beneficial for diabetics with uncontrolled sugar levels.^[5]   

References:

1. Suarez F, Levitt MD, Adshead J, Barkin JS. Pancreatic supplements reduce symptomatic response of healthy subjects to a high fat meal. Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Jul;44(7):1317-21.
2. Stauder G, Ransberger K, Streichhan P, Van Schaik W, Pollinger W. The use of hydrolytic enzymes as adjuvant therapy in AIDS/ARC/LAS patients. Biomed Pharmacother.
3. Stauder G. Pharmacological effects of oral enzyme combinations. Cas Lek Cesk. 1995 Oct 4;134(19):620-4. Review.
4. Jéquier E. Carbohydrates as a source of energy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(3 Suppl):682S-685S.
5. Andrew L. Wilson (1997). Managing the Patient with Type II Diabetes. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-0-8342-1018-9.

Ginkgo Biloba Leaf

Ginkgo biloba, also known as maidenhair, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many centuries. Studies have shown that Ginkgo biloba leaves contain two groups of active ingredients that give the plant its medicinal properties: flavonoid glycosides and ginkgolides. This ancient herb acts to enhance the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to organs of the body and thus improves brain function and other mental faculties. Ginkgo biloba leaf supplements is available as liquid extracts, capsules, and tablets in many health food stores.

Benefits of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf

Increasing scientific studies support the many health benefits of taking Ginkgo biloba supplements. The following are some of its proven benefits on the human body:

Improves Mental Function

When researchers from the Institute for Medical Psychology at the University of Munich administered 240 mg of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract three times a day in 66 healthy volunteers, the group experienced better motor performance and emotional health, as well as improved general well-being.^[1] The volunteers also reported no known drug-induced side effects or intolerance.

Improves Symptoms of Stroke

A 2006 study published in the Journal of Science and Healing reported that the use of   Ginkgo biloba leaf extract in the treatment of stroke was associated with a significant increase in the number of improved patients.^[2] This finding suggests that Ginkgo biloba can be a potential natural treatment for stroke.

Fights Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Over 75% of menstruating women experience unpleasant PMS symptoms such as mood changes, extreme fatigue, skin issues, breast tenderness, bloating and cramps.^[3] Interestingly, a 2008 study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine found that women who took Ginkgo biloba supplements for 6 months experienced a significant decrease in the overall severity of physical and psychological PMS symptoms compared to those who took placebo.^[4]

Prevents Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

AMD is a condition affecting the central area of the back of the eye known as retina. With age, the retina deteriorates and lesions can form, resulting to loss of central vision. Interestingly, a 2013 study reported that Ginkgo biloba supplementation at a dose of 60-240 mg per day for 6 months was able to improve vision in patients with AMD.^[5] Researchers therefore concluded that intake of Ginkgo biloba supplements can help prevent the occurrence of AMD especially in the elderly.

Alleviates Anxiety

A 2007 study published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research revealed that Ginkgo biloba leaf extract supplementation in people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) resulted in better anxiety relief compared to placebo.^[6]  

Treats Migraines

When researchers administered 60 mg of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract in patients with migraines, there was a significant reduction in the frequency and severity of migraines observed during the treatment.^[7] Also, patients reported no adverse side effects or discomforts.

Treats Dementia

Dementia is a wide range of symptoms associated with memory decline and impairment in thinking skills severe enough to affect a person’s quality of life. According to a meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials assessing the effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on dementia, researchers found that taking a 240-mg daily dose of this ancient herb for 22 weeks is effective in alleviating the symptoms of dementia.^[8]

References:

1. Cieza A, Maier P, Pöppel E. Effects of Ginkgo biloba on mental functioning in healthy volunteers. Arch Med Res. 2003;34(5):373-81.
2. Liu J. The use of Ginkgo biloba extract in acute ischemic stroke. Explore (NY). 2006;2(3):262-3.
3. Steiner M. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: guidelines for management. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 2000;25(5):459-468.
4. Ozgoli G, Selselei EA, Mojab F, Majd HA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba L. in treatment of premenstrual syndrome. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(8):845-51.
5. Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD001775.
6. Woelk, H., Arnoldt, K.H., Kieser, M., & Hoerr, R. (2007, September). Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychiatry Research 41(6): 472-80.
7. D’andrea G, Bussone G, Allais G, et al. Efficacy of Ginkgolide B in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura. Neurol Sci. 2009;30 Suppl 1:S121-4.
8. Hashiguchi M, Ohta Y, Shimizu M, Maruyama J, Mochizuki M. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of dementia. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences. 2015;1:14. doi:10.1186/s40780-015-0014-7.

Ginger Root

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is an ancient herb whose rhizomes are used as food, spice, and medicine. Ginger is closely related to galangal and turmeric. When ginger root is cut, it emits hot and fragrant aroma that lends well to savory dishes and baked products. Of the 115 different chemical components found in ginger root, the health benefits of this powerful herb are attributed to gingerol, a highly potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

Benefits of Ginger Root

An overwhelming body of research shows that the bioactive ingredients in ginger root, especially gingerols, have a wide array of amazing health benefits, including:

Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Several studies assessing the anti-cancer properties of ginger root have shown that its active components 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol can inhibit the growth and reproduction of cancer cells by inducing programmed cell death.[1-2] Researchers also found that ginger root is effective against a variety of cancer types including skin, ovarian, colon, breast, cervical, mouth, kidney, prostate, gastric, pancreatic, liver, and brain cancer.[3]

Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

According to a study published in the Journal of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, ginger root supplementation can help prevent nausea and vomiting in patients who had major surgery.[4] The study found that women who took ginger root after major gynaecological surgery had lesser incidences of nausea and vomiting compared to those who took placebo.

Pain Relief from Osteoarthritis

A 2001 study found that ginger root extract supplementation in patients with osteoarthritis for 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in knee pain compared to placebo.[5] The group treated with ginger also reported an improvement in walking exercises and physical mobility after the treatment.

Improved Exercise Recovery

A 2009 study published in the Journal of American Pain Society found that participants who consumed 2 grams of raw ginger for 11 days experienced moderate-to-large reductions in muscle pain following exercise-induced muscle injury.[6] This finding demonstrates ginger’s effectiveness as a pain reliever.

Relief from Menstrual Pain

Most women tend to experience mild to severe pain during menstruation. A 2009 study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that ginger root consumption at 1g daily was effective in reducing the pain associated with periods with no adverse side effects.[7] This finding suggests that ginger can be an alternative natural remedy for menstrual pain, thus eliminating the need for over-the-counter pain relievers.

Improved Lipid Levels

In a study on patients with high blood triglycerides, ginger capsule supplementation at 3 g/day in 3 divided doses was associated with significant reductions in triglyceride, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.[8] By improving lipid levels, ginger supplementation can also help lower one’s risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes and other fatal diseases.

Sharper Memory

A 2011 study published in the Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that ginger supplementation at 400 mg and 800 mg in middle-aged healthy women over 2 months resulted in improved parameters of cognition, most related to word selection and accuracy as well as working memory.[9]

References:

1. Srinivasan K. Antioxidant potential of spices and their active constituents. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2014;54(3):352–372. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.585525.
2. Ishiguro K., Ando T., Maeda O., et al. Ginger ingredients reduce viability of gastric cancer cells via distinct mechanisms. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2007;362(1):218–223. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.012.
3. Prasad S, Tyagi AK. Ginger and Its Constituents: Role in Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. 2015;2015:142979. doi:10.1155/2015/142979.
4. Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, McNeil J, Charlton S. Ginger root–a new antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery. Anaesthesia. 1990; 45(8):669-71.
5. Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2001; 44(11):2531-8.
6. Black CD, Herring MP, Hurley DJ, O’Connor PJ. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society. 2010; 11(9):894-903.
7. Ozgoli G, Goli M, Moattar F. Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2009; 15(2):129-32.
8. Alizadeh-Navaei R, Roozbeh F, Saravi M, Pouramir M, Jalali F, Moghadamnia AA. Investigation of the effect of ginger on the lipid levels. A double blind controlled clinical trial. Saudi medical journal. 2008; 29(9):1280-4.
9. Saenghong N, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, et al. Zingiber officinale Improves Cognitive Function of the Middle-Aged Healthy Women. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2012;2012:383062. doi:10.1155/2012/383062.

Garlic Bulb Powder

Garlic (Allium sativum) is well known as a natural health remedy that has long been used in the treatment of a wide array of diseases. In fact, garlic was found in ancient Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek temples. Researchers believe that the vital chemical compound in garlic called allicin, is mainly responsible for most of its medicinal qualities. Aside from being an ancient herbal remedy, garlic bulb and most parts of the garlic plant are used in various international cuisines. You can enjoy the potential health benefits of garlic by eating it raw or mixing it with your favorite dish. Garlic bulb supplements are also available in powder form and capsules.

Benefits of Garlic Bulb Powder

There are several health benefits of garlic that are supported by human research studies. Among them are the following:

Boosts Immune Function

One large 12-week study found that consuming garlic supplements everyday reduced the occurrence of colds by 63% compared with placebo supplements.^[1] Another study found that healthy subjects who consumed a high dose of garlic extract (2.56 grams per day) had better recovery time compared to those who took placebo.^[2]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Results from two high quality studies show that garlic bulb has blood pressure-lowering effects.^[3-4] According to these studies, garlic supplementation at 240-960 mg daily can significantly lower blood pressure in patients with mild to severe hypertension.

Improves Cholesterol Levels

Several studies have shown that garlic supplementation in patients with abnormal cholesterol profile can help reduce total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels by 10-15% .^[5-7] This finding is highly significant since abnormal cholesterol level is a major risk factor for stroke, heart disease and other serious health conditions.

Prevents Alzheimer’s Disease and other Cognitive Impairments

A 2006 study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that garlic extract supplementation can help prevent Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive impairments by improving blood flow to the brain.^[8] Another study also found that extracts of fresh garlic that are aged over a prolonged period contain antioxidant phytochemicals that prevent free radical damage in the brain, thus lowering risk for cognitive impairment.^[9]

Improves Exercise Performance

A 2005 study found that 6 weeks of garlic oil administration in patients with coronary heart disease significantly improved heart rate and reduced the work load upon the heart, resulting in better exercise tolerance.^[10] After the treatment, the patients performed better in treadmill stress test.  

Detoxifies the Body

At high doses, the sulfur compounds in garlic have been shown to possess protective effect against heavy metal toxicity. In a four week study involving employees of a car battery plant (subjects were excessively exposed to lead), researchers found that garlic supplementation significantly reduced lead levels in the blood by 19%.^[11] Garlic supplementation also reduced many symptoms of lead toxicity, including headaches and high blood pressure.

Maintains Strong Bones

Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that there is a strong link between high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and postmenopausal bone loss. Interestingly, one study in menopausal women found that dry garlic extract supplementation at a daily dose of 2 grams significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that the treatment can help prevent age-related bone loss.^[12]

References:

1. Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Advances in therapy. 2001; 18(4):189-93.
2. Nantz MP, Rowe CA, Muller CE, Creasy RA, Stanilka JM, Percival SS. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2012; 31(3):337-44.
3. Dhawan V, Jain S. Garlic supplementation prevents oxidative DNA damage in essential hypertension. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2005; 275(1-2):85-94.
4. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas. 2010; 67(2):144-50.
5. Silagy C, Neil A. Garlic as a lipid lowering agent–a meta-analysis. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1994; 28(1):39-45.
6. Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Annals of internal medicine. 2000; 133(6):420-9.
7. Ried K, Toben C, Fakler P. Effect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews. 2013; 71(5):282-99.\
8. Borek C. Garlic reduces dementia and heart-disease risk. The Journal of nutrition. 2006; 136(3 Suppl):810S-812S.
9. Borek C. Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. The Journal of nutrition. 2001; 131(3s):1010S-5S.
10. Morris DM, Beloni RK, Wheeler HE. Effects of garlic consumption on physiological variables and performance during exercise in hypoxia. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2013; 38(4):363-7.
11. Kianoush S, Balali-Mood M, Mousavi SR. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2012; 110(5):476-81.
12. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Hesabgar HA, Owlia MB, Hadinedoushan H, Barzegar K, Fllahzadeh MH. The effect of garlic tablet on pro-inflammatory cytokines in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of dietary supplements. 2012; 9(4):262-71.

Folic Acid

Folic acid, also known as folate or Vitamin B9, is a member of the vitamin B family. Folic acid is essential for life because it is involved in numerous biological roles. In addition, the human body cannot produce folic acid indigenously and so must be supplied in diet. Folic acid is water soluble and is found in high amounts in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits and juices and lean meat.

Benefits of Folic Acid

The following are among the extensive benefits of folic acid:

Maintains Healthy Pregnancy

Folic acid is very important for women who are and planning to be pregnant because it helps reduce occurrence of serious neural tube defects (birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord) on the newborn.^[1-2]

Important for Fertility

Folic acid supplementation may help increase total number of healthy sperm in men; regardless of their fertility status.^[3] High intake of folic acid can reduce numbers of abnormal sperm (aneuploidy) in healthy non-smoking men.^[4] In addition, folic acid is important for normal production of sperm cells in men and proper maturation of egg cells in women, and deficiency might lead to reduced fertility.^[5]

Prevents Cancer

Folic acid may help reduce risk of colorectal cancers.^[6] Likewise, folic acid supplementation may help prevent abnormal tissue growth and tumor of the colon and the rectum.^[7-8]

Prevents Cardiovascular Disease

Folic acid is found to be effective in lowering homocysteine concentrations, which high levels are associated with early development of cardiovascular disease.^[9-11]

Lowers Risk of Stroke

Long-term supplementation with folic acid in 82 334 participants reduced the risk of stroke by 10%, which may be due to folic acid’s role in lowering homocysteine concentrations.^[12]

Treats Depression and Improves Mood

Some evidence links folic acid deficiency with depression.^[13] Research at the University of York and Hull York Medical School revealed a strong link between depression and folic acid deficiency.^[14] In another study, folic acid supplementation improved depressive symptoms and overall mood by affecting certain brain receptors such as noradrenaline and serotonin.^[15]

Prevents Vision Loss

A sub study of the Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study reported that folic acid supplementation at high doses decreased the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (most common cause of blindness) by 34.7%.^[16]

Helps Normalize Cholesterol Levels

A Polish study found that folic acid supplementation in 124 individuals at a dose of 0.4 mg for 12 weeks was able to significantly reduce low density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol).^[17]

Prevents Cognitive Decline

Research suggests that there may be a link between folic acid levels and brain health. A Korean study of elderly patients found that patients with higher folic acid levels did not suffer from memory decline and impairment in thinking skills.^[18]  

Treats Macrocytic Anemia

Macrocytic anemia is a type of anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than their normal volume. In one study, macrocytic anemia in relapse is promptly relieved by either intramuscular injection or oral administration of folic acid.^[19]

References:

1. Honein M. et al. Impact of folic acid fortification of the US food supply on the occurrence of neural tube defects. JAMA; 285(23) 2981-2986.
2. Berry R. et al. 1999. Prevention of Neural-Tube Defects with Folic Acid in China. New England Journal of Medicine; 341, 1485-1490.
3. Wong W. et al. 2002.Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertility and Sterility; 77 (3) 491-498.
4. Young S. et al. 2008. The association of folate, zinc and antioxidant intake with sperm aneuploidy in healthy non-smoking men. Human Reproduction; 23 (5) 1014-1022.
5. Ebisch I. et al. 2007.The importance of folate, zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention of subfertility. Human Reproduction Update; 13 (2) 163-174.
6. Mason J. et al. 2007. A Temporal Association between Folic Acid Fortification and an Increase in Colorectal Cancer Rates May Be Illuminating Important Biological Principles: A Hypothesis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention; 16, 1325.
7. Lashner B. et al. 1997. The effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk for cancer or dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology; 112 (1) 29-32.
8. Cole B. et al. 2007. Folic Acid for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas, A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA; 297 (21) 2351-2359.
9. Lonn E. et al. 2006. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. The New England Journal of Medicine; 354 (15) 1567-1577.
10. Malinow M. et al. 1998. Reduction of Plasma Homocyst(e)ine Levels by Breakfast Cereal Fortified with Folic Acid in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine; 338, 1009-1015
11. Collaboration HLT. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 1998;316(7135):894-898.
12. Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB (2016). “Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials”. J Am Heart Assoc. 5 (8).
13. Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C (January 2005). “Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12”. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 19 (1): 59–65.
14. Gilbody S, Lewis S, Lightfoot T (January 2007). “Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genetic polymorphisms and psychiatric disorders: a HuGE review”. Am. J. Epidemiol. 165 (1): 1–13.
15. García-Miss Mdel R, Pérez-Mutul J, López-Canul B, et al. (May 2010). “Folate, homocysteine, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alfa levels, but not the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism, are risk factors for schizophrenia”. J Psychiatr Res. 44 (7): 441–6.
16. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, Albert CM, Manson JE (February 2009). “Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study”. Arch. Intern. Med. 169 (4): 335–41.
17. Mierzecki A, Koda K, Bukowska H, Chestowski K, Makarewicz-Wujec M, Kozowska-Wojciechowska M. Association between low-dose folic acid supplementation and blood lipids concentrations in male and female subjects with atherosclerosis risk factors. Med Sci Monit. 2013 Sep 4;19:733-9. doi: 10.12659/MSM.889087.
18. Song JH, Park MH, Han C, Jo SA, Ahn K. Serum Homocysteine and Folate Levels are Associated With Late-life Dementia in a Korean Population. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2010 Dec;1(1):17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.phrp.2010.12.006.
19. Spies TD. Effect of folic acid on persons with macrocytic anemia in relapse. J Am Med Assoc. 1946;130:474-7.