Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone that is naturally produced by the pineal gland. It is mainly secreted at night during sleep. This hormone plays a significant role in the sleep-wake cycle of animals and humans. As a dietary supplement, melatonin is often used for the treatment of sleep problems such as insomnia caused by shift work or jet lag. An overwhelming body of clinical evidence suggests that melatonin is not just beneficial in maintaining a good sleep pattern but also in different aspects of health.

Potential Health Benefits

  • Improves sleep quality [1-8]
  • Lowers risk of cardiovascular disease [9-13]
  • Prevents cancer [14-18]
  • Promotes weight loss [19-23]
  • Boosts immunity [22] [24-27]
  • Lowers blood pressure [28-32]
  • Boosts brain performance [33-36]
  • Improves mood [37-40]
  • Improves bone health [41-43]
  • Prevents age-related eye disorders [44-49]
  • Prevents wrinkles and other signs of skin aging [50-57]
  • Accelerates wound healing [58-62]
  • Reduces blood sugar levels and treats symptoms of diabetes [63-69]

Proven Health Benefits

Improves Sleep Quality

There are a lot of high-quality studies supporting the primary benefit of melatonin:

  1. A review of studies suggested that melatonin treatment was effective in treating sleep disorders. [1]
  2. A study showed that melatonin treatment demonstrated significant effects in regulating human circadian rhythm and associated disorders. [2]
  3. In patients with primary sleep disorders, melatonin was shown to improve the quality of sleep and showed a potential role in treating insomnia. [3]
  4. A review of studies showed the efficacy of melatonin in treating sleep problems without any major side effects. [4]
  5. A review of studies presented that melatonin successfully reduced sleep onset, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and regulated the sleeping patterns of blind patients. [5]
  6. In blind patients and those who take shifts at work, melatonin was found to be an effective treatment in the resynchronization of their circadian rhythm. [6]
  7. A review of studies showed that melatonin treatment produced favorable effects on sleep outcomes. [7]
  8. In children with severe chronic sleep disorders, oral melatonin administration improved sleeping patterns. [8]

Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Studies show that melatonin can help protect against heart disease:

  1. A review of studies showed that melatonin can help treat heart disease related to heart muscle injury and low blood supply. [9]
  2. A study has shown that low levels of melatonin were associated with increased risk of heart complications. [10]
  3. In patients with cardiovascular diseases, low levels of melatonin were found in patients with coronary artery disorder, arterial hypertension, and congestive heart failure. [11]
  4. In patients with heart failure (HF), administration of melatonin reversed the HF-associated pathological processes. [12]
  5. In rodents and humans, melatonin’s cardioprotective and anti-oxidative actions limited the frequency of heart failure, heart damage, and abnormal heart functions. [13]

Prevents Cancer

Evidence found that melatonin also has anti-cancer properties:

  1. A study showed that melatonin administration weakens cancer by inhibiting its development, progression, and metastasis (spread of cancer cells to different body parts). [14]
  2. In rats and human tumor cells, administration of melatonin demonstrated anti-cancer activities. [15]
  3. In cancer patients, melatonin administration resulted in improved cancer regression and survival, and better tolerance to chemotherapy. [16]
  4. In patients with tumors, melatonin significantly lowered the tumors’ overall survival rate. [17]
  5. A review of studies found that melatonin improved the efficacy of chemotherapy with reduced side effects. [18]

Promotes Weight Loss

Melatonin has also been found to be beneficial in overweight and obese patients:

  1. In obese patients on a calorie-restricted diet, melatonin supplementation resulted in weight reduction. [19]
  2. In postmenopausal women, melatonin administration was associated with weight reduction. [20]
  3. A review of studies suggested that melatonin supplementation was more effective for weight reduction in children and adolescents. [21]
  4. In mice on a high-fat diet, melatonin administration inhibited body mass gain and attenuated obesity-associated metabolic and inflammatory disorders. [22]
  5. In zebrafish models, melatonin treatment produced weight loss and regulated weight gain. [23]

Boosts Immunity

Melatonin can also help strengthen the immune system:

  1. A study presented that melatonin could play a potential therapeutic role in enhancing the immune functions of individuals with declining immunity. [24]
  2. A review of studies showed that melatonin could be an effective immunostimulant that provides an early immune response against viruses and parasites. [25]
  3. A study suggested that the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of melatonin can help treat influenza. [26]
  4. A study found that melatonin can be considered as a treatment for COVID-19. [27]
  5. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, oral supplementation with melatonin protected against metabolic and inflammatory disorders. [22]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Studies suggest that melatonin has anti-hypertensive properties:

  1. A review of studies concluded that melatonin was effective in blood pressure regulation. [28]
  2. In patients with nocturnal hypertension (NH), melatonin treatment before bedtime significantly lowered systolic blood pressure. [29]
  3. In patients with NH, the use of controlled-release melatonin was safe and successful in treating the condition. [30]
  4. In diabetic patients with essential hypertension, melatonin treatment restored normal blood pressure. [31]
  5. In human and animal studies, melatonin consistently demonstrated its nocturnal BP-lowering effects. [32]

Boosts Brain Performance

Evidence also supports the beneficial effects of melatonin on brain health:

  1. In elderly individuals, nightly administration of melatonin was found to be effective in treating age-related cognitive decline. [33]
  2. In elderly patients, higher physiological levels of melatonin were found to be associated with reduced occurrence of cognitive impairments and mood disorders. [34]
  3. In elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment, administration of immediate-release melatonin safely improved some aspects of their memory without any side effects. [35]
  4. In patients who received oral melatonin, significant improvements in symptoms Alzheimer’s disease were observed. [36]

Improves Mood

Melatonin also has mood-boosting properties:

  1. In healthy men, it was found that orally administered melatonin exhibited short but significant antidepressant-like effects. [37]
  2. In patients with chronic pain, a daily dose of melatonin improved mood and anxiety levels. [38]
  3. A study showed that the resynchronization of circadian rhythm from melatonin treatment offers a new strategy in treating depression. [39]
  4. In postmenopausal women with appetite disorders, the combined administration of melatonin and fluoxetine resulted in better mood and sleep quality. [40]

Improves Bone Health

Supplementation with melatonin has been found to improve bone health:

  1. A study showed that melatonin plays a role in the development of the teeth and bones. [41]
  2. In dogs with dental implants, melatonin promoted new bone formation around the titanium implants. [42]
  3. In mice with bone disorders, melatonin significantly improved bone mass by enhancing matrix mineralization. [43]

Prevents Age-Related Eye Disorders

Melatonin is also essential for optimum eye health:

  1. In patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an eye condition that affects middle vision, daily supplementation of melatonin produced protective effects for the retina and delayed eye degeneration. [44]
  2. In rats, melatonin supplementation resulted in reduced risk and severity of retinopathy. [45]
  3. A study suggested that the strong antioxidative properties of melatonin present a protective role against AMD. [46]
  4. In AMD patients, nightly melatonin supplementation was found to be useful in the treatment of the disease. [47]
  5. A study found that melatonin may play a role in the treatment of eye issues like glaucoma and AMD. [48]
  6. A study reported that melatonin can help improve eye health by modulating many retinal functions. [49]

Prevents Wrinkles and other Signs of Skin Aging

Studies show that melatonin has anti-aging effects on the skin:

  1. A study reported that melatonin exerts its anti-aging effects through its antioxidative properties. [50]
  2. In women, skin application of melatonin was found to be effective in improving hydration and tone. [51]
  3. In human skin, application of melatonin exerted protective effects against UV-induced solar damage. [52]
  4. A study showed that melatonin’s UV protection was able to improve or reverse the signs of skin aging. [53]
  5. In rats, melatonin supplementation exhibited anti-aging effects by reducing age-related skin changes. [54]
  6. A study reported that decreased levels of melatonin were associated with increased UV-induced DNA damage. [55]
  7. In women with aging skin, the application of melatonin-based creams significantly improved skin tonicity and hydration and reduced signs of skin aging. [56]
  8. In UV-exposed human skin, nightly application of a melatonin-containing cream significantly decreased skin damage. [57]

Accelerates Wound Healing

Evidence also suggests that melatonin has regenerative properties:

  1. In patients with diabetic wounds, melatonin improved wound healing by preventing cell death. [58]
  2. In mice, melatonin administration produced beneficial effects in wound healing by improving angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels). [59]
  3. In rat models, melatonin treatment greatly improved scar formation and quality of wound healing. [60]
  4. In diabetic mice, melatonin protected cells against programmed cell death and dysfunction which in turn improved wound healing. [61]
  5. In diabetic rats, melatonin accelerated the healing of gastric ulcers. [62]

Reduces Blood Sugar Levels and Treats Symptoms of Diabetes

Melatonin is also beneficial for people with diabetes and elevated blood sugar levels:

  1. A study reported that melatonin reduces blood sugar levels by improving insulin secretion. [63]
  2. A study showed that melatonin supplementation can treat circadian system disturbance-induced insulin resistance and blood sugar intolerance. [64]
  3. A review of studies showed that melatonin administration significantly reduced fasting glucose, a measure of blood sugar. [65]
  4. A study also reported that melatonin exerts its anti-diabetic effects by reducing cell death and promoting antioxidant production. [66]
  5. In women, lower melatonin secretions were associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes. [67]
  6. A study suggested that melatonin supplementation can help prevent type 2 diabetes caused by disorganized circadian rhythm. [68]
  7. A study showed that melatonin could inhibit the development of diabetic complications by regulating the production of free radicals. [69]

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Overall Health Benefits of THC

  • Combats cancer [1-65]
  • Treats muscle spasms [66-80]
  • Relieves pain [81-106]
  • Treats nausea and vomiting [107-132]
  • Stimulates appetite [133-150]
  • Improves sleep quality [151-158]
  • Treats seizures [159-172]
  • Treats inflammatory conditions [173-183]
  • Improves cognitive function [184-198]
  • Treats migraines [199-202]
  • Wards off depression [203-212]
  • Improves cardiovascular health [213-230]
  • Treats neurodegenerative disease [80] [231-239]

What is Tetrahydrocannabinol?

Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, is the compound in cannabis that gives users the feeling of being high (psychoactive effect). This cannabinoid has the same structure and molecular mass as cannabidiol (CBD), which inhibits the effect of THC. The FDA has approved a synthetic form of THC known as dronabinol as an appetite stimulant for patients with significant weight loss due to AIDS and as an anti-vomiting agent for those undergoing chemotherapy. Aside from these indications, THC also boasts a wide array of health benefits that are essential for almost every system in the body.

How Tetrahydrocannabinol Works

The body has cannabinoid receptors located in the brain and central nervous system. By binding to these receptors, THC exerts its effect. Depending on the method of consumption (vaping, syrups, edibles, oils, or lotions), the psychoactive effect of THC may vary from person to person.

Chemical Structure of Tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrahydrocannabinol-(THC)

Research on Tetrahydrocannabinol

A. Combats Cancer

An overwhelming body of evidence shows that THC has natural antineoplastic properties making it beneficial for patients afflicted with various types of cancer:

  1. In human breast cancer cells, THC inhibited cell cycle progression and multiplication, leading to cell death. [1-7]
  2. In patients with brain cancer, THC significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation without any adverse effects. [8-11]
  3. In a mouse model of lung cancer, THC treatment for 20 days inhibited cancer growth in a dose-dependent manner. [12]
  4. A 2003 study published in Nature Reviews Cancer found that THC inhibits tumor growth by modulating key cell-signaling pathways. [13]
  5. In human non-small cell lung cancer, THC inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and lung metastasis (spread of cancer). [14]
  6. In human glioblastoma multiforme cells (brain cancer cells), treatment with THC induced cell cycle arrest. [15]
  7. In human leukemia T cells, THC treatment induced apoptosis (programmed cell death). [16]
  8. In mice with cancer of the thymus and spleen, administration of THC at 10 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced tumor size as early as 6 hours after treatment. [17]
  9. In different cancer cell lines, THC inhibited cancer cell proliferation through its antioxidant properties. [18-22]
  10. In colorectal cancer cells, THC induced cell death by inhibiting survival signaling pathways. [23]
  11. In prostate cancer cell lines, THC inhibited cancer cell proliferation and migration. [24-30]
  12. In mice with brain cancer, the addition of THC to the chemotherapy drug temozolomide enhanced its effect. [31-32]
  13. Studies show that THC can alleviate various cancer symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle wasting, low energy levels, and pain. [33-35]
  14. In several human cancer cell lines, THC induced apoptosis while sparing non-transformed cell lines. [36-39]
  15. In colorectal cancer cells, THC induced apoptosis by inhibiting RAS-MAPK and PI3K-AKT survival signaling pathways. [40-43]
  16. Studies have also shown that THC exerts its anti-cancer effects by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell survival and migration. [44-55]
  17. In immunocompetent rats, high doses of THC at 50 mg/kg daily 5 times per week for 2 years reduced the occurrence of several types of tumors and enhanced the overall survival rate through its anti-inflammatory effects. [56-59]
  18. When combined with CBD, THC produced strong tumor growth-inhibiting activity. [60-65]

B. Treats Muscle Spasms

Evidence suggests that THC has an antispasmodic effect, which means that it can suppress muscle spasms:

  1. In patients with muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis, treatment with THC reduced muscle stiffness, constant ache, cramps, and involuntary muscle contractions. [66-76]
  2. In patients with extensor spasticity (involuntary straightening of the legs), oral administration of either 10 or 5 mg THC significantly reduced spasticity. [77]
  3. A study found that THC has a similar antispasmodic effect as baclofen, a drug used to treat muscle spasms. [78]
  4. In patients with muscle spasms induced by the chemotherapeutic drug vismodegib, THC treatment significantly reduced symptoms. [79]
  5. In patients with muscle stiffness due to spinal cord injury, THC administration at 15-20 mg per day significantly improved scores in the spasticity sum score (SSS). [80]

C. Relieves Pain

Several high-quality studies show that THC possesses strong analgesic properties, which is beneficial for people afflicted with painful medical conditions:

  1. In patients with chronic pain, THC treatment at dosages between 5 and 20 mg per day provided sufficient pain relief. [81]
  2. In patients with fibromyalgia, a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and increased pain sensitivity, THC treatment significantly reduced pain and improved quality of life. [82-84]
  3. In patients with nerve pain, THC administration via oral route and inhalation reduced neuropathic pain scores. [85-86]
  4. In patients with advanced cancer pain who are resistant to strong opioids, THC provided adequate pain relief (30% pain reduction). [87-89]
  5. A study found that higher doses of THC were associated with lesser pain intensity levels. [90]
  6. In patients with pain due to arthritis, treatment with THC reduced joint pain. [91]
  7. In healthy volunteers with pain due to an electrical stimulation test, a single oral THC administration at a dose of 30 mg produced pain relief. [92]
  8. In patients with nerve pain associated with multiple sclerosis, THC treatment for 2 years reduced pain with no evidence of tolerance. [93-96]
  9. In patients with chronic pain of various causes, administration of THC significantly reduced subjective pain and improved quality of life. [97]
  10. In female rats, THC administration reduced inflammatory pain. [98]
  11. In animal models of acute and chronic pain, THC administration reduced pain-like behaviors. [99-105]
  12. In patients with cancer pain, THC administration reduced pain scores and improved quality of life. [106]

D. Treats Nausea and Vomiting

Numerous high-quality studies also show that THC can help treat unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting:

  1. In patients suffering from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, treatment with THC significantly reduced symptoms by suppressing the vomiting response in the brain. [107-116]
  2. In patients with nausea and vomiting who are resistant to antiemetics (medications that suppress nausea and vomiting), THC administration decreased symptoms without any adverse effects. [117]
  3. In postoperative patients, administration of THC prevented the incidence of nausea and vomiting. [118-119]
  4. In animals with cisplatin-induced vomiting, THC significantly reduced the incidence of vomiting episodes. [120]
  5. In animals with radiation-induced vomiting, THC also reduced vomiting episodes. [121]
  6. In animals with drug-induced vomiting, THC significantly reduced the frequency of vomiting. [122-129]
  7. Studies found that the antiemetic action of THC can be compared to potent antiemetic medications such as prochlorperazine. [130-131]
  8. A study found that THC may be effective in treating severe nausea and vomiting in children. [132]

E. Stimulates Appetite

For people with decreased appetite, THC can help improve overall health and prevent problems associated with nutrient deficiency. A growing body of evidence suggests that THC is an appetite stimulant:

  1. In HIV-infected adult men and women, THC significantly increased blood levels of ghrelin and leptin, which are hormones that regulate appetite. [133-140]
  2. In patients who smoke cannabis, CBD countered the effect of THC on the subject’s eating pattern by decreasing their food intake, suggesting that THC stimulates appetite. [141]
  3. In patients with advanced cancer, administration of low-dose THC improved appetite and quality of life. [142-147]
  4. A 2005study published in Behavioral Pharmacology found that THC improves eating behavior by affecting certain signals in the brain involved in appetite regulation. [148]
  5. In rats, THC administration stimulated the consumption of highly palatable food. [149-150]

F. Improves Sleep Quality

Administration of THC in people with sleeping difficulties can also lead to improved sleep quality. This beneficial effect of THC is backed by numerous high-quality studies:

  1. A 2019 review of multiple studies published in Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology found that THC can improve sleep quality and decrease sleep disturbances. [151]
  2. A 2017 study published in Current Psychiatry Reports found that THC can decrease sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep). [152]
  3. In male cannabis smokers, higher blood levels of THC were significantly associated with shorter sleep latency. [153]
  4. In patients with sleeping difficulties, THC increased the duration of rapid eye movement (REM), which is the deepest phase of sleep. [154]
  5. In healthy volunteers, administration of THC for 2 weeks improved sleep patterns. [155]
  6. In rats, administration of low doses of THC by vaporization exhibited sleep-promoting properties. [156]
  7. In patients with sleeping difficulties caused by painful conditions, THC treatment resulted in marked improvement in subjective sleep parameters. [157]
  8. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, THC at doses of 2.5-10 mg daily significantly reduced Apnea Hypopnea Index (abnormal breathing pattern). [158]

G. Treats Seizures

According to studies, THC has an anti-seizure effect that can help improve the quality of life of people with seizure disorders:

  1. Several studies found that THC exerts its anti-seizure activity by acting on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). [159-161]
  2. A 2015 study published in Neurotherapeutics found that THC prevented seizures by regulating the excitability of brain neurons (nerve cells). [162]
  3. In children with epilepsy, administration of THC reduced seizure attacks. [163-165]
  4. A study found that THC administration at doses <0.1 mg/kg/day can help prevent seizures. [166]
  5. In patients with epilepsy, THC treatment resulted in a 71% reduction in motor seizures. [167]
  6. In children and adults with epilepsy, THC treatment is associated with a lower prevalence of seizures. [168-171]
  7. In a rat model of epilepsy, THC exhibited an anticonvulsant effect. [172]

H. Treats Inflammatory Conditions

The anti-inflammatory effects of THC are backed by a number of high-quality studies:

  1. A 2016 study published in the FASEB Journal found that THC can suppress scarring and inflammation. [173]
  2. In mice, THC impaired the inflammatory response to influenza infection. [174]
  3. A 2019 cell study published in Frontiers in Immunology found that THC suppressed inflammatory cytokines in human cells. [175]
  4. In rats with arthritis, daily oral administration of THC for 21 days significantly reduced symptoms. [176]
  5. In mice with skin inflammation, THC at a dose of 10 mg/kg reduced inflammation and pain-like behaviors. [177]
  6. In murine models of bone marrow transplantation, THC reduced inflammation, resulting in improved survival of transplanted cells. [178]
  7. In mice with paw inflammation, THC reduced pain-like behaviors and inflammation of the area. [179]
  8. In a rodent model of inflammatory pain, THC reduced inflammation and sensitivity to pain. [180]
  9. A 2019 cell study published in Frontiers in Immunology found that THC suppressed nerve inflammation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. [181]
  10. In a mouse model of encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), THC inhibited nerve inflammation by preventing microbial imbalance and promoting the healthy growth of good bacteria in the gut. [182]
  11. In rats with intestinal inflammation, treatment with THC reduced inflammation and decreased the prevalence of functional disturbances. [183]

I. Improves Cognitive Function

Studies show that THC improves various areas of cognitive function, making it beneficial for people with age-related cognitive decline and those suffering from chronic, degenerative brain diseases:

  1. In severely demented patients, THC reduced nocturnal motor activity and agitation. [184]
  2. In healthy volunteers, a single dose of THC at 5 to 10 mg improved verbal and visual memory and reaction time. [185]
  3. In healthy volunteers, THC administration improved listening skills and verbal recall. [186]
  4. In patients with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), THC significantly improved global symptom severity, sleep quality, and frequency of nightmares. [187]
  5. In a child with autism, THC administration significantly reduced irritability, lethargy, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech. [188]
  6. In mice, treatment with THC reversed the age-related decline in cognitive performance by improving the growth and development of nervous tissue (neurogenesis). [189-193]
  7. In rats, THC also improved learning and memory functions by inducing neurogenesis. [194-197]
  8. A study also found that THC improves cognitive function by reducing infarct volume (dead tissues). [198]

J. Treats Migraines

Studies also suggest that the pain-relieving properties of THC can provide long-term relief in people suffering from migraine attacks and those with chronic headaches:

  1. In female rats, THC reduced migraine-like pain when administered at a dose of 0.32mg/kg. [199]
  2. A study found that THC can reduce pain intensity and the prevalence of headaches. [200]
  3. In rats with morphine-induced headaches, THC provided long-term pain relief. [201]
  4. In patients with chronic migraine pain, THC exerted a stronger pain-relieving effect than CBD. [202]

K. Wards off Depression

The anti-depressant effects of THC can help improve overall mood in depressed patients, according to studies:

  1. In a mouse model of depression, THC produced an antidepressant effect as evidenced by a significant reduction in locomotor activity [203]
  2. In a rat model of depression, repeated THC injections at 2 mg/kg once every 48 hours for 21 days produced antidepressant-like behavioral properties. [204]
  3. A 2005 study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that THC can be used as an adjunctive medication in patients with bipolar disorder. [205]
  4. Studies show that THC and other cannabis compounds exert their antidepressant effects by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). [206-210]
  5. Studies also show that THC modulates mood and reduces depressive symptoms by targeting endocannabinoid receptors. [211-212]

L. Improves Cardiovascular Health

Evidence also suggests that THC has the capacity to protect the heart against injury and improve certain parameters necessary for cardiovascular function:

  1. In healthy male volunteers, intravenous administration of 25 mug/kg of THC enhanced cardiac performance. [213]
  2. In hypertensive rats, THC administration increased blood flow to the heart by relaxing the blood vessels. [214-217]
  3. Prolonged administration of THC to experimental animals resulted in a long-term decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. [218-219]
  4. Studies found that cannabinoids like THC protects the heart against tissue injury caused by insufficient blood flow and oxygen. [220-224]
  5. In normal subjects, THC administration improved blood flow to the heart by increasing the peak heart rate. [225]
  6. In an experimental model of atherosclerosis (plaque build-p in the inner lining of the heart), low-dose THC significantly reduced plaque formation. [226-228]
  7. In healthy volunteers, administration of THC at 134 mug/kg increased cardiac index and decreased total peripheral resistance (amount of force needed to pump blood). [229]
  8. In diabetic rats, THC injection prevented cardiovascular dysfunction induced by streptozotocin. [230]

M. Treats Neurodegenerative Disease

Emerging evidence suggests that THC can treat various neurodegenerative diseases because of its ability to protect neurons (nerve cells) against injury and stimulate nerve regeneration:

  1. In patients with spinal cord injury, a single 10 mg dose of THC reduced spasticity. [80] [231]
  2. A 2014 study published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease found that THC can treat Alzheimer’s disease by reducing amyloid beta (abnormal proteins in the brain). [232-233]
  3. In patients with Alzheimer’s disease, administration of dronabinol improved appetite and disturbed behavior. [234]
  4. In patients with severe dementia, dronabinol treatment significantly reduced agitation and aggressive behavior. [235-236]
  5. In a murine model of brain injury, THC prevented programmed cell death of brain cells. [237]
  6. In animal models of Parkinson’s disease, treatment with THC delayed disease progression and ameliorated symptoms. [238]
  7. In a human cell culture model of Parkinson’s disease, THC protected against neuronal injury induced by three toxins. [239]

Associated Side Effects of Tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrahydrocannabinol side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on tetrahydrocannabinol. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of tetrahydrocannabinol. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with tetrahydrocannabinol even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with tetrahydrocannabinol may include the following:

  • Coordination problems
  • Dry mouth
  • Increased heart rate
  • Irritability
  • Memory problems
  • Red eyes
  • Slower reaction times

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Naltrexone

Overall Health Benefits of Low Dose Naltrexone (1-5 mg)

Low-dose naltrexone benefits include fighting inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer, modulating immune function, treating autoimmune conditions and chronic pain, reducing insulin resistance, and improving skin health. Its multifaceted action makes it a promising treatment for various chronic conditions.

  • Fights inflammation [1-8]
  • Fights oxidative stress [2, 9-14]
  • Modulates immune function [5, 15-25]
  • Fights cancer [13, 15, 24-32]
  • Treats autoimmune conditions [33-34]
  • Reduces insulin resistance [2, 3, 8]
  • Improves skin health [35-39]
  • Treats chronic pain [2, 40-41]

Overall Health Benefits of High Dose Naltrexone

High-dose naltrexone benefits include promoting weight loss, aiding smoking cessation, and treating impulse control disorders, chronic pain, alcohol dependence, and opioid addiction by blocking opioid receptors and reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms. It also helps regulate addictive behaviors and supports overall recovery.

  • Promotes weight loss [52-68]
  • Promotes smoking cessation [69-84]
  • Treats impulse control disorders [85-86]
  • Treats chronic pain [87-98]
  • Treats alcohol dependence [99-107]
  • Treats opioid addiction [108-111]

Key Takeaways

  • Low-Dose Applications: At low doses (Low-Dose Naltrexone, LDN), it is used to treat chronic pain, inflammation, and autoimmune conditions like fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis.
  • Craving Reduction: Naltrexone is primarily used to reduce cravings and block the euphoric effects of alcohol and opioids, making it an effective treatment for addiction.
  • Dual Formulation: Naltrexone is available in both oral and injectable forms, offering flexibility depending on patient needs and treatment plans.
  • Non-Addictive Treatment: Unlike some other addiction treatments, naltrexone is non-addictive and does not produce withdrawal symptoms, making it safer for long-term use.
  • Requires Abstinence: Naltrexone is most effective when the patient has already detoxified from alcohol or opioids, as taking it while still using these substances can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms.

What is Naltrexone?

Naltrexone is a drug used to treat alcoholism and opioid addiction. It belongs to a group of drugs called opioid antagonists, which work by blocking the effect of opioid receptors and dramatically reducing cravings and urges to drink alcohol or take opioids. Along with counseling and other support, naltrexone treatment allows patients to maintain abstinence, reduce the harms related to the use of these substances, and improve their quality of life. The length of the treatment greatly depends on each patient’s needs and situation.

Low Dose Naltrexone Mechanism of Action

IMG

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) works by temporarily blocking opioid receptors in the body, leading to a rebound effect that increases the production of endogenous opioids, such as endorphins. This increase in endorphins not only helps modulate pain but also has anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating effects. LDN is believed to reduce the activation of microglial cells, which are key players in neuroinflammation and central sensitization, both of which contribute to chronic pain and autoimmune conditions. Additionally, LDN impacts the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing the levels of molecules like IL-6 and TNF-alpha, thereby promoting immune balance and reducing systemic inflammation. Through these combined actions, LDN helps modulate pain, reduce inflammation, and restore immune function.

High Dose Naltrexone Mechanism of Action

IMG

High-dose naltrexone works by acting as a full opioid receptor antagonist, meaning it binds to opioid receptors, primarily the mu-opioid receptor, without activating them. This blocks the effects of opioids like morphine, heroin, and endogenous opioids, preventing the euphoric or analgesic effects associated with opioid use. In conditions of opioid addiction or overdose, high-dose naltrexone helps by reducing cravings and preventing the reinforcing effects of opioids, thereby assisting in relapse prevention. Unlike low-dose naltrexone, high-dose naltrexone doesn’t stimulate the production of endogenous opioids but instead fully blocks receptor activation to maintain opioid abstinence. Additionally, it can block the effects of alcohol by interfering with its reward pathways in the brain, making it useful in alcohol dependence treatment.

Chemical Structure of Naltrexone

IMG

Research on Low Dose Naltrexone

A. Fights Inflammation

Inflammation of the joints low dose naltrexone

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) reduces inflammation by modulating the body’s immune system. It blocks opioid receptors for a short period, leading to increased production of endorphins, which helps regulate immune responses and lower inflammatory markers like pro-inflammatory cytokines. This anti-inflammatory effect makes LDN beneficial in treating chronic inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and Crohn’s disease.

  1. A review evaluated LDN’s safety and efficacy in managing chronic pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and Crohn’s disease. It concluded that LDN effectively reduced inflammation and pain through immune system modulation and was well-tolerated with minimal side effects. [1]
  2. A study on chronic pain conditions demonstrated that LDN significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in fibromyalgia patients. The results showed notable improvements in pain levels and inflammatory markers, supporting LDN as a viable option for managing chronic inflammatory conditions. [2]
  3. LDN was investigated in patients with hyperinsulinemia, where it reduced inflammatory markers like IL-6 and TNF-alpha and improved insulin sensitivity. The findings suggest that LDN not only helps with inflammation but also improves metabolic health, making it useful in conditions like diabetes. [3]
  4. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, LDN was found to induce remission by reducing inflammation. The clinical trial showed that patients receiving LDN had better remission outcomes compared to those on placebo, suggesting LDN’s potential as an adjunct therapy for IBD. [4]
  5. In fibromyalgia patients, an eight-week LDN treatment led to a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines. This reduction was associated with improvements in pain and overall quality of life, further supporting LDN’s role in treating inflammation-related conditions. [5]
  6. A systematic literature review assessed LDN’s effectiveness in treating fibromyalgia. It highlighted LDN’s ability to reduce inflammatory cytokines and improve pain symptoms, although more randomized controlled trials were recommended to confirm these findings. [6]
  7. A pilot study demonstrated significant reductions in fibromyalgia symptoms following LDN treatment. Patients reported improved pain, fatigue, and inflammation, providing early evidence for LDN’s role in managing chronic inflammatory conditions. [7]
  8. A retrospective analysis examined the predictors of treatment success or discontinuation of LDN in fibromyalgia and other chronic pain conditions over fourteen years. The study concluded that LDN is effective in improving pain outcomes and has a favorable safety profile. [8]

B. Fights Oxidative Stress

IMG

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) combats oxidative stress by modulating immune function and promoting the release of endogenous opioids, which have antioxidant properties. This process helps neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative damage to tissues. By minimizing oxidative stress, LDN may protect against chronic conditions linked to inflammation and oxidative damage.

  1. Research on chronic pain patients revealed that LDN has a significant anti-inflammatory effect by reducing oxidative stress markers. The study suggested that LDN decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage, contributing to pain relief and better overall health. These results suggest that LDN may be a useful therapy for oxidative stress-related chronic conditions. [2]
  2. A study demonstrated that LDN extended both health span and lifespan in C. elegans through the activation of SKN-1, a regulator of oxidative stress response. This model supports LDN’s potential for reducing oxidative damage and promoting longevity in more complex organisms. The findings provide a foundation for future research into the role of LDN in managing oxidative stress and aging. [9]
  3. In patients with multiple sclerosis, LDN was proposed as a treatment for not only managing symptoms but also reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The hypothesis centers around LDN’s ability to modulate immune responses and reduce cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially improving outcomes for patients with neurodegenerative diseases. [10]
  4. The combination of alpha-lipoic acid and LDN was studied in pancreatic cancer patients, showing improved outcomes, possibly due to the antioxidative properties of the treatment. The combination appeared to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially improving the patients’ overall condition and longevity. This approach offers promising adjunctive therapy for cancer treatment. [11]
  5. A randomized controlled trial investigated LDN’s role as an adjunct therapy for major depressive disorder, revealing that it reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in patients. The study highlighted how reducing oxidative damage can alleviate depressive symptoms, supporting LDN’s broader therapeutic potential. These findings open avenues for using LDN in mental health treatments linked to oxidative stress. [12]
  6. In cancer therapy, LDN was found to enhance the effects of conventional treatments by reducing oxidative stress and improving immune responses. This combination therapy demonstrated better outcomes in managing tumor progression, highlighting LDN’s role as an adjunct in fighting oxidative damage associated with cancer. The study supports LDN’s application in reducing oxidative stress in cancer patients. [13]
  7. A study on patients with systemic sclerosis found that LDN alleviated pruritus (itching) by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The treatment’s impact on oxidative damage contributed to symptom relief, supporting LDN’s use in conditions characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings highlight the broad therapeutic scope of LDN beyond pain management. [14]

C. Modulates Immune Function

Boosting the immune function low dose naltrexone

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) modulates the immune system by regulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing immune balance. LDN temporarily blocks opioid receptors, which triggers the body to release endogenous opioids, helping to modulate immune cell activity. This modulation reduces inflammation and promotes immune homeostasis, making LDN beneficial in treating autoimmune and immune-mediated conditions.

  1. In fibromyalgia patients, LDN was found to significantly reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines after eight weeks of treatment. The reduction in these cytokines was associated with improved symptoms, highlighting LDN’s capacity to modulate immune function in chronic pain conditions. [5]
  2. A scoping review evaluated LDN’s utility in non-cancer centralized pain conditions and found that LDN modulates immune responses, reducing inflammation and pain. The study highlighted LDN’s role in adjusting immune system activity to alleviate symptoms of chronic pain conditions, making it an effective therapy for patients with immune-mediated pain syndromes. [15]
  3. In a case study on chronic fatigue syndrome, LDN was found to reduce immune dysfunction by regulating inflammatory markers. The study demonstrated improvements in fatigue and immune function, suggesting that LDN’s immune-modulating properties could be beneficial for patients suffering from immune-related fatigue conditions. [16]
  4. A hypothesis-driven study proposed LDN for disease prevention and improving quality of life by modulating immune responses. The study emphasized LDN’s potential role in balancing immune function, which could prevent the development of autoimmune and chronic diseases. [17]
  5. A review of LDN’s role in rheumatological diseases highlighted its ability to modulate immune responses, specifically by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study suggested that LDN could be an effective treatment for autoimmune diseases, particularly those affecting the joints and connective tissues. [18]
  6. In a study investigating the long-term effects of LDN on mesenchymal stem cells, it was shown that LDN enhances the immunomodulatory properties of these cells. This indicates that LDN has the potential to be used in regenerative therapies and immune system modulation. [19]
  7. LDN was found to regulate macrophage activity in an animal model, leading to reduced inflammation. The study provided evidence of how LDN impacts immune cells to promote anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its use in chronic inflammatory conditions. [20]
  8. In a study focusing on the potential repurposing of LDN for COVID-19, researchers found that LDN might help prevent and treat immunothrombosis by modulating immune responses. The study demonstrated LDN’s ability to reduce excessive immune reactions, making it a potential therapeutic option for managing COVID-19-related complications. [21]
  9. A study on BV-2 microglia cells showed that LDN has immunometabolic effects, reducing inflammation and modulating cellular energy metabolism. These findings support LDN’s role in managing neuroinflammatory conditions by balancing immune and metabolic responses in immune cells. [22]
  10. A study found that LDN enhanced the maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells, crucial players in immune system activation. This research supports LDN’s role in promoting immune balance by enhancing immune cell functionality. [23]
  11. LDN was investigated in a case report on lung cancer, where it was found to modulate the immune system to slow tumor growth. The immune modulation contributed to a better response to cancer therapy, providing insights into LDN’s potential in oncology. [24]
  12. A therapeutic review discussed the widespread utility of LDN in various conditions, emphasizing its role in immune modulation. The study noted that LDN’s ability to regulate immune function makes it an effective and versatile treatment option across a wide range of immune-related disorders. [25]

D. Fights Cancer

low dose naltrexone fight cancer

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) shows potential in cancer therapy by modulating the immune system and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells. It can upregulate the body’s natural immune response to target cancer cells, reduce tumor progression, and enhance the effects of traditional cancer treatments like chemotherapy. LDN’s ability to modulate macrophage activity and suppress oncogenic pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, makes it a promising adjunctive treatment in various cancers.

  1. Research on the use of LDN as an adjuvant in cancer therapy found that it enhances the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The study demonstrated that LDN improves the body’s immune response to target cancer cells while reducing the side effects associated with cancer treatments, making it a promising complementary therapy. [13]
  2. A scoping review investigated LDN’s utility in non-cancer pain conditions and highlighted its immune-modulating properties that could be beneficial in cancer therapy. The review found that LDN helps reduce inflammation and might have protective effects in patients undergoing cancer treatment due to its regulatory impact on immune function. [15]
  3. In a case report on lung cancer, LDN was shown to have beneficial effects when combined with standard cancer treatments. The report highlighted the role of LDN in modulating immune function, which contributed to better outcomes in lung cancer patients. [24]
  4. A study discussed the relevance of LDN in cancer therapy, showing that it can enhance immune system activity and promote tumor cell apoptosis. It also highlighted that LDN’s ability to regulate cytokine production and immune cell activity might provide a complementary approach in cancer treatment alongside conventional therapies. [25]
  5. A study exploring LDN’s role in immune-related diseases and cancer therapy found that it helps regulate the immune response and may slow tumor progression. The research suggested that LDN could be a valuable treatment option in immune-mediated cancers, particularly due to its immunomodulatory properties. [26]
  6. In colorectal cancer, LDN was shown to promote apoptosis and inhibit cancer progression by increasing the activity of M1-type macrophages. This study suggested that LDN’s role in enhancing immune cell activity could be crucial in controlling cancer growth and promoting tumor cell death. [27]
  7. LDN was found to upregulate unique gene expressions in cancer cells, distinct from higher doses, which contributes to its antitumor effects. This study highlighted how LDN’s unique gene expression modulation could be leveraged in cancer therapy for better outcomes. [28]
  8. In an ovarian cancer study, LDN was shown to suppress tumor growth and enhance the effects of cisplatin. The research demonstrated that LDN could act synergistically with chemotherapy, reducing tumor size and improving patient response to treatment. [29]
  9. A study on cervical cancer demonstrated that LDN inhibits cancer progression by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The results indicate that LDN not only prevents cancer growth but also enhances immune cell activity against tumor cells, making it a promising treatment for cervical cancer. [30]
  10. Another case report on lung cancer confirmed the beneficial effects of LDN in combination with traditional cancer treatments. The study emphasized that LDN’s immune-modulating properties could enhance the therapeutic response and reduce the risk of cancer progression. [31]
  11. In vitro studies on cervical cancer cells found that LDN inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which plays a critical role in cancer metastasis. Additionally, LDN’s indirect effects on tumor-associated macrophages further suppressed tumor progression, highlighting its potential in preventing cancer metastasis. [32]

E. Treats Autoimmune Conditions

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has shown potential in treating autoimmune conditions by modulating the immune system. LDN works by briefly blocking opioid receptors, which leads to increased endorphin production, subsequently regulating immune responses. This action helps reduce inflammation and autoimmune activity, making it a promising therapy for conditions such as multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and other immune-mediated disorders.

  1. A quasi-experimental study investigated the effects of LDN in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), focusing on medication use. The study found that LDN helped reduce the need for other medications, indicating its potential to manage MS symptoms effectively. This suggests that LDN can offer a complementary approach to standard MS therapies by reducing inflammation and modulating immune function. [33]
  2. In a case report, LDN was used to treat a patient with guttate psoriasis, an autoimmune skin condition. The patient experienced significant improvement in symptoms, including reduced skin lesions and inflammation, after starting LDN therapy. This case highlights LDN’s potential as an alternative treatment for psoriasis, offering symptom relief and improved quality of life for patients with autoimmune skin conditions. [34]

F. Reduces Insulin Resistance

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been found to reduce insulin resistance by addressing inflammation, which plays a critical role in metabolic disorders. LDN modulates the immune system and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of diabetes and other metabolic conditions.

  1. Another study explored the anti-inflammatory effects of LDN in chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia, and noted improved insulin sensitivity in patients with chronic inflammation. By reducing pro-inflammatory markers, LDN contributed to better metabolic outcomes, highlighting its utility in addressing both pain and metabolic disorders like insulin resistance. [2]
  2. A study on hyperinsulinemia demonstrated that LDN effectively reduced inflammation and insulin resistance. The study showed that LDN lowered markers such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha, leading to improved insulin sensitivity in patients with hyperinsulinemia. These findings suggest LDN’s potential as a therapeutic agent for managing insulin resistance and improving metabolic health. [3]
  3. A fourteen-year retrospective analysis of patients with fibromyalgia and other chronic pain conditions revealed that LDN not only helped manage pain but also had an impact on metabolic functions. The long-term study identified predictors of treatment success, with many patients showing improved inflammatory and metabolic profiles. This suggests LDN’s broader application in conditions linked to insulin resistance. [8]

G. Improves Skin Health

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been increasingly studied for its potential benefits in improving skin health. By modulating the immune system and reducing inflammation, LDN may help alleviate various dermatological conditions, including chronic skin disorders like eczema, psoriasis, and Hailey-Hailey disease. LDN’s ability to reduce inflammation and modulate immune responses contributes to better skin barrier function and healing.

  1. A review on LDN’s role in dermatology highlighted its effectiveness in treating various skin conditions. The study focused on inflammatory skin disorders, such as eczema and psoriasis, where LDN helped reduce symptoms by modulating immune responses and lowering inflammatory markers. The review suggested that LDN could serve as an adjunct therapy in dermatological practice. [35]
  2. A study on excoriation disorder demonstrated that LDN helped improve compulsive skin-picking behaviors. Patients showed significant reductions in skin lesions and overall improvement in their skin health, with LDN helping to control the psychological and inflammatory aspects of the condition. These findings indicate LDN’s potential as a treatment for skin-picking disorders. [36]
  3. In a report discussing LDN’s broader applications, it was noted that the drug’s anti-inflammatory properties helped reduce flare-ups in skin conditions such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The study suggested that LDN could improve skin health by regulating immune function and reducing chronic inflammation, thus promoting healing in long-standing skin conditions. [37]
  4. LDN has also been used to treat Hailey-Hailey disease, a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by painful blisters. In this case report, patients treated with LDN showed remarkable improvement in skin lesions and reduced flare-ups. This suggests that LDN can be an effective treatment for chronic, difficult-to-treat skin conditions. [38]
  5. Another study on excoriation disorder further validated LDN’s efficacy, showing reductions in both skin-picking behaviors and related skin damage. The patients experienced significant healing in excoriated areas, highlighting LDN’s potential to improve not just skin conditions but also behavioral patterns contributing to skin damage. [39]

H. Treats Chronic Pain

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been shown to alleviate chronic pain by modulating the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. By temporarily blocking opioid receptors, LDN triggers a compensatory increase in the production of endorphins and other endogenous opioids, which helps reduce pain perception. Additionally, LDN decreases inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, making it a promising option for managing chronic pain conditions like fibromyalgia, neuropathy, and corneal pain.

  1. In a study investigating LDN as an anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain, researchers found that LDN reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved pain symptoms. The study was conducted on patients with various chronic pain conditions, and it provided evidence of LDN’s dual effect on pain relief and inflammation reduction. These results suggest that LDN could be an effective alternative therapy for patients suffering from chronic pain conditions. [2]
  2. A systematic review examined the safety and efficacy of LDN in patients with fibromyalgia. The review highlighted LDN’s ability to reduce pain intensity, improve mood, and enhance overall quality of life. The findings suggest that LDN offers a well-tolerated and effective treatment option for managing chronic pain in fibromyalgia patients. [40]
  3. A case series at a single institution evaluated LDN’s efficacy in treating chronic pain patients. Results showed that patients experienced a significant reduction in pain levels and improved quality of life after LDN treatment. The study further supported the potential of LDN as a low-risk, cost-effective treatment for chronic pain management. [41]

Research on High Dose Naltrexone

A. Promotes Weight Loss

High-dose naltrexone, especially in combination with bupropion, has shown promise in promoting weight loss through mechanisms involving appetite suppression and the modulation of reward pathways in the brain. This combination acts on the hypothalamus and mesolimbic dopamine pathways to reduce food cravings and increase feelings of satiety, helping patients manage their weight more effectively. Naltrexone also blocks the opioid receptors that can enhance the pleasurable effects of food, reducing overeating and binge behaviors.

  1. A review on the use of naltrexone for obesity treatment highlighted its efficacy in reducing body weight, particularly when combined with bupropion. The study noted that the combination of these medications is beneficial for patients with obesity, helping to suppress appetite and manage food cravings. [52]
  2. A systematic review confirmed the safety and efficacy of naltrexone for weight loss in adult patients. The analysis showed significant weight reductions in patients treated with naltrexone, and it highlighted its potential as a sustainable long-term option for managing obesity. [53]
  3. An investigation into the combination of naltrexone and bupropion revealed its effectiveness in both initial weight loss and weight maintenance. Patients treated with this combination experienced significant and sustained reductions in body weight, supporting its role as an effective long-term therapy for obesity management. [54]
  4. A study focused on patients with Type 2 diabetes found that naltrexone/bupropion is effective in reducing body weight while improving glycemic control. This dual benefit makes the combination particularly useful for managing obesity in patients with metabolic disorders like diabetes. [55]
  5. Research into the psychiatric safety of naltrexone/bupropion as an add-on to antidepressant therapy in patients with obesity found it to be well-tolerated. The combination promoted significant weight loss without exacerbating psychiatric symptoms, making it a safe option for patients undergoing mental health treatments. [56]
  6. An earlier clinical trial examined the long-term effects of naltrexone therapy on body weight in obese patients. Results showed that extended treatment with naltrexone resulted in substantial weight loss over time, underscoring its potential as a long-term solution for obesity management. [57]
  7. A more recent update on the efficacy of naltrexone/bupropion for obesity treatment reinforced the combination’s safety and effectiveness. The study confirmed that the combination therapy leads to clinically significant weight loss, with minimal adverse effects, further solidifying its role in weight management strategies.[58]
  8. A meta-analysis of unpublished clinical study reports on naltrexone-bupropion for obesity management demonstrated its significant effects on weight reduction. The analysis highlighted the combination’s ability to provide meaningful and sustained weight loss across various clinical trials, offering a robust therapeutic option for obesity.[59]
  9. A study explored the relationship between early weight loss and long-term maintenance in patients using naltrexone-bupropion therapy. The results indicated that early weight loss success was strongly correlated with sustained long-term weight maintenance, emphasizing the importance of initial treatment success in obesity management.[60]
  10. Another study examined naltrexone/bupropion’s effects on weight loss in non-diabetic patients, finding that weight reduction occurred independently of nausea, a common side effect. This finding suggests that the weight loss effects are not dependent on adverse gastrointestinal effects, improving its tolerability for broader patient populations.[61]
  11. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated naltrexone combined with bupropion in overweight and obese adults. The study found that the combination significantly increased weight loss compared to placebo, highlighting its effectiveness as a pharmacological intervention for obesity. [62]
  12. A systematic review and meta-regression analysis further confirmed the positive effects of bupropion and its combination with naltrexone on weight loss. The combination therapy was found to be superior in promoting weight loss, supporting its use as a highly effective pharmacotherapy for obesity. [63]
  13. A case report of a patient with severe monogenic obesity demonstrated successful weight loss following treatment with naltrexone-bupropion after multiple prior treatment failures. This case suggests the combination therapy’s potential utility in patients with more complex forms of obesity. [64]
  14. Another randomized phase 3 trial evaluated the long-term effects of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors. Results showed that the combination not only promoted weight loss but also reduced obesity-related health risks, including cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. [65]
  15. A study investigating naltrexone/bupropion for treating altered eating behaviors and weight loss in patients with binge eating disorder found that the combination was effective in reducing both binge eating episodes and body weight. This suggests that the combination therapy may be beneficial for patients struggling with disordered eating behaviors. [66]
  16. A review discussed the new-generation anti-obesity drugs, including naltrexone/bupropion, and highlighted its role as a promising treatment option. The review emphasized its safety profile and efficacy in managing obesity, particularly in conjunction with lifestyle changes and behavioral therapy. [67]
  17. Another review provided an overview of the combination therapy for obesity, highlighting its mechanisms of action and clinical benefits. The study concluded that naltrexone/bupropion is an effective pharmacotherapy for weight loss, offering a well-tolerated option for long-term management of obesity. [68]

B. Promotes Smoking Cessation

Naltrexone, primarily used for alcohol and opioid dependence, has been explored for its efficacy in helping smokers quit by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms. By blocking opioid receptors, naltrexone reduces the rewarding effects of nicotine, making smoking less pleasurable and reducing urges. Studies suggest that naltrexone, either alone or in combination with other therapies like bupropion or nicotine replacement, may support smoking cessation, particularly in heavy drinkers and individuals with co-occurring substance use disorders.

  1. A study explored the combined effects of naltrexone and alcohol on cigarette cravings in heavy-drinking smokers. It was found that naltrexone reduced cigarette cravings in the context of alcohol consumption, suggesting that it could help smokers who also struggle with heavy alcohol use to reduce their smoking urges. [69]
  2. Research focused on smoking cessation outcomes with naltrexone in nicotine-dependent men and women, also addressing concerns about weight gain. The study revealed that naltrexone was effective in aiding smoking cessation and helped mitigate the typical weight gain associated with quitting smoking. [70]
  3. A clinical trial compared the combination of bupropion and naltrexone with a placebo for smoking cessation. The combination therapy was more effective than placebo in helping individuals quit smoking, demonstrating the potential of using naltrexone alongside bupropion to enhance cessation outcomes. [71]
  4. In a study examining the augmentation of nicotine replacement therapy with low-dose naltrexone, researchers found that the combination helped with smoking cessation while minimizing weight gain. This suggests that naltrexone could complement nicotine replacement therapy by reducing both nicotine cravings and post-cessation weight gain. [72]
  5. A randomized clinical trial investigated the combination of varenicline and naltrexone for smoking cessation and drinking reduction. The results showed that the combination was effective in reducing both smoking and drinking, making it a promising treatment option for individuals struggling with both nicotine and alcohol use disorders. [73]
  6. Naltrexone was studied for its effects on both short-term and long-term smoking cessation, with positive outcomes observed. Smokers using naltrexone had higher quit rates both in the short-term and after sustained periods, suggesting its potential for long-term cessation support. [74]
  7. A randomized controlled trial examined naltrexone’s impact on smoking-related behaviors in smokers preparing to quit. Naltrexone was found to reduce smoking urges and facilitate the quitting process, making it an effective option for smokers preparing to reduce or quit smoking. [75]
  8. A study focused on patients with schizophrenia explored the combination of naltrexone and bupropion for smoking cessation and weight loss. The combination treatment was effective in reducing cigarette use and promoting weight loss, offering a valuable option for patients with complex health conditions like schizophrenia. [76]
  9. In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, naltrexone was evaluated for its effectiveness in heavy-drinking smokers seeking smoking cessation treatment. Naltrexone showed efficacy in reducing both smoking and alcohol consumption, providing dual benefits for individuals with these co-occurring issues. [77]
  10. A study on heavy-drinking smokers found that naltrexone improved quit rates, reduced smoking urges, and decreased alcohol use in those attempting to quit smoking. This highlights naltrexone’s potential as an effective aid in both smoking cessation and alcohol use reduction. [78]
  11. Research examined the effects of naltrexone on nicotine’s reinforcing effects in smokers, revealing that naltrexone blocked nicotine’s rewarding properties. This made smoking less satisfying for participants, helping them reduce their cigarette consumption. [79]
  12. Another study looked at the impact of depressive symptoms on the efficacy of naltrexone for smoking cessation. The findings suggested that naltrexone’s effectiveness was reduced in individuals with high levels of depressive symptoms, highlighting the need to consider mental health when prescribing naltrexone for smoking cessation. 80]
  13. A preliminary study explored the combination of naltrexone and nicotine patches for smoking cessation, showing promising results. Naltrexone helped reduce cravings and supported long-term abstinence from smoking when combined with nicotine patches. [81]
  14. A preliminary investigation into the combination of naltrexone and bupropion for smoking cessation found that the dual therapy helped individuals quit smoking while minimizing the associated weight gain. The combination showed promise in helping smokers achieve better outcomes with fewer adverse side effects. [82]
  15. A secondary analysis of a clinical trial focused on individuals with methamphetamine use disorder found that naltrexone plus bupropion was effective in reducing cigarette smoking. This combination showed potential as a treatment for individuals with multiple substance use challenges. [83]
  16. A study on naltrexone’s role in treating alcohol dependence revealed that nicotine use influenced naltrexone’s efficacy. Smokers with alcohol dependence who used naltrexone showed better treatment outcomes, indicating that addressing both smoking and alcohol use together could enhance the effectiveness of naltrexone treatment. [84]

C. Treats Impulse Control Disorders

Naltrexone has shown potential in treating impulse control disorders by modulating the brain’s reward system, which is often implicated in compulsive behaviors. It works by blocking opioid receptors, which play a role in the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with reward and pleasure. By inhibiting these pathways, naltrexone can reduce the compulsive urges and behaviors seen in disorders like pathological gambling and substance abuse.

  1. A UK case series explored the use of naltrexone in treating pathological and problem gambling. The study observed several patients who were prescribed naltrexone, reporting significant reductions in gambling urges and behaviors. These findings highlight naltrexone’s potential as a therapeutic option for individuals struggling with gambling addiction, offering a way to manage compulsive gambling through opioid receptor antagonism. [85]
  2. Another study examined how naltrexone modulates the neural mechanisms of motor impulse control in individuals with a history of alcohol and polysubstance dependence. Using neuroimaging, the research revealed that naltrexone had differential effects on brain regions responsible for impulse control, helping individuals maintain better self-regulation. This study supports the role of naltrexone in improving impulse control in those with a history of substance use disorders, further expanding its utility beyond substance abuse to impulsive behaviors in general. [86]

D. Treats Chronic Pain

Naltrexone, particularly in low doses, has shown effectiveness in managing chronic pain through its unique mechanism of modulating the central nervous system’s opioid receptors. By temporarily blocking these receptors, naltrexone triggers an increase in endorphins and other neurotransmitters that help reduce pain perception and inflammation. This mechanism is especially beneficial in conditions like fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, and chronic pain syndromes, offering patients relief with a low risk of addiction or tolerance.

  1. Naltrexone/Bupropion ER was examined for its effectiveness in chronic weight management, and while the study’s primary focus was on weight loss, it also highlighted naltrexone’s role in managing chronic pain through its opioid receptor-blocking mechanism. The findings suggest that, in addition to aiding weight loss, naltrexone can reduce pain perception in patients with obesity-related pain conditions. [87]
  2. A comprehensive review highlighted the safety and efficacy of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) in managing chronic pain and inflammation in conditions like multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia. The review emphasized LDN’s ability to reduce inflammatory cytokines and improve pain outcomes, presenting it as a promising therapeutic option with minimal side effects for chronic pain disorders. [88]
  3. An observational study explored the effective doses of LDN for chronic pain management, finding that doses between 2.5 to 4.5 mg provided significant pain relief in conditions like fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain. The study showed that LDN not only improved pain scores but also enhanced overall quality of life, with few adverse effects reported. [89]
  4. A case series from a single institution demonstrated the benefits of LDN in managing chronic pain in patients with fibromyalgia and other pain syndromes. The series showed a reduction in pain scores and improvement in daily functioning, supporting LDN as a well-tolerated, effective option for pain management. [90]
  5. A systematic review highlighted the use of LDN for chronic pain, summarizing studies that investigated its analgesic effects in conditions like fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and multiple sclerosis. The review confirmed that LDN is an emerging treatment for chronic pain with a favorable safety profile. [91]
  6. A scoping review explored the utilization of low-dose naltrexone for chronic pain management, emphasizing its potential in reducing inflammation and hyperalgesia in chronic pain patients. This study reinforced the growing evidence of LDN’s effectiveness in various pain syndromes, including fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain. [92]
  7. A fourteen-year retrospective analysis examined the efficacy of LDN in fibromyalgia and chronic pain conditions, identifying predictors of treatment success and discontinuation. The study found that patients who continued LDN therapy reported long-term improvements in pain, sleep, and quality of life, underscoring its role as a viable treatment for chronic pain. [93]
  8. Research into the use of LDN for fibromyalgia highlighted its ability to significantly reduce pain and fatigue in patients. The findings suggest that LDN may modulate neuroinflammation and improve pain outcomes, positioning it as a potential adjunct therapy for managing fibromyalgia symptoms. [94]
  9. A review focusing on the safety and efficacy of LDN in fibromyalgia confirmed its positive effects on pain and inflammation. The study emphasized that LDN provides an alternative to traditional opioid medications, making it an important option in treating chronic pain with fewer risks of dependence or tolerance. [95]
  10. Research on the effects of LDN on opioid-induced hyperalgesia and fibromyalgia revealed that LDN could reduce heightened pain sensitivity caused by long-term opioid use. The study showed that LDN could serve as a therapeutic alternative for patients suffering from opioid-related hyperalgesia and chronic pain. [96]
  11. A systematic review on the safety and efficacy of LDN in patients with fibromyalgia concluded that LDN is a promising treatment for reducing pain and improving quality of life. The study highlighted that LDN’s anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects make it a valuable option in managing fibromyalgia and other chronic pain conditions. [97]
  12. A scoping review on perioperative naltrexone management explored its role in chronic pain management in surgical settings. The findings indicated that naltrexone could be used perioperatively to manage pain while minimizing the risks of opioid dependence, positioning it as a useful tool in the perioperative pain management strategy. [98]

E. Treats Alcohol Dependence

Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, has been widely researched for its efficacy in treating alcohol dependence by reducing cravings and heavy drinking episodes. It works by blocking the rewarding effects of alcohol, helping to reduce the urge to drink.

  1. A review of the efficacy of naltrexone in managing alcohol dependence found that it significantly reduced relapse rates and heavy drinking episodes in individuals receiving treatment. The study concluded that naltrexone is effective when used in combination with counseling and support programs for alcohol dependence. [99]
  2. Another study focused on the specific effects of naltrexone on heavy drinking patterns. It found that naltrexone helped reduce the frequency and intensity of heavy drinking episodes in individuals with alcohol dependence, making it a valuable tool for long-term management of alcohol use disorders. [100]
  3. A large randomized controlled trial examined naltrexone’s effectiveness in treating alcohol dependence in veterans. The results indicated that naltrexone significantly reduced alcohol consumption and helped participants maintain sobriety over time. [101]
  4. In a clinical trial, naltrexone was found to significantly reduce the number of heavy drinking days in patients with alcohol dependence compared to placebo. The study underscored naltrexone’s role as an effective intervention for reducing alcohol consumption and improving long-term outcomes. [102]
  5. A systematic review evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone in alcohol dependence treatment. It concluded that naltrexone is generally well-tolerated and effective in reducing alcohol cravings, making it a valuable option in addiction treatment. [103]
  6. In a placebo-controlled trial comparing naltrexone and nefazodone, naltrexone demonstrated a greater ability to reduce alcohol consumption in dependent patients. The findings highlighted naltrexone’s superior efficacy in managing alcohol dependence compared to other pharmacotherapies. [104]
  7. A systematic review and meta-analysis compared various pharmacological treatments for alcohol dependence, including naltrexone, nalmefene, and acamprosate. The review found naltrexone to be one of the most effective medications in reducing alcohol consumption, particularly for individuals with heavy drinking patterns. [105]
  8. Another meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate in treating alcoholism. The results showed that both medications were effective, but naltrexone had a slight edge in reducing relapse rates and maintaining abstinence. [106]
  9. A report by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment outlined naltrexone’s role in alcoholism treatment. It emphasized the importance of integrating naltrexone into comprehensive treatment programs, combining medication with behavioral therapies for optimal outcomes. [107]

F. Treats Opioid Addiction

Naltrexone, especially in its extended-release form, has been found to be an effective pharmacological treatment for opioid addiction by blocking opioid receptors, reducing cravings, and preventing the euphoric effects of opioids. Its use is beneficial for individuals aiming to maintain long-term abstinence from opioids, particularly in countries where other opioid-replacement therapies like methadone and buprenorphine are not available.

  1. A study in countries without access to methadone and buprenorphine demonstrated that naltrexone effectively reduced opioid cravings and helped individuals maintain abstinence. This research emphasizes the utility of naltrexone in environments where opioid substitution therapy is limited. [108]
  2. Research has shown that naltrexone’s effectiveness in treating opioid dependence can be improved when individuals undergo regular testing to ensure proper opioid blockade. This study highlights the importance of adherence and proper dosing in maintaining the drug’s efficacy. [109]
  3. A study on the attitudes of African Americans toward extended-release naltrexone found favorable views, with participants noting it as a potential treatment option for opioid use disorder. This study underscores the need for culturally tailored approaches in addiction treatment programs. [110]
  4. In a trial involving opioid-dependent federal probationers, naltrexone pharmacotherapy was shown to reduce opioid relapse rates and criminal behavior. The findings suggest that naltrexone could be an important tool in rehabilitation programs for individuals under legal supervision. [111]
  5. A clinical trial testing rapid initiation of injection naltrexone showed promising results in treating opioid use disorder. The study demonstrated that initiating treatment with extended-release naltrexone led to high retention rates and better outcomes in preventing relapse. [102]
  6. A systematic review of extended-release injectable naltrexone found it to be highly effective in preventing relapse among individuals with opioid use disorder. The review emphasized naltrexone’s role as an essential component of opioid addiction treatment strategies, particularly for those seeking abstinence. [103]
  7. A meta-analysis examined the efficacy of naltrexone implants for treating opioid dependence and found significant reductions in opioid use among participants. The results support the use of long-acting naltrexone formulations to aid in long-term recovery efforts. [104]
  8. A study on the use of naltrexone in pregnant women with opioid dependency stressed a cautious and measured approach. While the findings were positive, further research is necessary to assess long-term outcomes for both mothers and infants. [105]
  9. In a study involving youth with opioid use disorder, extended-release naltrexone was found to be effective in reducing opioid use and promoting abstinence. The results highlight the potential of naltrexone for younger populations battling opioid addiction. [106]
  10. Naltrexone is increasingly being recognized for its broader utility beyond treating opioid addiction. A review noted its potential applications in managing other forms of substance abuse and impulse control disorders, making it a versatile option for comprehensive addiction care. [107]
  11. A study identified predictors of continued use of extended-release naltrexone in opioid-dependent individuals, particularly heroin and non-heroin users. This research can help tailor treatment plans for sustained adherence to naltrexone therapy. [108]
  12. A randomized clinical trial comparing injectable naltrexone to daily buprenorphine-naloxone found both treatments to be effective for opioid dependence, with naltrexone demonstrating comparable efficacy in preventing relapse. This study reinforces naltrexone’s viability as an alternative to opioid-replacement therapies. [109]
  13. A U.S. population-based study compared utilization and discontinuation rates of injectable and oral naltrexone with buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. The findings showed that extended-release naltrexone had higher retention rates, making it a preferred choice for long-term opioid addiction management. [110]
  14. A meta-analysis focused on healthcare utilization related to extended-release naltrexone for opioid and alcohol dependence. The study found that patients receiving extended-release naltrexone had lower healthcare costs and fewer hospitalizations compared to those on oral naltrexone or no treatment. [111]

Naltrexone Side Effects

Naltrexone side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on naltrexone. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of naltrexone. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with naltrexone even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with naltrexone may include the following:

  • Nausea
  • Sleepiness
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Vomiting

Differences Between Low Dose Naltrexone and Higher Dosing of Naltrexone

A. Mechanism of Action

  • Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN):
    • Dose Range: Typically 1.5 mg to 4.5 mg daily.
    • Mechanism of Action: LDN functions by transiently blocking opioid receptors for a short duration (approximately 4-6 hours). This temporary blockade triggers a compensatory upregulation of the body’s endogenous opioid system (e.g., endorphins and enkephalins), which promotes a range of immune-modulating effects. The immune system becomes better regulated, inflammation is reduced, and healing is promoted.
    • Effects: LDN has an anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effect, which has been leveraged to treat various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain syndromes.
  • Higher-Dose Naltrexone (HDN):
    • Dose Range: Typically 50 mg to 100 mg daily.
    • Mechanism of Action: At higher doses, naltrexone acts as a potent opioid receptor antagonist, blocking the effects of exogenous opioids for an extended period. This blockade prevents opioids from producing their euphoric and analgesic effects, making it effective for treating opioid dependence by reducing cravings and preventing relapse. It also reduces the rewarding effects of alcohol, which is why it’s used in alcohol use disorder treatment.
    • Effects: HDN primarily reduces opioid and alcohol dependence by blocking the rewarding pathways in the brain. Its primary use is in addiction treatment rather than autoimmune or inflammatory conditions.

B. Therapeutic Benefits

  • Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN):
    • Autoimmune Diseases: LDN has shown promise in improving symptoms in autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus by modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation.
    • Chronic Pain and Inflammation: LDN is used for conditions like fibromyalgia and chronic pain syndromes due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
    • Mental Health and Well-Being: LDN may help improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety by increasing the levels of endorphins (natural feel-good chemicals in the body).
  • Higher-Dose Naltrexone (HDN):
    • Opioid and Alcohol Dependence: HDN is used to block the effects of opioids and reduce the desire to drink alcohol. It has been FDA-approved for these purposes.
    • Prevention of Relapse: HDN helps patients maintain abstinence by preventing the euphoric effects of opioids and reducing cravings for alcohol, supporting long-term recovery.

C. Side Effects and Tolerability

  • Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN):
    • Side Effects: LDN is generally well tolerated, with minimal side effects. Some patients report vivid dreams or sleep disturbances when first starting treatment, but these usually resolve over time. LDN does not usually cause the same side effects as higher doses since it has a shorter duration of receptor blockade.
    • Tolerability: Due to the low dosage, LDN is often considered a safe treatment option, even in long-term use, for patients with chronic conditions.
  • Higher-Dose Naltrexone (HDN):
    • Side Effects: HDN has a broader side effect profile, including nausea, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, and potential liver toxicity with prolonged use. These side effects tend to be more pronounced due to the higher dose and longer duration of action.
    • Tolerability: Tolerability may be an issue for some patients, particularly with long-term use at high doses. Monitoring of liver function may be required when patients are on HDN.

D. Additional Factors

  • Availability and Usage:
    • LDN: LDN is not FDA-approved for autoimmune or chronic pain conditions, so it is typically prescribed off-label. It may not be as widely available or covered by insurance for these conditions, although it is growing in popularity as evidence for its effectiveness accumulates.
    • HDN: HDN is FDA-approved for opioid and alcohol dependence, and it is widely used in addiction treatment centers. It is usually covered by insurance for these indications.
  • Effect on Endogenous Opioids:
    • LDN: Enhances the body’s own production of endorphins due to its short-duration receptor blockade, leading to an improvement in mood and pain relief.
    • HDN: Completely blocks opioid receptors for an extended period, preventing not just exogenous opioids but also endogenous opioids from exerting their effects. This can lead to dysphoria or mood-related side effects in some patients.

Naltrexone Uses

Naltrexone is widely used in the treatment of alcohol and opioid addiction. It works by blocking the receptors in the brain that respond to these substances, thereby reducing cravings and preventing the euphoric effects that typically reinforce addiction. This makes Naltrexone a key component in many addiction recovery programs, especially for individuals who have already undergone detoxification.

Beyond addiction treatment, naltrexone is also used at lower doses for off-label applications, such as managing chronic pain and autoimmune disorders. In low-dose form (Low-Dose Naltrexone or LDN), it is believed to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation, offering relief for conditions like fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn’s disease. Although research is still ongoing, many patients report significant benefits from LDN therapy.

Naltrexone is available in both oral and extended-release injectable forms, allowing for flexible treatment options. The oral form is typically taken daily, while the injectable version, which lasts for about a month, is often chosen for patients who struggle with medication adherence. By offering multiple uses and formulations, Naltrexone has become a versatile tool in managing both addiction and various chronic conditions.

Naltrexone Drug Class

Naltrexone belongs to the drug class known as opioid antagonists. These drugs work by blocking the opioid receptors in the brain, preventing the euphoric and sedative effects of opioids. This makes Naltrexone particularly effective in treating opioid addiction, as it reduces cravings and eliminates the reinforcing effects of opioid use.

In addition to its role in opioid addiction, Naltrexone is also used to manage alcohol dependence. By modulating the brain’s reward system, Naltrexone decreases the pleasure derived from alcohol consumption, helping individuals maintain sobriety. Its versatility in treating both alcohol and opioid use disorders highlights its importance within the opioid antagonist drug class.

Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) is an off-label use that falls outside traditional addiction treatment. In lower doses, Naltrexone is used for its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties, offering benefits for patients with chronic pain and autoimmune diseases. This expanded application shows how the drug’s classification extends beyond addiction management to address broader health conditions.

Naltrexone Dosage

What Is An Average Dose Of Naltrexone

Naltrexone dosage varies depending on the condition being treated and the formulation used. For alcohol or opioid addiction, the standard oral dosage is typically 50 mg per day. Alternatively, an extended-release injectable form, administered as a 380 mg dose once every four weeks, is often prescribed for individuals who struggle with daily adherence to oral medication.

In some cases, Naltrexone is prescribed in much lower doses, known as Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN), ranging from 1.5 mg to 4.5 mg per day. LDN is used off-label for managing chronic pain, autoimmune conditions, and certain inflammatory diseases. The low-dose regimen leverages the drug’s anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects, offering potential benefits beyond its traditional use in addiction treatment.

Before initiating treatment, it is crucial for individuals to be opioid-free for at least 7-10 days to avoid precipitated withdrawal. Dosage adjustments and careful monitoring by a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure safety and effectiveness, particularly in patients with liver or kidney conditions, as Naltrexone can impact liver function at higher doses.

Naltrexone Weight Loss

Naltrexone has gained attention as a potential aid for weight loss, particularly when combined with other medications like bupropion in formulations such as Contrave. The drug works by modulating the brain’s reward pathways and reducing food cravings, particularly for high-calorie, highly palatable foods. By influencing these pathways, Naltrexone may help people better control their appetite and reduce emotional or binge eating.

In low doses, often referred to as Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN), the medication is also believed to have an impact on metabolic function and inflammation, which are key factors in weight management. Some research suggests that LDN can help regulate insulin sensitivity, reduce chronic inflammation, and support a healthier metabolism, all of which contribute to improved weight loss outcomes.

However, while some studies and anecdotal reports show promising results, more extensive clinical trials are needed to confirm Naltrexone’s effectiveness and safety specifically for weight loss. As with any weight loss medication, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, alongside a balanced diet and regular exercise, to achieve the best long-term results.

Naltrexone Off-Label Uses

Naltrexone, primarily known for its role in treating alcohol and opioid addiction, has garnered attention for its off-label uses in recent years. One notable off-label application is its use in managing chronic pain and inflammation. Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) has been found to potentially reduce symptoms associated with conditions such as fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis by modulating the immune system and decreasing inflammation.

In addition to pain management, LDN is being explored for its potential benefits in treating autoimmune disorders. Research suggests that it may help modulate the immune response in conditions like Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis, offering a complementary approach to traditional treatments. The mechanism behind this effect is believed to involve the regulation of immune system activity and reduction of inflammatory responses.

Despite the promising results from various studies, more research is needed to fully understand the efficacy and safety of naltrexone for these off-label uses. Its application outside of addiction treatment remains an area of active investigation, and patients should consult with healthcare providers to weigh the potential benefits and risks based on their individual health needs.

Naltrexone Sinclair Method

The Sinclair Method is a treatment approach for alcohol addiction that involves using Naltrexone as a key component. This method, developed by Dr. John Sinclair, leverages Naltrexone’s ability to block opioid receptors in the brain, which are associated with the pleasure and reward system of drinking alcohol. By taking Naltrexone before drinking, the method aims to reduce the positive reinforcement of alcohol consumption, gradually diminishing the urge to drink over time.

The Sinclair Method is unique because it integrates Naltrexone into a gradual reduction strategy. Instead of aiming for immediate abstinence, the method encourages individuals to continue drinking, but with Naltrexone reducing the pleasurable effects of alcohol. This approach helps in retraining the brain’s reward pathways, allowing individuals to develop a new relationship with alcohol and reduce their dependence more sustainably.

Research on the Sinclair Method suggests that it can be highly effective for many individuals struggling with alcohol addiction. Studies have shown that the method can lead to significant reductions in drinking behavior and alcohol cravings. However, success with the Sinclair Method requires adherence to the prescribed Naltrexone regimen and a commitment to following the treatment plan, emphasizing that it is most effective when combined with behavioral support and counseling.

Naltrexone vs Suboxone

Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist that blocks the effects of opioids by binding to opioid receptors without activating them. This helps to reduce cravings and prevent relapse in individuals who have already detoxified from opioids. It can also be used in the treatment of alcohol dependence and has a non-addictive profile, making it a suitable option for long-term management.

Suboxone, on the other hand, is a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone. Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist, meaning it activates opioid receptors but to a lesser extent than full agonists like heroin or prescription opioids. This helps to alleviate withdrawal symptoms and cravings without producing the intense high associated with opioid use. Naloxone is included to prevent misuse by causing withdrawal symptoms if the medication is injected. Suboxone is often used during the initial stages of opioid recovery and can be effective for long-term maintenance therapy.

Choosing between Naltrexone and Suboxone depends on various factors, including the patient’s current state of opioid use, treatment goals, and individual health conditions. Naltrexone is typically used after a period of opioid detoxification, while Suboxone is often employed during the early stages of recovery to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Both medications play important roles in addiction treatment, and their use should be tailored to each individual’s needs and circumstances.

Naltrexone Injection

Naltrexone injection is a long-acting formulation used primarily to support the treatment of alcohol and opioid dependence. Administered as an intramuscular injection, it offers a convenient alternative to daily oral naltrexone, providing continuous therapeutic levels of the medication. This method of administration ensures consistent medication levels in the bloodstream, which can enhance adherence and efficacy for individuals struggling with addiction.

The injection is typically administered once a month, making it a practical choice for those who prefer less frequent dosing compared to daily oral tablets. This long-acting approach can be particularly beneficial for individuals who have difficulty adhering to a daily medication regimen. It also helps reduce the risk of relapse by maintaining a steady blockade against the euphoric effects of alcohol and opioids, which can support sustained recovery.

One key advantage of the naltrexone injection is its ability to provide a consistent therapeutic effect without the fluctuations that can occur with daily oral dosing. However, it’s important for patients to be committed to abstinence from alcohol or opioids before starting the injection, as using the medication while still consuming these substances can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms. Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider are essential to monitor the injection’s effectiveness and manage any potential side effects.

Naltrexone Treatment for Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

Naltrexone treatment for opioid withdrawal symptoms involves the use of this medication to manage and reduce cravings for opioids. By blocking opioid receptors in the brain, Naltrexone effectively prevents the euphoric effects of opioids, which can help individuals remain abstinent. This approach supports recovery by diminishing the psychological and physical drive to use opioids, thus aiding in the transition away from dependence.

During the initial phase of opioid withdrawal, patients may experience a range of symptoms including anxiety, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal distress. Naltrexone, however, is generally not recommended for use until after the patient has completed the detoxification process, as taking it too early can precipitate withdrawal symptoms or exacerbate discomfort. Once detoxified, patients can start Naltrexone therapy to maintain abstinence and support long-term recovery efforts.

In addition to its role in preventing relapse, Naltrexone can be an important component of a comprehensive treatment plan for opioid dependence. It is often used in conjunction with counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups to address the multifaceted nature of addiction. Overall, Naltrexone provides a valuable tool for managing opioid withdrawal and supporting sustained recovery, helping individuals regain control of their lives and work towards a healthier future.

Modafinil

Overall Health Benefits of Modafinil

  • Treats excessive sleepiness and improves sleep quality [1-66]
  • Improves cognition [67-94]
  • Combats fatigue [95-115]
  • Improves mood [116-137]
  • Improves exercise performance [138-141]
  • Treats addiction [142-146]
  • Helps lose weight [147-153]

What is Modafinil?

Modafinil is an FDA-approved nootropic (cognitive enhancer) used to treat symptoms of daytime sleepiness (narcolepsy) and fatigue. In addition to improving wakefulness, modafinil is also capable of enhancing other important bodily functions such as attention, memory, mood, reaction time, and athletic performance. In fact, modafinil is used by astronauts in order to combat fatigue, improve cognitive function, and adjust circadian rhythm in space.

How Modafinil Works

Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant, which means that it works by stimulating the activity of the brain and spinal cord. Researchers believe that modafinil exerts its health benefits by boosting the levels of important brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, glutamate, and orexin. Compared to other cognitive enhancers like amphetamines, modafinil is very safe and has fewer side effects.

Chemical Structure of Modafinil

Modafinil

Research on Modafinil

There is an overwhelming body of clinical evidence supporting the diverse health benefits of modafinil. Since it is an FDA-approved drug, it can provide effective cognitive stimulation and positive effects on other body systems with no adverse side effects.

A. Treats Excessive Sleepiness and Improves Sleep Quality

With its beneficial effect on neurotransmitters, studies show that modafinil can help treat narcolepsy and improve one’s quality of life:

  1. In patients with excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, long-term modafinil treatment significantly improved disease severity. [1-16]
  2. In patients with chronic shift work sleep disorder, modafinil significantly improved functioning and quality of life. [17-21]
  3. Treatment with 200 mg of modafinil reduced extreme sleepiness in patients with chronic shift work sleep disorder and resulted in significant improvement in work performance. [ 22]
  4. In patients with excessive daytime sleepiness caused by Parkinson’s disease, modafinil administration at a dose of 200 mg per day significantly reduced subjective sleepiness. [23-30]
  5. In patients with myotonic dystrophy, a genetic disorder that causes progressive loss and weakening of muscles, modafinil reduced excessive daytime sleepiness and improved mood. [31-33]
  6. Either monotherapy or combination therapy, modafinil reduced sleepiness and fatigue in patients with major and bipolar depression. [34-39]
  7. In patients taking opioids and antipsychotics, modafinil reduced subjective sleepiness without disrupting sleep patterns. [40-43]
  8. In patients with sleep apnea syndrome, modafinil administration improved measures of sleepiness. [44]
  9. In patients with excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, modafinil improved night-time wakefulness without disrupting daytime sleep. [45-56]
  10. In patients with traumatic brain injury, modafinil ameliorated excessive daytime sleepiness. [57]
  11. In patients with multiple sclerosis, modafinil treatment for three years or more reduced excessive daytime sleepiness. [58-60]
  12. In patients with major depressive disorder who do not respond to antidepressant therapy, modafinil augmentation rapidly (within 1 week) and significantly improved sleep quality. [61-63]
  13. In patients subjected to sleep deprivation, modafinil administration every 8 hours for three days resulted in a satisfactory level of vigilance, both subjective and objective, as evidenced by the total absence of microsleep episodes. [64]
  14. In patients with excessive daytime sleepiness related to narcolepsy, modafinil was found to be more effective than methylphenidate, a drug used to treat narcolepsy. [65]
  15. In chronic cocaine users, morning-dosed modafinil promoted nocturnal sleep, normalized sleep architecture, and decreased daytime sleepiness. [66]

B. Improves Cognition

Studies show that this cognitive enhancer can safely and effectively improve various areas of cognitive function:

  1. In patients with multiple sclerosis, modafinil treatment improved delayed memory and working memory on a list-learning task. [67-69]
  2. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, modafinil improved performance on a test of behavioral alertness and reduced functional impairments. [70]
  3. In sleep-deprived patients, modafinil reversed the debilitating mood and cognitive effects of sleep loss. [71]
  4. In patients with residual late-day sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, administration of modafinil at midday significantly improved executive function. [72]
  5. In healthy volunteers without sleep deprivation, 200 mg of modafinil significantly reduced error rates in several difficult performance tasks. [73]
  6. In healthy volunteers, modafinil administration at a dose of 100 mg/day for 7 days enhanced the efficiency of brain regions involved in cognitive information processing. [74]
  7. In young adult male volunteers, a single oral dose of modafinil significantly enhanced performance in a series of tests assessing visual pattern recognition memory. [75]
  8. In non-sleep deprived healthy volunteers, modafinil significantly improved performance on several cognitive tests of planning and working memory. [76-77]
  9. In healthy volunteers, a single oral dose of modafinil enhanced visual short-term memory storage capacity. [78]
  10. In healthy non-smoking volunteers, modafinil administration at a dose of 200 mg improved the cognitive task of attention switching. [79]
  11. In sleep-deprived individuals, modafinil improved attention, wakefulness, memory, and executive functions to a significantly higher degree. [80]
  12. In patients with schizophrenia, modafinil improved symptoms, attention, working memory, executive functioning, and emotions. [81-85]
  13. In healthy volunteers, modafinil administration at a dose of 300 mg daily improved cognitive and physiological functions. [86]
  14. In people with a first episode of psychosis, a single dose of 200 mg modafinil significantly improved the analysis of emotional facial expressions. [87]
  15. In healthy participants, modafinil administration at a dose of 400 mg significantly improved judgments of simple and complex emotional expressions following sleep deprivation. [88]
  16. In multiple cell studies, modafinil prevented programmed cell death and enhanced the communication between neurons (nerve cells). [89-94]

C. Combats Fatigue

Modafinil can also boost energy levels by combating the effects of fatigue on the body. There is strong scientific evidence supporting the anti-fatigue properties of modafinil:

  1. In patients with multiple sclerosis, modafinil administration improved fatigue, focused attention, and dexterity without any adverse side effects. [95-104]
  2. In sleep-deprived patients who were subjected to sustained mental work, modafinil administration improved fatigue with fewer side effects. [105-106]
  3. In narcolepsy patients who were switched from psychostimulants, administration of modafinil at 200-400 mg once daily for 6 weeks improved quality of life and subjective feelings of vigor and reduced fatigue. [107]
  4. In patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease fatigue, modafinil treatment improved symptoms compared to placebo. [108]
  5. In patients suffering from fatigue associated with stroke, modafinil treatment improved scores on the Fatigue Severity Scale and in some subscales of the stroke-specific quality of life questionnaire. [109-110]
  6. Twelve weeks of modafinil augmentation relieved fatigue in patients with major depressive disorder. [111]
  7. Modafinil administration helped patients with chronic fatigue syndrome recover. [112]
  8. In patients receiving chemotherapy, modafinil relieved fatigue associated with the treatment. [113]
  9. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, modafinil administration at a dose of 100 mg per day significantly improved fatigue severity. [114]
  10. In patients with sarcoidosis, a disabling inflammatory condition affecting multiple organs, modafinil administration relieved fatigue. [115]

D. Improves Mood

Modafinil is not only a cognitive enhancer but it’s also a mood booster. There’s a good deal of evidence to back up the beneficial effects of modafinil on overall mood:

  1. In normal healthy men and women, administration of modafinil increased general mood. [116]
  2. In healthy individuals, the administration of modafinil increased alertness and improved mood. [117]
  3. In healthy, non-sleep-deprived students, modafinil administration at a dose of 100-200 mg decreased measures of anxiety such as shaking, palpitations, restlessness, muscular tension, and irritability. [118]
  4. In patients with myotonic dystrophy, modafinil reduced excessive somnolence and enhanced mood. [119]
  5. In patients with mood disorders, modafinil relieved symptoms of depression without any adverse side effects. [120-122]
  6. In narcolepsy patients who were switched from psychostimulants, administration of modafinil at 200-400 mg once daily for 6 weeks improved subjective feelings of vigor. [123]
  7. In sleep-deprived pilots, modafinil administration at a dose of 100 mg improved simulator performance and mood. [124-125]
  8. Modafinil has been shown to be more effective than a placebo in treating symptoms of bipolar depression. [126]
  9. In patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, modafinil film-coated tablets significantly improved symptoms with fewer side effects. [127-136]
  10. In patients with spinal cord injury, modafinil administration increased self-esteem and motivation, as well as decreased self-consciousness. [137]

E. Improves Exercise Performance

Modafinil can benefit both professional athletes and amateurs by improving their exercise performance. Studies show that this powerful nootropic can heighten focus and boost productivity:

  1. In patients undergoing mentally demanding tasks, high-dose (200 mg) modafinil significantly improved reaction time compared to low-dose (100 mg). [138]
  2. Modafinil administration significantly improved reaction time and cognitive functioning in athletes. [139-140]
  3. Acute ingestion of modafinil in healthy male subjects prolonged exercise time to exhaustion. [141]

F. Treats Addiction

For people seeking safe and effective alternative solutions to drug addiction, modafinil can provide a long-term solution. Results from several clinical trials show that modafinil is beneficial in treating different types of addiction:

  1. In patients with alcohol dependence, a single dose of 200 mg of modafinil improved impulsive decision-making. [142]
  2. In cocaine-dependent patients, modafinil administration at 400 mg per day reduced self-reported and behavioral impulsivity. [143]
  3. In pathological gamblers, modafinil administration at 200 mg per day decreased the desire to gamble, the salience of gambling words, disinhibition, and risky decision-making. [144]
  4. In methamphetamine-dependent patients, modafinil treatment significantly reduced craving or severity of dependence. [145]
  5. In rats, modafinil administration completely prevented opiate-seeking behavior. [146]

G. Helps Lose Weight

Modafinil can also improve body composition by reducing fat percentage. There’s increasing evidence supporting the benefits of this nootropic drug on weight loss:

  1. In patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, supplementation of modafinil at a variable dose of 170-425mg daily for 6 weeks resulted in reduced appetite. [147]
  2. In patients taking antipsychotic medication for schizoaffective disorder, modafinil treatment resulted in significant weight loss. [148-151]
  3. In food addicts, modafinil administration decreased body weight by reducing the impulse for food. [152]
  4. Modafinil supplementation at a dose of 200 mg or higher was associated with significant weight loss. [153]

Associated Side Effects of Modafinil

Modafinil side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on modafinil. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of modafinil. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with modafinil even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with modafinil may include the following:

  • Black, tarry stools
  • Blurred vision or other vision changes
  • Chest pain
  • Chills or fever
  • Clumsiness or unsteadiness
  • Dizziness or fainting
  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Mental depression

References

  1. Mitler MM, Harsh J, Hirshkowitz M, Guilleminault C. Long-term efficacy and safety of modafinil (PROVIGIL((R))) for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2000;1(3):231-243.
  2. Randomized trial of modafinil as a treatment for the excessive daytime somnolence of narcolepsy: US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group. Neurology. 2000;54(5):1166-75.
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Metformin

Overall Health Benefits of Metformin

  • Treats diabetes symptoms and improves blood sugar levels [1-30]
  • Promotes weight loss [31-50]
  • Protects against cancer [51-79]
  • Improves cardiovascular health [80-94]
  • Improves cognitive function [95-110]
  • Treats polycystic ovary syndrome [111-126]
  • Improves blood pressure [127-133]
  • Fights aging and increases longevity [134-175]

What is Metformin?

Metformin is derived from the French Lilac plant called Galega officinalis. In the 1920s, the active ingredient in this plant, known as guanidine compounds, was discovered and isolated. During that time, metformin was created and has been safely prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In the past two decades, It has become the first-line drug for treating diabetes in the U.S. and other countries. However, emerging evidence indicates that metformin may hold promise in treating or preventing a multitude of medical conditions.

How Metformin Works

The mechanism behind metformin is that it increases insulin sensitivity by increasing the number of muscle and fat cell insulin receptors and the attraction for the receptor. Metformin also decreases blood sugar production in the liver and its absorption by the intestines or stomach. This in turn improves the body’s response to the effects of insulin. Scientists also believe that the guanidine compounds in metformin have potential health benefits.

Chemical Structure of Metformin

Metformin

Research on Metformin

A. Treats Diabetes Symptoms and Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Combating diabetes by reducing blood sugar is the main indication of metformin. An overwhelming body of clinical trials supports metformin’s beneficial effects on blood sugar levels:

  1. In a study published by the American Diabetes Association, metformin decreased blood sugar levels by 60 to 70mg/dl in patients with non-insulin dependent type II diabetes. [1]
  2. Metformin has been shown to reduce the incidence of deaths related to diabetic complications by 30% compared to other medications for diabetes such as insulin, glibenclamide, and chlorpropamide. [2]
  3. In patients with pre-diabetes, metformin administration reduced the chance of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus by 31%. [3]
  4. A clinical trial found that metformin and insulin have similar safety and efficacy in the treatment of gestational diabetes. [4]
  5. In pregnant women, treatment of metformin instead of insulin was associated with less weight gain and improved neonatal outcomes. [5]
  6. In patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, the combination of metformin and lifestyle interventions delayed the progression of the disease. [6]
  7. In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial, lifestyle intervention and metformin reduced the incidence of diabetes by 58% and 31%. [7-8]
  8. In a Chinese study, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who received low-dose metformin (750 mg/day) produced large, significant reductions for new onset of type 2 diabetes. [9-10]
  9. A study found that metformin treatment was associated with a 40% reduction in the incidence of new-onset diabetes with an absolute risk reduction of 6% during a mean trial duration of 1.8 years. [11]
  10. In patients with impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose, both higher and lower metformin dosage decreased the rate of conversion from pre-diabetes to diabetes. [12]
  11. In patients with type 2 diabetes, early initiation of metformin is recommended as a first-line drug for monotherapy and combination therapy. [13-14]
  12. In obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metformin administration is as effective as sulfonylurea, an antidiabetic drug, in controlling blood sugar levels. [15-16]
  13. In patients sub-optimally controlled by diet and exercise, the combination of metformin and insulin secretagogue reduced HbA1c (an indicator of blood sugar control) between 1.5% to 2.2%. [17-19]
  14. The combination of metformin with other antidiabetic drugs such as sulfonylureas and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors significantly reduced HbA1c. [20]
  15. Combination of metformin and the oral antidiabetic drug glimepiride in diabetic patients resulted in a lower HbA1c concentration and fewer hypoglycemic events (abnormally low blood sugar). [21]
  16. The combination of metformin and sulfonylurea was also associated with reduced all-cause mortality. [22]
  17. Metformin, as added to insulin-based regimens, has been shown to improve blood sugar control, and reduce body weight, hypoglycemic events, insulin requirements, and total insulin dosage. [23-26]
  18. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the combination of metformin and dapagliflozin reduced the incidence of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). [27-28]
  19. The combination of saxagliptin and metformin led to clinically and statistically significant reductions in HbA1c. [29]
  20. In patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) that is inadequately controlled by non-pharmacological measures, the addition of metformin to existing antidiabetic therapy resulted in enhanced blood sugar-lowering effects. [30]

B. Promotes Weight Loss

The benefits of metformin go beyond improving blood sugar levels. Studies show that this antidiabetic drug can also benefit obese and overweight individuals by promoting weight loss:

  1. A 10-year follow-up study on obese patients with type 2 diabetes revealed reductions in body weight in the group treated with metformin compared to placebo. [31]
  2. In obese individuals with type 2 diabetes, metformin administration for 6 months caused a mean weight loss of 7 kg. [32]
  3. In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study, participants who took metformin had reduced body weight and waist circumference compared with placebo. [33]
  4. In overweight patients with type 2 diabetes, metformin treatment was associated with lesser weight gain. [34]
  5. In obese children and adolescents, metformin was associated with short-term weight loss, improvement of insulin sensitivity, and decreased visceral fat. [35]
  6. In overweight and obese patients, metformin induced weight loss by improving leptin and insulin sensitivity. [36]
  7. In clinically stable, overweight patients with chronic mental health disorders, metformin was modestly effective in reducing weight. [37]
  8. In obese insulin-resistant patients participating in a low-intensity weight-reduction program, metformin had favorable effects on body weight and body composition. [38]
  9. In overweight and obese patients, metformin treatment reduced the waist-to-hip ratio. [39]
  10. In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, a 700-mg dose of metformin induced weight loss by decreasing food consumption. [40]
  11. In Bahraini patients aged 20 or more, metformin treatment was associated with weight loss of 1-10 kg. [41]
  12. In elderly participants (60 years and above), metformin reduced body weight without any adverse side effects. [42]
  13. In obese, insulin-resistant adolescents, long-term treatment with metformin resulted in stabilization of body mass index (BMI) and improved body composition. [43]
  14. In patients with antipsychotic-induced weight gain, metformin treatment resulted in significant weight reduction. [44-48]
  15. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome, treatment with 850 mg of metformin twice daily for 6 months reduced weight by an average of 9.24 pounds. [49]
  16. In overweight and obese participants, metformin was found to significantly decrease body mass index percentile (BMI), BMI (kg/m2), and weight (kg). [50]

 

C. Protects Against Cancer

Metformin also has potent anti-cancer properties. Numerous studies show that metformin can help ward off various types of cancer:

  1. A study found that metformin users had a 55% decrease in the risk of stomach cancer compared with nonusers. [51-52]
  2. A study composed of 27 clinical trials representing more than 24,000 patients found that metformin use was associated with an improved overall survival rate. [53]
  3. In diabetic patients with tumors, metformin administration was associated with a 30% reduction in overall tumor onsets. [54-55]
  4. In diabetic patients with lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer, metformin administration was associated with a better prognosis. [56-59]
  5. A cell study found that metformin inhibited tumor growth by stimulating adenosine 5′ monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). [60-61]
  6. In a breast cancer model, metformin delayed the onset of carcinoma and extended lifespan. [62]
  7. Several studies found that metformin was associated with reduced cancer incidence and mortality. [63-68]
  8. A study found that long-term metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. [69-70]
  9. In diabetic patients with breast cancer, metformin treatment was associated with the absence of residual invasive disease. [71-72]
  10. In Taiwanese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metformin use was associated with a decreased risk of incident prostate cancer. [73]
  11. In American diabetic patients, metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. [74]
  12. In diabetic patients, metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. [75]
  13. In patients with preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus, metformin treatment significantly reduced the risk of liver cancer by more than 80%. [76]
  14. In patients with type 2 diabetes, metformin was associated with lower cancer mortality. [77]
  15. In diabetic patients with colorectal cancer, metformin improved the survival rate. [78]
  16. In female patients with type 2 diabetes, long-term metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. [79]

D. Improves Cardiovascular Health

There’s also a great deal of evidence supporting the beneficial role of metformin on cardiovascular health:

  1. Metformin has been shown to prevent the fragmentation of mitochondria in endothelial cells which are associated with atherosclerosis (plaque formation). [80]
  2. In patients with heart failure, metformin administration reduced the risk of death by 75%. [81]
  3. A study demonstrated that metformin administration in patients with heart disease reduced the risk of heart attack, abnormal heart rhythm, and related deaths. [82]
  4. In overweight patients with type 2 diabetes, monotherapy of metformin was correlated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. [83]
  5. A study found that metformin may help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing the levels of free fatty acid, triglyceride, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1). [84]
  6. In patients with type 2 diabetes, metformin treatment reduced the risk of coronary heart disease by improving cholesterol levels. [85-86]
  7. Metformin may also help combat heart disease by suppressing inflammation and coagulation. [87]
  8. In male participants, metformin treatment was associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcium). [88]
  9. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the combination of insulin and metformin reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease by 40%. [89]
  10. Metformin can help improve endothelial cell function, which involves the inner lining of the heart, by combating stress and inflammatory response. [90-91]
  11. In patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (weakening of heart muscle), metformin treatment was associated with reduced rates of heart attack, chest pain, and related deaths. [92]
  12. Another mechanism by which metformin improves cardiovascular health is by increasing fat redistribution. [93-94]

E. Improves Cognitive Function

Emerging evidence suggests that metformin may play an important role in preserving cognitive function:

  1. In the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study, the use of metformin was associated with a 51% reduced risk of cognitive impairment. [95]
  2. A large observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes reported lower rates of dementia in metformin-treated groups compared to those treated with other antidiabetic drugs. [96]
  3. In patients with type 2 diabetes, metformin administration improved cognitive performance. [97]
  4. Metformin may help prevent Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease by reducing the levels of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain. [98-101]
  5. Metformin exerts its neuroprotective effects via AMPK activation. [102-105]
  6. Metformin can also improve neurological deficits through various important mechanisms such as decreasing oxidative stress, preventing brain mitochondrial dysfunction, and increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. [106-109]
  7. A cell study found that metformin may help enhance spatial memory by promoting the formation of new nerve cells in the brain. [110]

F. Treats Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder caused by the collection of several fluids (follicles) in the ovaries, affecting its ability to release eggs. Studies show that metformin may help treat this debilitating condition:

  1. In patients with PCOS, metformin helps reverse metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, hypertension, and abnormal lipid profiles. [111-112]
  2. The mechanisms by which metformin exerts its beneficial effects on PCOS are through increased insulin sensitivity, increased secretion of estrogen by the ovaries, decreased production of androgen, and enhanced production of sex hormone binding globulin. [113-114]
  3. In non-obese women with PCOS, metformin administration induced ovulation. [115-116]
  4. In women with PCOS, metformin therapy was associated with significant improvement in menstrual regularity and reduction in circulating androgen levels. [117]
  5. Metformin therapy in patients with PCOS improved ovarian steroidogenesis (production of estrogen and progesterone). [118-119]
  6. Metformin administration in women with PCOS was associated with improved ovulation, pregnancy, and live birth rates. [120]
  7. In patients with PCOS undergoing in vitro fertilization, metformin treatment improved the quality of the egg and embryos. [121-122]
  8. In anovulatory women with PCOS, metformin normalized ovarian follicular development and uterine blood flow. [123]
  9. In PCOS patients, metformin administration reduced the risk of miscarriage. [124-126]

G. Improves Blood Pressure

The ability of metformin to improve insulin resistance and other metabolic parameters may play a part in reducing blood pressure. Studies show that metformin has potent anti-hypertensive effects:

  1. Metformin therapy in hypertensive patients reduced systolic blood pressure. [127]
  2. In obese non-diabetic subjects with no cardiovascular diseases, metformin administration significantly decreased blood pressure. [128]
  3. In non-diabetic patients, metformin effectively lowered systolic blood pressure. [129]
  4. In non-diabetic hypertensive patients, metformin treatment induced a decline in diastolic blood pressure. [130]
  5. In individuals with impaired fasting glucose, metformin treatment reduced systolic blood pressure. [131]
  6. In patients with metabolic syndrome, metformin reduced blood pressure by correcting arterial stiffness. [132]
  7. In rats, metformin attenuated salt-induced hypertension. [133]

H. Fights Aging and Increases Longevity

Metformin also has anti-aging benefits. According to studies, it can block or diminish various fundamental factors that accelerate the aging process:

  1. Metformin has been shown to slow the process of aging and prevent age-related diseases by protecting against DNA damage, poor mitochondrial function, and chronic inflammation. [134-138]
  2. Metformin has also been shown to increase the cellular production of mTOR and AMPK, which are longevity-promoting signaling molecules. [139-144]
  3. Animal studies have shown that metformin can increase lifespan by 20%. [145-146]
  4. A study found that diabetics taking metformin lived 15% longer than healthy non-diabetic individuals. [147]
  5. In different mouse breeds, long-term treatment with metformin extended lifespan. [148]
  6. In the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), metformin therapy increased life expectancy by reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer incidence, and overall mortality of diabetic patients. [149-150]
  7. Studies found that metformin can reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are the major cause of aging. [151-155]
  8. A study found that metformin combats the effects of aging by suppressing inflammatory response via inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). [156-157]
  9. A cell study found that metformin exerts its anti-aging effect by preventing cellular senescence (irreversible cell cycle arrest). [158-159]
  10. In several rodent strains, adding metformin to the diet resulted in a significant increase in lifespan (14-40%). [160-163]
  11. In a model of Huntington’s disease, metformin extended lifespan by 20%. [164]
  12. In diabetic and cardiovascular disease patients, metformin increased rates of survival. [165-166]
  13. In older adults with type 2 diabetes, metformin administration may help promote longevity by preventing frailty. [167]
  14. Cell studies have shown that metformin may help combat internal aging by reducing neuronal injury and improving oxygen/glucose delivery to neurons. [168-171]
  15. Studies show that the insulin-sensitizing and blood sugar-lowering effects of metformin can contribute to a reduced risk of a number of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, kidney disease, and other aging-associated metabolic diseases, thereby increasing life span. [172-175]

Associated Side Effects of Metformin

Metformin side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on metformin. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of metformin. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with metformin even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with metformin may include the following:

  • Diarrhea
  • Loss of appetite
  • Metallic taste in the mouth
  • Nausea
  • Stomachache
  • Vomiting

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Honokiol

Overall Health Benefits of Honokiol

  • Wards off depression [1-8]
  • Fights anxiety [9-13]
  • Improves dental health [14-18]
  • Reduces blood sugar levels [19-25]
  • Promotes weight loss [26-27]
  • Relieves pain [28-30]
  • Fights cancer [31-64]
  • Improves cognitive health [65-84]
  • Improves sleep quality [85-87]
  • Improves blood pressure [48, 88]

What is Honokiol?

Honokiol is one of the chemicals found in Magnolia bark that is believed to be up to 1000 times more potent than vitamin E with regard to its antioxidant properties. Since 100 A.D., Magnolia bark is used by ancient Chinese in the treatment of a plethora of medical conditions including gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, and body pains. Recent research found that honokiol is mainly responsible for the diverse health benefits of Magnolia bark.

How Honokiol Works

Honokiol exerts its antioxidant properties by blocking reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage and cell death. This effect can help protect against various types of diseases related to free radicals.

Chemical Structure of Honokiol

DHH-B-(Honokiol)

Research on Honokiol

A. Wards Off Depression

Honokiol can stimulate the production of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, which has an effect on mood stabilization. This produces a relaxing and calming effect that can help fight symptoms of depression. Numerous studies support this potent antidepressant effect of honokiol:

  1. In mice, administration of honokiol for 1-2 weeks resulted in reduced depressive-like symptoms and improved the levels of serotonin and noradrenaline – both of these brain chemicals are the main ingredients in antidepressant drugs. [1]
  2. In stressed rodents, honokiol administration at 20 and 40 mg/kg significantly reduced chronic mild stress. [2-5]
  3. In a mouse model of depression, honokiol administration exerted an antidepressant effect as evidenced by an improvement in mice behavior in a series of tests assessing depression. [6]
  4. When combined with magnolol (another chemical in Magnolia bark) and ginger oil, honokiol produced synergistic antidepressant-like effects. [7-8]

B. Fights Anxiety

Aside from its antidepressant effects, honokiol has also been shown to fight anxiety by affecting the levels of certain brain chemicals:

  1. Studies show that honokiol has the ability to reduce anxiety with fewer side effects than diazepam, an anti-anxiety drug. [9]
  2. Studies also show that honokiol exerts its anti-anxiety effect by increasing the levels of gamma butyric acid (GABA). [10-13]

C. Improves Dental Health

Evidence suggests that honokiol can help fight tooth decay and oral infection:

  1. A cell study showed that honokiol has potent antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Streptococcus mutans, which is responsible for plaque build-up. [14-15]
  2. In human gingival cells, honokiol appears to exert antibacterial properties against a variety of bacteria that cause periodontitis (gum infection). [16]
  3. A 2019 study published in the Molecules Journal found that honokiol is effective against seven pathogenic fungi. [17]
  4. A 2018 study published in the ACS Infectious Diseases found that honokiol inhibits the growth and reproduction of various oral bacteria. [18]

D. Reduces Blood Sugar Levels

There’s also strong scientific evidence supporting the potential benefits of honokiol in diabetics and those with chronic blood sugar elevation:

  1. In rats with type 2 diabetes, honokiol increased sugar tolerance of cells and insulin levels – both of which led to normal blood sugar levels. [19]
  2. In diabetic mice, honokiol was shown to normalize blood sugar levels by counteracting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (involved in fat formation). [20]
  3. One study found that honokiol reduces blood sugar levels by improving insulin signaling pathways. [21]
  4. One in-vitro study demonstrated that honokiol promotes effective usage of blood sugar in fat cells derived from both humans and mice. [22-23]
  5. In mice with type 2 diabetes, supplementation with a diet rich in honokiol improved insulin resistance, blood sugar and lipid metabolism, and inflammation. [24]
  6. In diabetic mice, oral treatment with 200 mg/kg honokiol for 8 weeks significantly reduced fasting blood sugar. [25]

E. Promotes Weight Loss

When it comes to improving body composition, studies show that honokiol could help achieve a healthier weight by improving different health parameters:

  1. A 2014 study published in the Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity found that honokiol supplementation protects against obesity and insulin resistance caused by a high-fat diet. [26]
  2. In high-fat-fed mice, supplementation with a diet high in honokiol reduced body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose (fat tissue) inflammation. [27]

F. Relieves Pain

Honokiol is a natural remedy for pain. Its pain-relieving properties are backed by high-quality studies:

  1. In a mouse model of inflammatory pain, honokiol alleviated formalin-induced inflammatory pain without motor and cognitive side effects. [28]
  2. In mice injected with glutamate, a substance that causes inflammatory pain, oral supplementation with honokiol reduced pain sensitivity by decreasing the levels of the inflammatory molecules substance P and prostaglandin E2. [29]
  3. A 2018 study published in the Frontiers in Pharmacology found that injection of honokiol in a mouse model of inflammatory pain produced significant pain-relieving effects through inhibition of inflammatory mediators. [30]

G. Fights Cancer

As a potent antioxidant, honokiol may help fight various types of cancer and even lower one’s risk of getting this debilitating disease. There’s an overwhelming body of clinical evidence supporting the anti-cancer properties of honokiol:

  1. A 2013 study published in the Current Molecular Medicine reported that honokiol prevents the communication of cancer cells and the growth and multiplication of tumors by inhibiting the activity of the proteins Nf-kB and STAT3. [31]
  2. In mice with lung cancer, honokiol treatment for 12 days reduced tumor volume by 78%. [32]
  3. In cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer, administration of honokiol inhibited tumor growth by 84-88%. [33]
  4. Exposure of human prostate cancer cells to honokiol resulted in programmed cell death. [34]
  5. A cell study on human colorectal cancer cells found that honokiol treatment led to increased programmed cell death at different tumor sites, thereby preventing the growth and reproduction of tumors. [35]
  6. In mice with gastric cancer and human gastric cancer cells, honokiol administration led to programmed cell death and decreased the production of key molecules involved in the growth and reproduction of tumors. [36]
  7. A cell study involving human pancreatic cancer cells found that honokiol treatment led to programmed cell death and increased the effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. [37]
  8. In ovarian tumor cells, exposure to honokiol induced programmed cell death and inhibited the growth of new blood vessels. [38]
  9. In mice, skin application of honokiol prevented ultraviolet B-induced skin cancer development. [39]
  10. In human breast cancer cells, treatment with honokiol inhibited the activity of cancer cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death. [40]
  11. In human squamous lung cancer cells, honokiol treatment induced programmed cell death. [41]
  12. Studies show that honokiol exerts its anti-cancer properties by inhibiting the protein nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is associated with cancer cell survival. [42-44]
  13. In mice with lung cancer, administration of honokiol increased the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin in suppressing tumor growth. [45-46]
  14. In breast cancer models, honokiol treatment also increased the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug adriamycin in suppressing the progression of the tumor. [47]
  15. A cell study also found that honokiol inhibits breast cancer cell migration by targeting nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-2. [48]
  16. A cell study assessing the effects of honokiol on breast cancer cells found that the treatment suppresses the growth of malignant cells via programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest. [49]
  17. In mice with prostate cancer, honokiol administration inhibited the growth of cancer cells and reduced the levels of the prostate cancer marker prostate-specific antigen (PSA). [50]
  18. In a human colorectal cancer cell line, honokiol induced programmed cell death in a dose-dependent manner. [51]
  19. In human gastric cancer cells, treatment with honokiol reduced tumor size by causing programmed cell death. [52]
  20. In a rat model of brain cancer, honokiol injection given twice per week for 3 weeks significantly reduced tumor volume. [53]
  21. A cell study also demonstrated the inhibitory effects of honokiol on the growth and proliferation of oral cancer cells. [54]
  22. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), honokiol induced programmed cell death of cancer cells at doses of 3.3 to 7.4 micromol/L. [55]
  23. Studies have also shown that honokiol is effective against various leukemia cell lines. [56-58]
  24. Honokiol treatment of tumor cells collected from patients with multiple myeloma enhanced cell cytotoxicity and programmed cell death induced by the anti-cancer drug bortezomib. [59]
  25. When administered along with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, honokiol increased the drug efficacy. [60-61]
  26. In human chondrosarcoma cells (bone cancer involving cartilage cells), administration of honokiol reduced tumor volume by 53%. [62]
  27. In human fibrosarcoma cells (cancer of the connective tissue), honokiol inhibited the migration of cancer cells. [63]
  28. In human liver cancer cells, honokiol administration significantly reduced the growth and multiplication of malignant cells. [64]

H. Improves Cognitive Health

Studies show that honokiol also has cognitive-boosting effects that may be beneficial in age-related cognitive dysfunction and medical conditions that cause cognitive impairments:

  1. A 2013 study published in Frontiers in Neurology found that honokiol protects the central and peripheral nervous systems from various forms of nerve damage. [65]
  2. Studies show that honokiol exerts its beneficial effects on nerve tissues of the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. [66-67]
  3. In rats, honokiol administration improved performance on learning and memory tests and protected against brain damage caused by inadequate blood flow. [68-69]
  4. Cell studies found that honokiol improves cognitive function by promoting healthy connections among nerve cells. [70-72]
  5. In mice, honokiol administration preserved enzymatic mitochondrial function in the brain by protecting against oxidative stress. [73]
  6. Honokiol also suppressed nerve damage induced by a stroke in mice. [74]
  7. In rats, honokiol protected against brain injury induced by a low blood supply. [75-76]
  8. One study found that honokiol inhibits the inflammatory reaction during stroke, thus preventing further brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. [77]
  9. Studies also show that honokiol may inhibit the repetitive firing of neurons by blocking glutamate, which helps restore communication between nerve cells of the brain. [78-79]
  10. In aged rats, oral honokiol administration at 1 mg/kg prevented age-related memory and learning deficits. [80]
  11. A cell study found that honokiol protects against Alzheimer’s disease by significantly decreasing β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced nerve cell death in the brain. [81]
  12. In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, administration of a honokiol-containing extract of Magnolia officinalis prevented lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory deficiency by reducing inflammation and β-amyloid levels. [82-83]
  13. In mice with scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits, honokiol administration significantly reduced related cognitive impairments. [84]

I. Improves Sleep Quality

Researchers also suggest that honokiol may help fight insomnia and other sleeping problems by affecting the stages of sleep:

  1. In mice, honokiol administration promoted non-rapid eye movement (dreamless sleep) episodes by increasing the production of GABA in the brain. [85-86]
  2. In menopausal women, administration of magnolia extract containing honokiol improved sleeping patterns. [87]

J. Improves Blood Pressure

Evidence also suggests that honokiol possesses mechanisms similar to that of blood pressure-lowering medications:

  1. A study found that honokiol has the ability to regulate blood pressure by controlling the levels of nitric oxide, a substance that widens blood vessels. [48]
  2. In hypertensive rats, honokiol reduced blood pressure by causing the blood vessels to dilate or widen. [88]

Associated Side Effects of Honokiol

Honokiol side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with its use wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on honokiol. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of honokiol. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with honokiol even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with honokiol may include the following:

  • Diarrhea
  • Drowsiness
  • Dry mouth
  • Gas
  • Headaches
  • Insomnia
  • Sleepiness

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  70. Esumi T, Makado G, Zhai H, Shimizu Y, Mitsumoto Y, Fukuyama Y. Efficient synthesis and structure-activity relationship of honokiol, a neurotrophic biphenyl-type neolignan. Bioorg Med ChemLett (2004) 14(10):2621–5.
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Cannabidiol

Overall Health Benefits of Cannabidiol

  1. Improves sleep quality [1-18]
  2. Relieves pain [19-60]
  3. Fights anxiety [61-76]
  4. Treats seizures [77-125]
  5. Treats inflammatory conditions [126-166]
  6. Combats cancer [167-201]
  7. Improves cognitive function [202-247]
  8. Treats migraines [248-259]
  9. Wards off depression [76] [88-90] [218] [260-263]
  10. Improves cardiovascular health [264-276]
  11. Improves blood sugar levels [277-283]
  12. Treats neurodegenerative diseases [140-151] [245] [284-387]
  13. Treats nausea and vomiting [388-402]

What is Cannabidiol?

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the 113identified chemical compounds called “cannabinoids” found in the Cannabis sativa plant, commonly known as marijuana or hemp. CBD accounts for up to 40% of marijuana’s extract. This cannabinoid has potent medicinal properties and is used for the treatment of mood disorders, movement disorders, cognitive dysfunction, and pain. People who want to reap the full health benefits of CBD can take it via inhalation of marijuana smoke or vapor and as an aerosol spray. In addition, it is available in the form of CBD oil, capsules, or as a liquid solution.

How Cannabidiol Works

The human body has “cannabinoid receptors” referred to as CB1 and CB2 that play specific roles in a wide array of physiological processes including appetite control, pain perception, memory recall, and mood enhancement. In order for CB1 and CB2 to exert their effects, CBD must activate these receptors first by binding to them.

Chemical Structure of Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Research on Cannabidiol

A. Improves Sleep Quality

For people with sleeping difficulties due to stress or certain medical conditions, CBD may offer a long-term solution. A growing body of evidence suggests that this potent cannabinoid has beneficial effects on sleep quality:

  1. In patients with sleeping difficulties due to rheumatoid arthritis-induced pain, administration of CBD by oromucosal spray in the evening for 5 weeks significantly improved the quality of sleep. [1]
  2. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, CBD decreased symptoms and improved quality of life. [2-3]
  3. A 2019 study published in Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology found that CBD can improve sleep quality and decrease sleep disturbances. [4]
  4. In adult patients with anxiety-related sleeping problems, CBD treatment improved sleep scores within the first month. [5]
  5. In patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), CBD efficiently blocked anxiety-induced suppression of rapid eye movement or REM (deepest stage of sleep). [6]
  6. In adult male Wistar rats, subjects treated with 10 and 40 mg/kg of CBD had significant increases in the total percentage of sleep. [7]
  7. In people with insomnia, high-dose oral CBD (150-600 mg/d) improved sleep quality. [8]
  8. In patients with anxiety-related disorders, CBD administration as an adjunct to usual treatment improved sleep scores. [9-13]
  9. In healthy subjects, CBD administration is associated with normal sleep. [14]
  10. In healthy volunteers with a regular sleep cycle, administration of CBD at a dose of 600 mg induced sedative effects. [15]
  11. In patients with sleeping difficulties due to Parkinson’s disease, CBD improved rapid eye movement sleep behavior. [16]
  12. In patients with insomnia, acute use of CBD at a dose of 160 mg/day increased total sleep time and reduced frequent awakenings. [17]
  13. A 2014 study published in Current Neuropharmacology found that CBD has wake-inducing properties. [18]

B. Relieves Pain

Studies show that for people with painful conditions, CBD may provide beneficial effects through its pain-relieving properties:

  1. Preclinical studies have shown that CBD blocks pain signals in various acute and chronic pain models by reducing neuro-inflammatory mechanisms via stimulation of CB1 and CB2 receptors. [19-25]
  2. Data from clinical trials have suggested that CBD is effective for the management of chronic neuropathic pain of different origins. [26-29]
  3. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis (spine arthritis), CBD treatment reduced persistent pain. [30]
  4. In a rat model of arthritis, skin application of CBD reduced inflammation and pain-related behaviors. [31]
  5. A 2018 study published in the Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research reported that CBD users had lesser pain. [32]
  6. In a rat model of chronic muscle pain disorder, local intramuscular CBD injection reduced pain-related behaviors. [33]
  7. In patients with cancer-related pain, CBD treatment at a dose of 25 mg resulted in significant pain relief without serious side effects. [34-37]
  8. In opioid-resistant patients with pain associated with multiple sclerosis, administration of CBD spray dramatically reduced pain. [38-40]
  9. In patients with chronic pain conditions that are not related to malignant diseases, CBD demonstrated effective pain relief. [41-58]
  10. In a rat model of neuropathic pain, intravenous injection of CBD reduced pain and anxiety. [59]
  11. In cancer patients, CBD inhibited neuropathic pain associated with the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel. [60]

C. Fights Anxiety

Several clinical trials have also shown that CBD has potent anti-anxiety effects:

  1. A 2015 study published in the Journal of Neurotherapeutics found that CBD has considerable potential as a treatment for multiple anxiety disorders. [61]
  2. A 2019 study published in the Journal of Neurotoxicology found that CBD can effectively treat anxiety related to psychiatric disorders. [62]
  3. In teenagers with social anxiety disorders, repeated CBD treatment at a dose of 300 mg daily for 4 weeks decreased anxiety. [63]
  4. In patients with generalized social anxiety disorder, CBD exerted its anti-anxiety effect by increasing blood flow to the brain and boosting the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter (brain chemical) that regulates mood. [64]
  5. Administration of CBD at a dose of 400 mg in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder significantly decreased subjective anxiety. [65]
  6. In normal volunteers, CBD blocked the anxiety provoked by delta 9-THC. [66]
  7. In healthy male subjects, oral CBD administration reduced anxiety during a simulated public speaking test. [67]
  8. In patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, administration of CBD oil resulted in a maintained decrease in anxiety. [68-76]

D. Treats Seizures

Seizures can be debilitating and may dramatically affect one’s quality of life. Interestingly, an overwhelming body of clinical studies found that CBD has strong anti-seizure properties:

  1. In epileptic patients, CBD administration at a dose of 200-300 mg daily for 4 ½ months significantly prevented convulsive crises. [77]
  2. A 2019 study published in the Journal of Moleculesfound that CBD can be a safe therapeutic option for patients who are resistant to all conventional anti-epileptic drugs. [78]
  3. A 2017 study published in the Journal of Epilepsy Research found that CBD treatment is associated with improved seizure outcomes in patients with epilepsy.[79]
  4. In patients with recurrent seizures associated with Dravet syndrome (DS) and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), CBD administration resulted in a greater reduction in seizure frequency. [80-83]
  5. Studies found that CBD helps control seizures by affecting certain signaling pathways in the brain. [84-93]
  6. A phase 1/2 clinical trial found that administration of CBD oral solution in subjects with drug-resistant forms of epilepsy resulted in significant improvement in daily seizure activity. [94]
  7. A phase 2, multi-center clinical trial found that oral CBD solution administration in children with infantile spasms resulted in complete resolution of spasms after 14 days of treatment. [95]
  8. In children and adolescents with epilepsy, administration of various doses of CBD (< 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight) reduced seizure attacks. [96-101]
  9. A 2018 study published in Frontiers in Neurology found that CBD-rich extracts had a better therapeutic profile than purified CBD. [102]
  10. A 2017 study published in the Journal of Epilepsy Research found that CBD at doses of 2–5 mg/kg/day is effective in treating intractable childhood and adolescent epilepsy. [103-106]
  11. A 2018 analysis of several studies on CBD found that the treatment has a high level of efficacy in reducing seizure frequency. [107]
  12. In patients with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), CBD treatment reduced seizure frequency. [108]
  13. In cocaine users, CBD administration reduced cocaine-induced seizures. [109]
  14. In various animal seizure and epilepsy models, CBD administration resulted in a significant reduction in seizure frequency. [110-120]
  15. In patients with seizures induced by different neuropsychiatric disorders, CBD administration significantly reduced the frequency of attacks. [121-125]

E. Treats Inflammatory Conditions

Evidence also suggests that CBD can treat unpleasant symptoms and improve the quality of life of people with a wide array of inflammatory conditions:

  1. Studies show that CBD reduces inflammation through its potent antioxidant properties. [126-136]
  2. In patients with ulcerative colitis, CBD administration reduced intestinal inflammation. [137]
  3. In a viral model of multiple sclerosis, CBD protected against the deleterious effects of inflammation. [138]
  4. A 2011 study published in the Free Radical Biology and Medicine found that CBD exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by reducing oxidative stress. [139]
  5. In a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease, CBD reduced amyloid beta-induced nerve inflammation. [140-151]
  6. In the mouse brain, CBD reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular changes and inflammation. [152]
  7. In mice with inflammation of the inner lining of the colon (colitis), CBD administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg reduced inflammation and also lowered the occurrence of functional disturbances. [153]
  8. In male Wistar rats with osteoarthritis, prophylactic CBD treatment prevented the development of joint pain and nerve damage. [154]
  9. In a rat model of arthritis, CBD administration protected joints against severe damage and blocked inflammatory mediators. [31] [155-156]
  10. Studies suggest that the anti-arthritic potency of CBD is due to its ability to reduce TNF in the synovium (inner lining of the joints) and reactive oxygen species. [157-158]
  11. A study found that injection of CBD in rats reduced swelling and sensitivity to pain. [159-161]
  12. A cell study found that human skin cells treated with CBD had significantly lower levels of inflammatory substances. [162]
  13. In a mouse model of autoimmune hepatitis, CBD administration reduced acute inflammation in the liver. [163]
  14. In mice with acute pancreatitis, CBD significantly improved the pathological changes and decreased the levels of inflammatory substances. [164]
  15. A cell study found that CBD treatment reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines and protected against inflammatory stimuli and oxidative injury. [165]
  16. A study also found that CBD is safe and effective for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. [166]

F. Combats Cancer

As a potent antioxidant, CBD has the ability to combat malignant cells and reduce one’s risk for different types of cancer. The anti-cancer properties of CBD are backed by an overwhelming body of clinical studies:

  1. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), treatment with CBD inhibited angiogenesis, a process involving the formation of new blood vessels and related to cancer. [167]
  2. In human glioma cells (which comprise malignant brain tumors), CBD inhibited the migration and multiplication of these cells, demonstrating its ability to limit tumor invasion. [168-177]
  3. In neuroblastoma (cancer of the nerve tissue), CBD treatment reduced the viability and invasiveness of malignant cells. [178]
  4. In multiple myeloma cell lines (cancer of the bone marrow), CBD strongly inhibited growth, arrested cell cycle progression, and induced cell death. [179]
  5. In astrocytomas (brain tumors), CBD treatment resulted in programmed cell death or apoptosis. [180]
  6. In breast cancer cells, CBD reduced tumor aggressiveness via inhibition of the Id-1 gene and induction of apoptosis. [181-185]
  7. A 2013 study published in the British Journal of Pharmacology found that CBD exerts its anti-cancer effect by affecting different steps of tumor formation. [186]
  8. In human cervical and lung cancer cell lines, CBD decreased tumor invasiveness. [187]
  9. In a model of Kaposi sarcoma (cancer of the lymph nodes), CBD induced apoptosis and prevented the proliferation of cancer cells. [188]
  10. In colorectal carcinoma cell lines, CBD reduced cancer cell proliferation by protecting DNA from oxidative damage. [189]
  11. In human lung cancer cells, CBD treatment resulted in tumor regression. [190-1193]
  12. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, treatment with CBD induced apoptosis. [194-195]
  13. In leukemic cell lines, treatment with CBD induced apoptosis by acting on CB2 receptors. [196-198]
  14. In a rat model of thyroid cancer, CBD exerted anti-proliferative effects. [199]
  15. In a rat model of thymus gland cancer, CBD induced apoptosis. [200-201]

G. Improves Cognitive Function

A number of high-quality studies suggest that administration of CBD can lead to the progression of motor, social and developmental skills in the elderly and those with cognitive impairment associated with different brain conditions:

  1. In regular cannabis users, prolonged CBD administration resulted in significant improvements in attentional switching, verbal learning, and memory.[202]
  2. In adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy, long-term CBD treatment improved cognitive test performance. [203]
  3. In patients with schizophrenia, a mental health disorder characterized by impairment in thought process and withdrawal from reality, CBD treatment improved cognitive function and decreased symptoms. [204-208]
  4. Studies show that CBD improves cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain. [209-213]
  5. Recent studies also show that CBD improves cognitive function by protecting nerve cells or neurons in the brain against different types of injury or damage. [214-217]
  6. Studies show that CBD protects the brain by preventing the formation of amyloid plaques (abnormal proteins) and reducing the levels of proinflammatory mediators. [218-219]
  7. A study found that CBD protects the brain against stroke-induced injury. [220]
  8. A cell study found that CBD protected neurons against the neurodegenerative process. [221]
  9. A cell study also found that CBD protects brain cells against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity. [222]
  10. Several studies found that CBD enhances signal transmission between brain neurons. [223-226]
  11. In a rat model of obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCD), CBD administration decreased repetitive behaviors. [227-232]
  12. In healthy volunteers, CBD inhibited tetrahydrocannabinol-induced anxiety and psychotic-like symptoms such as disconnected thoughts, depersonalization, perceptual disturbance, and resistance to communication. [233-237]
  13. In rats, CBD administration protected brain nerve cells against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. [238-239]
  14. In a rat model of heroin addiction, CBD administration at a dose of 5–20 mg/kg reduced heroin-seeking behaviors. [240]
  15. In rats with brain inflammation due to infection, prolonged CBD treatment at a dose of 10mg/kg prevented memory impairment. [241]
  16. In mice with hepatic encephalopathy, a brain impairment caused by severe liver disease, CBD treatment resulted in the normalization of brain function. [242]
  17. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, CBD improved scores in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Parkinson Psychosis Questionnaire and improved quality of life. [243-244]
  18. In a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, CBD reduced the production of amyloid beta (a hallmark of the disease). [245]
  19. In newborn rats with brain injury caused by low oxygen levels, CBD treatment reduced long-term brain injury and restored neurobehavioral function. [246]
  20. In pigs with brain injury, CBD reversed brain damage via modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. [247]

H. Treats Migraines

Studies show that the pain-relieving properties of CBD can also be beneficial in people with migraines:

  1. A 2018 study published in the Frontiers in Pharmacology found that CBD exerts its pain-relieving effect by blocking pain receptors in the brain. [248]
  2. Studies also show that CBD can inhibit the pathophysiological mechanism of headaches. [249-254]
  3. A 2018 study published in the Journal of Headache found that CBD’s pain-relieving effect can be on par with opioids but with lesser side effects. [255]
  4. A 2008 study published in the Journal of Dovepress found that CBD can be beneficial in patients with difficult-to-treat migraine pain. [256]
  5. In patients with chronic migraines, CBD administration is associated with decreased use of opioids and other painkillers. [257-258]
  6. In adult patients, CBD use is associated with decreased frequency of migraine headaches. [259]

I. Wards off Depression

Aside from its anti-anxiety effects, CBD also has antidepressant properties. Evidence suggests that CBD can improve the mood and overall quality of life of people with major depression:

  1. In patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, CBD treatment decreased depressive symptoms. [76]
  2. In patients with depression associated with epilepsy, CBD administration improved quality of life and decreased symptoms. [88-90]
  3. A study found that CBD helps treat depression by regulating motivation, eating, sleeping, and energy levels. [218]
  4. A 2018 study published in the Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry found that CBD exerts its antidepressant-like effect by increasing the hormone serotonin. [260]
  5. A 2019 study published in the Molecular Neurobiologyfound that CBD induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). [261-262]
  6. In a rat model of depression, oral administration of CBD at 30 mg/kg reduced depressive-like behaviors. [263]

J. Improves Cardiovascular Health

There’s also increasing evidence suggesting that CBD can improve heart health through various important mechanisms:

  1. Several studies suggest that CBD improves cardiovascular health through its vasodilatory effects (widens blood vessels of the heart). [264-266]
  2. In a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion injury(inadequate blood flow), CBD decreased the size of myocardial infarct (dead heart tissue). [267]
  3. In an animal model of diabetes, CBD reduced dysfunction and inflammation of the heart muscle. [268]
  4. In human coronary artery cells, treatment with CBD prevented inflammatory and oxidative stress damage due to high blood sugar levels. [269]
  5. A 2017 study published in JCI Insight found that CBD reduces the risk of heart disease by lowering blood pressure. [270]
  6. In a mouse model of type I diabetic cardiomyopathy, CBD prevented cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, scarring, and inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways in the heart. [271]
  7. In male Sprague-Dawley rats with coronary artery occlusion, CBD prevented abnormal heart rhythm and tissue death. [272]
  8. In mice with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, CBD improved heart function and enhanced tissue regeneration. [273]
  9. In an animal model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, CBD improved the survival of heart cells. [274]
  10. A 2019 study published in the Current Pharmaceutical Design found that CBD can help treat heart injuries by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. [275]
  11. In an animal model of myocardial infarction, CBD reduced infarct size and ameliorate reductions in left ventricular function. [276]

K. Improves Blood Sugar Levels

A number of high-quality studies show that CBD has a potent anti-diabetic effect and it can be beneficial in people with chronic elevations in blood sugar levels:

  1. In patients with type 2 diabetes, CBD administration at 100 mg twice daily significantly decreased fasting blood sugar levels. [277]
  2. In diabetic men and women, CBD use is associated with lower blood sugar levels. [278]
  3. In young non-obese diabetes-prone (NOD) female mice, CBD treatment significantly reduced the risk of diabetes. [279]
  4. In non-obese diabetic mice, CBD significantly lowered the incidence of diabetes by inhibiting and delaying destructive insulitis and inflammatory Th1-associated cytokine production. [280]
  5. In non-obese diabetic mice, daily injection of CBD at a dose of 5 mg/kg five times weekly for ten weeks improved blood sugar levels by reducing pancreatic inflammation. [281]
  6. In middle-aged rats, CBD administration at 10 mg/kg once a day for 30 days reduced blood sugar levels by treating neuroinflammation. [282-283]

L. Treats Neurodegenerative Diseases

There’s also a good deal of evidence supporting the healing properties of CBD making it a therapeutic option for people with neurodegenerative diseases:

  1. In patients and animal models with Alzheimer’s disease, CBD treats the condition by reducing amyloid beta-induced nerve inflammation and high levels of oxidative stress. [140-151][245] [284-302]
  2. In patients and animal models with Parkinson’s disease, CBD administration significantly reduced debilitating symptoms such as tremors, muscular spasms, abnormal posture, and other movement disorders. [303-329]
  3. In patients and animal models with Huntington’s disease (characterized by uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and cognitive dysfunction), CBD administration prevented degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, resulting in significant improvement of symptoms. [330-350]
  4. In patients and animal models with Tourette syndrome, a disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics, CBD treatment significantly reduced uncontrolled movements and vocal sounds. [351-358]
  5. In patients and animal models with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons in the brain and the spinal cord, CBD administration exhibited neuroprotective effects via prolongation of neuronal cell survival, resulting in significant improvement in motor function. [359-368]
  6. In patients and animal models with multiple sclerosis, a potentially disabling disease that disrupts the flow of information within the brain and spinal cord, CBD administration reduced inflammatory response, delayed disease progression, and improved survival rate. [369-386]
  7. In an animal model of lesion-induced intervertebral disc degeneration, CBD significantly reduced the effects of disc injury induced by the needle puncture. [387]

M. Treats Nausea and Vomiting

Emerging evidence suggests that CBD can help alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting:

  1. In patients undergoing chemotherapy, CBD administration significantly reduced the incidence of nausea and vomiting. [388-393]
  2. In animal models, CBD exhibited significantly greater potency at inhibiting vomiting. [394-395]
  3. In animals with toxin-induced vomiting, low doses of CBD have been found to exert an anti-emetic effect (suppresses vomiting response) compared with higher doses. [396-397]
  4. In an animal model of anticipatory nausea and vomiting, CBD displayed a superior anti-emetic effect than ondansetron. [398]
  5. Studies show that CBD exerts its anti-emetic effect via indirect activation of somatodendritic 5-HT(1A) receptors in the brain. [399-402]

Associated Side Effects of Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on cannabidiol. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of cannabidiol. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with cannabidiol even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with cannabidiol may include the following:

  • Dry mouth
  • Diarrhea
  • Reduced appetite
  • Drowsiness
  • Fatigue

References

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  3. Chagas MH, Eckeli AL, Zuardi AW, et al. Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson’s disease patients: a case series. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014;39(5):564-6.
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  8. Zhornitsky S, Potvin S. Cannabidiol in humans—the quest for therapeutic targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012 May 21;5(5):529–52. doi: 10.3390/ph5050529.
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  10. Zuardi AW, Rodrigues NP, Silva AL, et al. Inverted U-shaped dose-response curve of the anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol during public speaking in real life. Front Pharmacol. 2017 May 11;8:259. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00259.
  11. Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, et al. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 May;36(6):1219–26. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.6.
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  379. Freeman RM., Adekanmi O., Waterfield MR., Waterfield AE., Wright D., Zajicek J. The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMSLUTS). Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006;17:636–641.
  380. Vaney C., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M., Jobin P., et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Mult Scler. 2004;10:417–424.
  381. Wade DT., Makela P., Robson P., House H., Bateman C. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Mult Scler. 2004;10:434–441.
  382. Wade DT., Makela PM., House H., Bateman C., Robson P. Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2006;12:639–645.
  383. Zajicek J., Fox P., Sanders H., et al. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:1517–1526.
  384. Zajicek JP., Sanders HP., Wright DE., et al. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1664–1669.
  385. BifuIco M., Laezza C., Malfitano AM. From anecdotal evidence of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis to emerging new therapeutical approaches. Mult Scler. 2007;13:133–134.
  386. Mestre L., Correa F., Docagne F., et al. Cannabinoid system and neuroinflammation: therapeutic perspectives in multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol. 2006;43:541–548.
  387. Silveira JW, Issy AC, Castania VA, et al. Protective effects of cannabidiol on lesion-induced intervertebral disc degeneration. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e113161.
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  389. Mersiades AJ, Tognela A, Haber PS, et al. Oral cannabinoid-rich THC/CBD cannabis extract for secondary prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a study protocol for a pilot and definitive randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial (CannabisCINV). BMJ Open. 2018;8(9):e020745.
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Choline

Choline bitartrate is a form of the nutrient choline, which is one of the B-complex vitamins naturally produced in the liver. Choline is present in various food groups including liver meat, muscle meat, wheat germ, fish, beans, nuts, spinach, peas, and eggs. Choline bitartrate is the combination of choline and a salt of tartaric acid. It has better absorption rate and is more potent than pure choline.

Overall Health Benefits

  • Boosts cognitive function [1-9]
  • Detoxifies the liver and prevents liver disease [10-11]
  • Helps lose weight [12]
  • Maintains a healthy pregnancy [13-18]
  • Helps stabilize mood [19-20]
  • Fights inflammation [21-24]
  • Prevents cancer [25-27]

Proven Health Benefits

Boosts Cognitive Function

Studies suggest that choline is an essential brain nutrient:

  1. A study showed that chronic choline supplementation can improve behavioral, oxidative, and neurochemical outcomes. [1]
  2. In adults, dietary intake of choline positively influenced cognitive function. [2]
  3. In men, choline supplementation lowered the risk of dementia. [3]
  4. In older people, higher intake of choline resulted in better cognitive performance. [4]
  5. In mice models, choline supplementation reduced the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). [5]
  6. A study showed that choline can help improve cognitive impairment. [6]
  7. In a study assessing the effects of choline on brain function, choline supplementation was found to improve cognitive performance. [7]
  8. A review of multiple studies showed that choline supplementation ameliorated specific behavioral, neurological, and cognitive deficits caused by fetal alcohol exposure. [8]
  9. In patients with AD, choline supplementation treated the cognitive symptoms of dementia disorder. [9

Prevents Liver Disease

Choline has also been found to be essential for liver health:

  1. A study showed that intake of dietary choline can help prevent liver dysfunction. [10]
  2. A study reported that higher intake of choline was associated with a lower risk of liver cancer. [11]
  3. A study also found that dietary choline supplementation attenuated high-fat diet-induced liver inflammation. [12]
  4. A mice study also found that dietary choline supplementation attenuated high-fat diet-induced liver cancer. [13]

Helps Lose Weight

Studies suggest that choline can help prevent obesity:

  1. In adults, high intakes of dietary choline produced favorable body composition. [14]
  2. In female athletes, choline supplementation rapidly reduced body mass without any side effects. [15]
  3. In rats, choline supplementation decreased body fat and food intake. [16]

Maintains a Healthy Pregnancy

Evidence shows that choline is an essential nutrient in pregnancy:

  1. In pregnant women, sufficient intake of dietary choline resulted in optimal fetal outcomes. [17]
  2. In pregnant women entering their third trimester, choline supplementation improved infant’s information processing speed. [18]
  3. A study showed that higher choline supplementation can help improve the infant’s early behavioral development. [19]
  4. A study showed that choline and DHA deficiency could harm maternal and infant health. [20]
  5. A study showed that prenatal dietary supplementation of choline decreased the risk of mental illness. [21]
  6. In mid-pregnancy women, high dose of choline was associated with better infant health. [22]

Helps Stabilize Mood

Choline has also been found to possess mood-stabilizing properties:

  1. In adult female rats, dietary choline supplementation protected against stress and depression. [23]
  2. A study showed that small portion of dietary choline is metabolized to form acetycholine which is responsible for memory and mood. [24]

Fights Pain and Inflammation

Studies also show that choline has pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties:

  1. In a mouse model of postoperative pain, choline supplementation decreased pain. [25]
  2. In patients with asthma, choline therapy improved symptoms by suppressing oxidative stress. [26]
  3. A study showed that choline reduced the regular dose of aspirin in an animal model of inflammatory pain. [27]
  4. In diabetic patients, choline supplementation reduced the levels of inflammatory substances. [28]

Prevents Cancer

Evidence also suggests that choline has anti-cancer properties:

  1. In an analysis of multiple studies, choline supplementation lowered cancer incidence. [25]
  2. A study showed that choline can help lower the incidence of breast cancer. [29]
  3. High intake of choline has been found to lower the risk of colorectal cancer. [30]

References:

  1. Tabassum S, Haider S, Ahmad S, Madiha S, Parveen T. Chronic choline supplementation improves cognitive and motor performance via modulating oxidative and neurochemical status in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2017 Aug;159:90-99. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.05.011. Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28642069.
  2. Blusztajn JK, Slack BE, Mellott TJ. Neuroprotective Actions of Dietary Choline. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):815. Published 2017 Jul 28. doi:10.3390/nu9080815.
  3. Maija P T Ylilauri, Sari Voutilainen, Eija Lönnroos, Heli E K Virtanen, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Jukka T Salonen, Jyrki K Virtanen, Associations of dietary choline intake with risk of incident dementia and with cognitive performance: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 110, Issue 6, December 2019, Pages 1416–1423, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz148.
  4. Poly C, Massaro JM, Seshadri S, Wolf PA, Cho E, Krall E, Jacques PF, Au R. The relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec;94(6):1584-91. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.008938. Epub 2011 Nov 9. PMID: 22071706; PMCID: PMC3252552.
  5. Velazquez R, Ferreira E, Knowles S, Fux C, Rodin A, Winslow W, Oddo S. Lifelong choline supplementation ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease pathology and associated cognitive deficits by attenuating microglia activation. Aging Cell. 2019 Dec;18(6):e13037. doi: 10.1111/acel.13037. Epub 2019 Sep 27. PMID: 31560162; PMCID: PMC6826123.
  6. Gareri P, Castagna A, Cotroneo AM, Putignano S, De Sarro G, Bruni AC. The role of citicoline in cognitive impairment: pharmacological characteristics, possible advantages, and doubts for an old drug with new perspectives [published correction appears in Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1625]. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1421-1429. Published 2015 Sep 3. doi:10.2147/CIA.S87886.
  7. Synoradzki K, Grieb P. Citicoline: A Superior Form of Choline?. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1569. Published 2019 Jul 12. doi:10.3390/nu11071569.
  8. Akison LK, Kuo J, Reid N, Boyd RN, Moritz KM. Effect of Choline Supplementation on Neurological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Offspring Arising from Alcohol Exposure During Development: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018 Sep;42(9):1591-1611. doi: 10.1111/acer.13817. Epub 2018 Jul 13. PMID: 29928762.
  9. De Jesus Moreno Moreno M. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2003 Jan;25(1):178-93. doi: 10.1016/s0149-2918(03)90023-3. PMID: 12637119.
  10. Mehedint MG, Zeisel SH. Choline’s role in maintaining liver function: new evidence for epigenetic mechanisms. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16(3):339-345. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283600d46.
  11. Zhou, Rf., Chen, XL., Zhou, Zg. et al. Higher dietary intakes of choline and betaine are associated with a lower risk of primary liver cancer: a case-control study. Sci Rep 7, 679 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00773-w.
  12. Jin M, Pan T, Tocher DR, et al. Dietary choline supplementation attenuated high-fat diet-induced inflammation through regulation of lipid metabolism and suppression of NFκB activation in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). J Nutr Sci. 2019;8:e38. Published 2019 Nov 22. doi:10.1017/jns.2019.34.
  13. Brown AL, Conrad K, Allende DS, Gromovsky AD, Zhang R, Neumann CK, Owens AP, Tranter M, Helsley RN. Dietary Choline Supplementation Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. J Nutr. 2020 Apr 1;150(4):775-783. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz315. PMID: 31851339.
  14. Gao X, Wang Y, Randell E, et al. Higher Dietary Choline and Betaine Intakes Are Associated with Better Body Composition in the Adult Population of Newfoundland, Canada. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155403. Published 2016 May 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155403.
  15. Elsawy G, Abdelrahman O, Hamza A. Effect of choline supplementation on rapid weight loss and biochemical variables among female taekwondo and judo athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2014;40:77-82. Published 2014 Apr 9. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0009.
  16. Hongu N, Sachan DS. Caffeine, carnitine and choline supplementation of rats decreases body fat and serum leptin concentration as does exercise. J Nutr. 2000 Feb;130(2):152-7. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.2.152. PMID: 10720162.
  17. Zeisel SH. Nutrition in pregnancy: the argument for including a source of choline. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:193-199. Published 2013 Apr 22. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S36610.
  18. Caudill MA, Strupp BJ, Muscalu L, Nevins JEH, Canfield RL. Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study. FASEB J. 2018 Apr;32(4):2172-2180. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700692RR. Epub 2018 Jan 5. PMID: 29217669; PMCID: PMC6988845.
  19. Freedman R, Hunter SK, Law AJ, et al. Maternal choline and respiratory coronavirus effects on fetal brain development. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;128:1-4. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.019.
  20. Mun JG, Legette LL, Ikonte CJ, Mitmesser SH. Choline and DHA in Maternal and Infant Nutrition: Synergistic Implications in Brain and Eye Health. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1125. Published 2019 May 21. doi:10.3390/nu11051125.
  21. Freedman R, Ross RG. Prenatal choline and the development of schizophrenia. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2015;27(2):90-102. doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215006.
  22.  Jacobson SW, Carter RC, Molteno CD, Stanton ME, Herbert JS, Lindinger NM, Lewis CE, Dodge NC, Hoyme HE, Zeisel SH, Meintjes EM, Duggan CP, Jacobson JL. Efficacy of Maternal Choline Supplementation During Pregnancy in Mitigating Adverse Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Growth and Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018 Jul;42(7):1327-1341. doi: 10.1111/acer.13769. Epub 2018 Jun 15. PMID: 29750367; PMCID: PMC6028282.
  23. Glenn MJ, Adams RS, McClurg L. Supplemental dietary choline during development exerts antidepressant-like effects in adult female rats. Brain Res. 2012;1443:52-63. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.018.
  24. Sanders LM, Zeisel SH. Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development. Nutr Today. 2007;42(4):181-186. doi:10.1097/01.NT.0000286155.55343.fa.
  25. Rowley TJ, McKinstry A, Greenidge E, Smith W, Flood P. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of choline in a mouse model of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Aug;105(2):201-7. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeq113. Epub 2010 May 28. PMID: 20511332; PMCID: PMC2903311.
  26. Mehta AK, Singh BP, Arora N, Gaur SN. Choline attenuates immune inflammation and suppresses oxidative stress in patients with asthma. Immunobiology. 2010 Jul;215(7):527-34. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.09.004. Epub 2009 Nov 7. PMID: 19897276.
  27. Wang Y, Su DM, Wang RH, Liu Y, Wang H. Antinociceptive effects of choline against acute and inflammatory pain. Neuroscience. 2005;132(1):49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.026. PMID: 15780465.
  28. Samaneh Rashvand, Majid Mobasseri & Ali Tarighat-Esfanjani (2019) The Effects of Choline and Magnesium Co-Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters, Inflammation, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 38:8, 714-721, DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1599745.
  29. Sun S, Li X, Ren A, et al. Choline and betaine consumption lowers cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Sci Rep. 2016;6:35547. Published 2016 Oct 19. doi:10.1038/srep35547.
  30. Xu X, Gammon MD, Zeisel SH, et al. Choline metabolism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based study. FASEB J. 2008;22(6):2045-2052. doi:10.1096/fj.07-101279.
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XOS

Xylooligosaccharides are prebiotics, a source of food for your gastrointestinal system’s good bacteria. They are produced from the xylan fraction of plant fibers. A large number of clinical trials suggest that XOS can help improve blood sugar levels and your body’s immune function. You can enjoy the health benefits of XOS by taking it in the form of capsules and tablets.

Overall Health Benefits of XOS (Xylooligosaccharides)

  • Improves Blood Sugar Levels [1-10]
  • Prevents Bone Abnormalities [11-13]
  • Boosts Immune Function [14-19]

How XOS (Xylooligosaccharides) Works

Xylooligosaccharides is naturally found in honey, bamboo shoots, fruits, and vegetables. It exerts its health benefits by stimulating the growth of your gut’s good bacteria, reducing cancer-causing enzymes, enhancing absorption of minerals from the large intestine, and boosting immune function.

Proven Health Benefits of XOS (Xylooligosaccharides)

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Evidence suggests that XOS has beneficial effects on blood sugar levels:

  1. In patients with type 2 diabetes, dietary supplementation with XOS for 8 weeks was effective in improving blood sugar and lipid levels. [1]
  2. In both healthy and pre-diabetic adults who received 2g/day of XOS for 8 weeks, a reduction in blood sugar levels was observed. [2]
  3. A study showed that consumption of XOS in combination with insulin can protect against diabetes by suppressing inflammation. [3]
  4. In a rat model of diabetes, oral consumption of XOS reduced blood sugar levels. [4]
  5. In broiler chickens, XOS administration also reduced blood sugar levels. [5]
  6. In Albino rats, administration of yogurt enriched with XOS resulted in significant improvement in mineral absorption and lowered blood sugar levels. [6]
  7. In patients with diabetes, XOS supplementation for 8 weeks reduced HbA1c, a test that measures blood sugar levels. [7]
  8. In pre-diabetic adults, supplementation with XOS reversed the changes in the gut microbiota that are associated with the development of diabetes. [8]
  9. A study showed consuming XOS alone or in combination with insulin resulted in beneficial changes in the intestinal environment, an effect that can help lower blood sugar levels. [9]
  10. In obese insulin-resistant rats, supplementation with XOS reduced blood sugar levels by protecting against oxidative stress and apoptosis (programmed cell death). [10]

Prevents Bone Abnormalities

A convincing number of evidence also found that XOS can help strengthen the skeletal frame:

  1. In male Wistar rats, XOS improved jawbone microarchitecture. [11]
  2. A study showed that XOS increases bone strength during periods of growth. [12]
  3. A study also reported that XOS prevents bone abnormalities and fracture by increasing calcium transport within the bones. [13]

Boosts Immune Function

Studies show that XOS can help strengthen the immune system by protecting various organs in the body:

  1. In mice with chronic kidney disease (CKD), XOS supplementation for 3 weeks significantly reversed kidney injury by decreasing the levels of the toxin p-cresol sulfate. [14]
  2. A study showed that XOS exert can help protect against several ailments by increasing immune system cells. [15]
  3. A study showed that supplementation with XOS can ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by protecting against oxidative stress. [16]
  4. Studies also found that XOS lowers the risk of colon cancer by suppressing the production of cancer-causing enzymes and preventing intestinal inflammation. [17-19]

References:

  1. Sheu WH, Lee IT, Chen W, Chan YC. Effects of xylooligosaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Oct;54(5):396-401. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.54.396. PMID: 19001772.
  2. Yang J, Summanen PH, Henning SM, et al. Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study. Front Physiol. 2015;6:216. Published 2015 Aug 7. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00216.
  3. Lecerf, J., Dépeint, F., Clerc, E., Dugenet, Y., Niamba, C., Rhazi, L., . . . Pouillart, P. (2012). Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(10), 1847-1858. doi:10.1017/S0007114511007252.
  4. Khat‐udomkiri, N, Toejing, P, Sirilun, S, Chaiyasut, C, Lailerd, N. Antihyperglycemic effect of rice husk derived xylooligosaccharides in high‐fat diet and low‐dose streptozotocin‐induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Food Sci Nutr. 2020; 8: 428– 444. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1327.
  5. Available from https://aem.asm.org/content/81/17/5880.
  6. Semee Mumtaz, Salim-ur- Rehman, Nuzhat Huma and Amer Jamil, 2009. Effect of Xylooligosaccharide Enriched Yogurt on Serum Profile in Albino Rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8: 1756-1759.
  7. Sheu WH, Lee IT, Chen W, Chan YC. Effects of xylooligosaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Oct;54(5):396-401. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.54.396. PMID: 19001772.
  8. Yang J, Summanen PH, Henning SM, et al. Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study. Front Physiol. 2015;6:216. Published 2015 Aug 7. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00216.
  9. Lecerf, J., Dépeint, F., Clerc, E., Dugenet, Y., Niamba, C., Rhazi, L., . . . Pouillart, P. (2012). Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(10), 1847-1858. doi:10.1017/S0007114511007252.
  10. Wanchai, K., Yasom, S., Tunapong, W., Chunchai, T., Thiennimitr, P., Chaiyasut, C., Pongchaidecha, A., Chatsudthipong, V., Chattipakorn, S., Chattipakorn, N., & Lungkaphin, A. (2018). Prebiotic prevents impaired kidney and renal Oat3 functions in obese rats, Journal of Endocrinology, 237(1), 29-42. Retrieved Dec 12, 2020, from https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/237/1/JOE-17-0471.xml.
  11. Hsu, Cheng-Kuang, et al. “Xylooligosaccharides and Fructooligosaccharides Affect the Intestinal Microbiota and Precancerous Colonic Lesion Development in Rats.” The Journal of Nutrition,  134, no. 6, 2004, pp. 1523-8.
  12. Whisner CM, Castillo LF. Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(4):443-479. doi:10.1007/s00223-017-0339-3.
  13. Available from https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3542/htm.
  14. Lin SH, Chou LM, Chien YW, Chang JS, Lin CI. Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:5789232. doi:10.1155/2016/5789232.
  15. Jain, Ira & Kumar, Vikash & Satyanarayana, T.. (2015). Xylooligosaccharides: An economical prebiotic from agroresidues and their health benefits. Indian journal of experimental biology. 53. 131-42.
  16. Available from https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3225#cite.
  17. Hsu CK, Liao JW, Chung YC, Hsieh CP, Chan YC. Xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides affect the intestinal microbiota and precancerous colonic lesion development in rats. J Nutr. 2004 Jun;134(6):1523-8. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.6.1523. PMID: 15173423.
  18. Lin SH, Chou LM, Chien YW, Chang JS, Lin CI. Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:5789232. doi:10.1155/2016/5789232.
  19. Fei Y, Wang Y, Pang Y, et al. Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Caused by High Fat Diet Induced Obesity. Front Physiol. 2020;10:1601. Published 2020 Jan 22. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01601.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is one of the most studied and perhaps most important nutrients on the market today. It was the first vitamin discovered, when in 1747 a Scottish naval surgeon named James Lind discovered a nutrient in citrus that could help prevent scurvy among sailors. Since then, thousands of research studies have been conducted on vitamin C, linking it to an ever-expanding list of health-related benefits.

Although required in small quantities like other vitamins, vitamin C is a critical supplement needed by the body in maintaining the functions of vital organs and preventing degenerative diseases.

Overall Health Benefits

  • Lowers risk of heart disease [1-17]
  • Prevents and treats common cold [18-20]
  • Lowers blood pressure [21-24]
  • Helps lose weight [25-33]
  • Accelerates wound healing [34-35]
  • Prevents wrinkles and other signs of skin aging [36-40]
  • Boosts brain power [41-43]
  • Prevents age-related blindness [44-47]
  • Prevents cancer [48-52]

Proven Health Benefits

Lowers Risk of Heart Disease

An overwhelming body of clinical evidence shows that vitamin C is essential for heart health:

  1. In Spanish graduates, higher vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of heart disease. [1]
  2. In female nurses, supplementation with vitamin C lowered the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). [2]
  3. In subjects who were free of CHD, high supplemental vitamin C intakes reduced the risk of CHD. [3]
  4. Several studies found that vitamin C deficiency was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. [4-7]
  5. A number of high quality studies found that vitamin C can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by preventing plaque formation in the heart (atherosclerosis). [8-12]
  6. Studies also show that higher vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of death due to heart disease. [13-15]
  7. In smokers, supplementation with vitamin C prevented the development of heart disease. [16-17]

Prevents and Treats Common Cold

Evidence suggests that the immune-boosting properties of vitamin C can help protect against common cold:

  1. In patients with common cold, daily supplementation with vitamin C reduced the symptoms. [18]
  2. In a test population, vitamin C relieved and prevented cold and flu symptoms. [19]
  3. In a randomized controlled trial, vitamin C supplementation significantly reduced the frequency of common cold. [20]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Vitamin has also been shown to lower high blood pressure:

  1. In hypertensive patients, vitamin C supplementation produced modest effects on reducing systolic blood and diastolic blood pressure.[21]
  2. In older people, higher vitamin C blood levels were associated with a lower blood pressure. [22]
  3. In young women, higher vitamin C levels at a young age were associated with a lower blood pressure. [23]
  4. In patients with hypertension, vitamin C supplementation together with standard therapy lowered blood pressure. [24]

Helps Lose Weight

Studies show that vitamin C can also help promote fat loss:

  1. A study found that vitamin C-depleted individuals were more resistant to fat mass loss. [25]
  2. A study reported that vitamin C can help prevent obesity by increasing feelings of satiety. [26]
  3. Higher vitamin C intake has been shown to reduce body mass index and waist circumference. [27]
  4. In obese adults adhering to a calorie-reduced diet, higher vitamin C reduced body weight by improving exercise capacity. [28]
  5. In obese women, higher vitamin C intake was associated with increased weight reduction. [29]
  6. In obese women, administration of vitamin C reduced fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness. [30]
  7. In young adults, it was found that low vitamin C status was associated with reduced fat loss. [31]
  8. In obese mice, the result showed that vitamin C supplementation prevented weight gain. [32]
  9. In rodents, vitamin C reduced body fat mass by affecting genes associated with obesity. [33]

Accelerates Wound Healing

Vitamin C has also been shown to play an integral role in wound healing:

  1. In wounded test mice, vitamin C supplementation improved wound healing by reducing inflammation. [34]
  2. A study found that combined supplementation of vitamin C with other energy-rich nutritional supplements resulted in faster wound healing. [35]

Prevents Wrinkles and other Signs of Skin Aging

Studies show that the antioxidant properties of vitamin C have anti-aging effects on the skin:

  1. Vitamin C has been shown to protect the skin against sun damage and hyperpigmentation. [36]
  2. In healthy females, skin application of vitamin C increased collagen synthesis. [37]
  3. In adult female volunteers, facial application of vitamin C improved skin color, elasticity, radiance, smoothness, and wrinkle appearance. [38]
  4. In patients with sun-damaged skin, topical application of vitamin C for 12 weeks reduced signs of skin damage. [39]
  5. In adult women, higher vitamin C intake was associated with a reduced appearance of wrinkles. [40]

Boosts Brain Power

Evidence suggests that vitamin C can help prevent cognitive decline associated with ageing and brain disorders:

  1. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model, higher administration of  vitamin C prevented the development of AD-like conditions. [41]
  2. A study showed that vitamin C protected against oxidant stress and played an important role in the normal functioning of nerve cells in the brain. [42]
  3. A study also showed that vitamin C supplementation can help protect brain cells against various types of injury. [43]

Prevents Age-Related Blindness

Studies suggest that vitamin C is also essential for maintaining optimum eye function:

  1. A study showed that vitamin C supplementation prevented the development of cataract. [44]
  2. A study reported that vitamin C can help prevent eye degeneration through its antioxidant effects. [45]
  3. High levels of vitamin C have been shown to reduce the risk of cataract. [46-47]

Prevents Cancer

Studies show that the anti-oxidant properties of vitamin C can help combat various types of cancer:

  1. An analysis of several studies suggested that dietary and supplementary intake of vitamin C can reduce the risk of breast cancer. [48]
  2. A study reported that administration of vitamin C together with chemotherapeutic drugs can effectively kill tumor cells. [49]
  3. A study also found that  increased vitamin C reduced the risk of lung cancer. [50]
  4. A study showed that vitamin C exerts its anti-cancer effects through its antioxidant activities. [51]
  5. Increased vitamin C intake has also been shown to reduce the risk of esophageal cancer. [52]

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Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 or also known as cyanocobalamin, is one of the eight B vitamins in B-complex. B12 helps to keep nerves and blood cells healthy, prevent megaloblastic anemia, and is important in the formation of DNA. The body absorbs this vitamin in two steps. The hydrochloric acid in the stomach separates the vitamin B12 from the food, and then the vitamin is combined with a stomach protein called intrinsic factor so that it can be absorbed properly.

Overall Health Benefits

  • Lowers risk of heart disease [1-10]
  • Lowers blood pressure [11-12]
  • Helps lose weight [13-15]
  • Prevents cancer [16-17]
  • Boosts brain power [18-25]
  • Prevents age-related blindness [26-27]

Difference between Methylcobalamin and Cyanocobalamin

Both methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin are the main forms of vitamin B12. While they are nearly similar in structure, there are major differences between them.

Methylcobalamin is a naturally-occurring form of vitamin B12. It is bioidentical to the vitamin B12 forms that can be found in the body and various food sources. Methylcobalamin occurs in high amounts in organ meats, clams, sardines, beef, tuna, and shellfish. It can also be taken in the form of supplements. In contrast, cyanocobalamin, a synthetic form of vitamin B12 that is commonly used in food fortification, can be found only in supplements.

Another difference between methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin is their absorption or bioavailability. Methylcobalamin has superior bioavailability compared to cyanocobalamin. This means that your body can absorb it better and it can raise your vitamin B12 levels faster.

Proven Health Benefits

Lowers Risk of Heart Disease

Studies suggest that vitamin B12 exerts cardioprotective effects:

  1. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), higher vitamin B12 levels were associated with a lower risk of heart disease. [1]
  2. A study found that low levels of vitamin B12 could lead to the development of CAD. [2]
  3. Studies found that vitamin B12 deficiency was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. [3-9]
  4. In patients who are at high risk for heart disease, vitamin B12 supplementation reduced cardiovascular disease risk by lowering homocysteine concentrations. [10]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Vitamin B12 has also been shown to protect against elevated blood pressure:

  1. In Japanese children, high vitamin B12 intakes resulted in lower blood pressure. [3]
  2. In Chinese rural adults, higher intake of vitamin B12 was associated with a lower risk of hypertension. [11]
  3. In elderly patients, vitamin B12 supplementation reduced blood pressure and arterial stiffness by lowering homocysteine levels. [12]

Helps Lose Weight

A number of studies found that vitamin B12 can help promote fat loss:

  1. In adult U.S citizens, higher vitamin B12 levels were associated with a lower risk of obesity. [13]
  2. In obese children and adolescents, higher intake of vitamin B12 promoted weight loss. [14]
  3. Vitamin B12 supplementation was also found to induce weight loss in obese subjects by lowering homocysteine levels. [15]

Prevents Cancer

Evidence suggests that vitamin B12 also has potent anti-cancer properties:

  1. A study showed that higher vitamin B12 levels can help lower the risk of gastric cancer. [16]
  2. A study also found a link between higher vitamin B12 intake and a lower colorectal cancer risk. [17]

Boosts Brain Power

Vitamin B12 is also essential for brain health according to studies:

  1. A study showed that adequate amounts of vitamin B12 can help maintain optimal brain function. [18]
  2. In a study conducted on aged individuals, a high level of vitamin B12 was found to be associated with an improved brain function. [19]
  3. A study also found that an adequate amount of vitamin B12 can help prevent various cognitive disorders. [20]
  4. Several human and animal studies showed that low vitamin B12 level in the brain was associated with the development of brain disorders. [21-25]

Prevents Age-Related Blindness

Studies also report that vitamin B12 is essential for optimal eye function and prevention of eye disorders

  1. In a clinical trial on adult females, vitamin B12 supplementation lowered the risk of age-related blindness. [26]
  2. A study found that vitamin B12 deficiency was related to poor vision in aging patients. [27]

References:

  1. Mahalle N, Kulkarni MV, Garg MK, Naik SS. Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia as correlates of cardiovascular risk factors in Indian subjects with coronary artery disease. J Cardiol. 2013 Apr;61(4):289-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.11.009. Epub 2013 Mar 6. PMID: 23473764.
  2. Ma Y, Peng D, Liu C, Huang C, Luo J. Serum high concentrations of homocysteine and low levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 are significantly correlated with the categories of coronary artery diseases. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):37. Published 2017 Jan 21. doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0475-8.
  3. Tamai Y, Wada K, Tsuji M, Nakamura K, Sahashi Y, Watanabe K, Yamamoto K, Ando K, Nagata C. Dietary intake of vitamin B12 and folic acid is associated with lower blood pressure in Japanese preschool children. Am J Hypertens. 2011 Nov;24(11):1215-21. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.133. Epub 2011 Aug 4. PMID: 21814291.
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  11. Liu R, Mi B, Zhao Y, Li Q, Yan H, Dang S. Effect of B Vitamins from Diet on Hypertension. Arch Med Res. 2017 Feb;48(2):187-194. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.03.011. PMID: 28625322.
  12. van Dijk SC, Enneman AW, Swart KM, van Wijngaarden JP, Ham AC, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, van der Zwaluw NL, Blom HJ, Feskens EJ, Geleijnse JM, van Schoor NM, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, de Jongh RT, Lips P, de Groot LC, Uitterlinden AG, Smulders YM, van den Meiracker AH, Mattace Raso FU, van der Velde N. Effects of 2-year vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation in hyperhomocysteinemic elderly on arterial stiffness and cardiovascular outcomes within the B-PROOF trial. J Hypertens. 2015 Sep;33(9):1897-906; discussion 1906. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000647. PMID: 26147383.
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  14. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Doron-Panush N, Reichman B, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Shalitin S, Geva-Lerner L. Obese Children and Adolescents: A Risk Group for Low Vitamin B12 Concentration. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(9):933–936. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.9.933.
  15. Dixon, J B., et al. “Elevated Homocysteine Levels With Weight Loss After Lap-Band Surgery: Higher Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels Required to Maintain Homocysteine Level.” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol. 25, no. 2, 2001, pp. 219-27.
  16. Miranti EH, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Weinstein SJ, et al. Low vitamin B12 increases risk of gastric cancer: A prospective study of one-carbon metabolism nutrients and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. Int J Cancer. 2017;141(6):1120-1129. doi:10.1002/ijc.30809.
  17. Sun, N., Huang, X., Wang, S., Li, Y., Wang, L., Wang, H., . . . Wang, Z. (2016). A dose–response meta-analysis reveals an association between vitamin B12 and colorectal cancer risk. Public Health Nutrition, 19(8), 1446-1456. doi:10.1017/S136898001500261X.
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  22. Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wouters HJCM, Heiner-Fokkema MR, van der Klauw MM. The Many Faces of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2019;3(2):200-214. Published 2019 May 27. doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002.
  23. Pavlov CS, Damulin IV, Shulpekova YO, Andreev EA. Neurological disorders in vitamin B12 deficiency. Ter Arkh. 2019 May 16;91(4):122-129. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019.04.000116. PMID: 31094486.
  24. Dubaj C, Czyż K, Furmaga-Jabłońska W. Vitamin B12 deficiency as a cause of severe neurological symptoms in breast fed infant – a case report. Ital J Pediatr. 2020 Mar 30;46(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s13052-020-0804-x. PMID: 32228659; PMCID: PMC7106665.
  25. Available at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146797.
  26. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, Albert CM, Manson JE. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(4):335-341. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.574.
  27. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/srep10585.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6, also called pyridoxine, is one of the eight vitamins in B-complex. Readily available in food as well as dietary supplements, these water-soluble vitamins work together to help the body convert food into energy, among other things. This important nutrient aids in maintaining the sodium and potassium balance, promotes red blood cell production, synthesizes RNA and DNA, and is necessary for the production of hydrochloric acid, a substance in the stomach which is necessary for digestion and absorption of foods and nutrients.

Overall Health Benefits

  • Lowers risk of heart disease [1-4]
  • Boosts immune function [5-6]
  • Lowers blood pressure [7-10]
  • Helps lose weight [11-12]
  • Accelerates wound healing [13]
  • Prevents cancer [14-16]
  • Boosts brain power [17-19]
  • Prevents age-related blindness [20]

Proven Health Benefits

Lowers Risk of Heart Disease

A number of studies suggest that vitamin B6 is essential for maintaining a healthy heart:

  1. In Korean men, higher dietary intake of vitamin B6 was associated with a low cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. [1]
  2. A study showed that higher intake of vitamin B6 resulted in a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). [2]
  3. In women, higher doses of vitamin B6 prevented CHD. [3]
  4. In patients who are at risk for heart disease, higher vitamin B6 intake was associated with a lower risk of heart attack. [4]

Boosts Immune Function

Vitamin B6 has also been shown to strengthen the immune system:

  1. In critically ill patients, high-dose supplementation with vitamin B6 produced better immunity response. [5]
  2. In a mouse model, it was found that vitamin B6 deficiency caused a significant reduction in immune system cells. [6]

Lowers Blood Pressure

The anti-hypertensive effects of vitamin B6 are backed by a number of studies:

  1. In mice, vitamin B6 supplementation prevented elevations in blood pressure. [7]
  2. In various animal models of hypertension, vitamin B6 decreased blood pressure by reducing resistance within the blood vessels. [8]
  3. In rats, administration of vitamin B6 attenuated hypertension. [9-10]

Helps Lose Weight

Studies suggest that vitamin B6 supplementation can help promote weight loss:

  1. In obese women, vitamin B6 supplementation was associated with a better body composition. [11]
  2. A study showed that low vitamin B6 concentrations were present in obese Norwegian patients. [12]

Accelerates Wound Healing

In diabetic mice subjects, vitamin B6 supplementation effectively improved wound healing. [13] This suggests that vitamin B6 can be a therapeutic option for diabetic wounds.

Prevents Cancer

Studies also show that vitamin B6 has anti-cancer properties:

  1. A study showed that vitamin B6 prevented tumor growth. [14]
  2. One study also found that vitamin B6 could potentially lower the risk of cancer. [15]
  3. Higher vitamin B6 intake was also found to be linked with a lower risk of tumor growth. [16]

Boosts Brain Power

A number of studies reported that vitamin B6 is essential for normal cognitive function:

  1. In animal models, higher vitamin B6 intake was associated with a better cognitive function. [17]
  2. A study showed that vitamin B6 administration can help improve cognitive function by repairing nerve damage in the brain. [18]
  3. In Iranian patients with cognitive disorder, higher vitamin B6 intake was associated with decreased brain malfunction. [19]

Prevents Age-Related Blindness

Vitamin B6 can also help improve eye health especially in the elderly population. A study assessing the effects of vitamin B6 intake on adult female health professionals found a lower risk of age-related macular degeneration. [20]

References:

  1. Jeon J, Park K. Dietary Vitamin B6 Intake Associated with a Decreased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1484. Published 2019 Jun 29. doi:10.3390/nu11071484.
  2. Jayedi A, Zargar MS. Intake of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(16):2697-2707. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1511967. Epub 2018 Nov 15. PMID: 30431328.
  3. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Folate and Vitamin B6 From Diet and Supplements in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. JAMA. 1998;279(5):359–364. doi:10.1001/jama.279.5.359.
  4. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/1601960.
  5. Cheng CH, Chang SJ, Lee BJ, Lin KL, Huang YC. Vitamin B6 supplementation increases immune responses in critically ill patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;60(10):1207-13. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602439. Epub 2006 May 3. PMID: 16670691.
  6. Qian B, Shen S, Zhang J, Jing P. Effects of Vitamin B6 Deficiency on the Composition and Functional Potential of T Cell Populations. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:2197975. doi:10.1155/2017/2197975.
  7. Vasdev S, Ford CA, Parai S, Longerich L, Gadag V. Dietary vitamin B6 supplementation attenuates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Oct;200(1-2):155-62. doi: 10.1023/a:1007088512834. PMID: 10569195.
  8. Lal KJ, Dakshinamurti K, Thliveris J. The effect of vitamin B6 on the systolic blood pressure of rats in various animal models of hypertension. J Hypertens. 1996 Mar;14(3):355-63. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199603000-00013. PMID: 8723990.
  9. Dakshinamurti K, Lal KJ, Ganguly PK. Hypertension, calcium channel and pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 Nov;188(1-2):137-48. PMID: 9823019.
  10. Vasdev S, Ford CA, Parai S, Longerich L, Gadag V. Dietary vitamin B6 supplementation attenuates hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Oct;200(1-2):155-62. doi: 10.1023/a:1007088512834. PMID: 10569195.
  11. Novin ZS, Ghavamzadeh S, Mehdizadeh A. The Weight Loss Effects of Branched Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin B6: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Obese and Overweight Women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2018 Feb;88(1-2):80-89. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000511. Epub 2019 Mar 6. PMID: 30841823.
  12. Erlend T Aasheim, Dag Hofsø, Jøran Hjelmesæth, Kåre I Birkeland, Thomas Bøhmer, Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 87, Issue 2, February 2008, Pages 362–369, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.2.362.
  13. Mochizuki S, Takano M, Sugano N, et al. The effect of B vitamin supplementation on wound healing in type 2 diabetic mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2016;58(1):64-68. doi:10.3164/jcbn.14-122.
  14. Mikkelsen K, Prakash MD, Kuol N, Nurgali K, Stojanovska L, Apostolopoulos V. Anti-Tumor Effects of Vitamin B2, B6 and B9 in Promonocytic Lymphoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3763. Published 2019 Aug 1. doi:10.3390/ijms20153763.
  15. Simone Mocellin, Marta Briarava, Pierluigi Pilati, Vitamin B6 and Cancer Risk: A Field Synopsis and Meta-Analysis, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 109, Issue 3, March 2017, djw230, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw230.
  16. Available at https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(08)01079-2/abstract.
  17. Guilarte TR. Vitamin B6 and cognitive development: recent research findings from human and animal studies. Nutr Rev. 1993 Jul;51(7):193-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1993.tb03102.x. PMID: 8414222.
  18. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cns.13207.
  19. Available at https://www.msard-journal.com/article/S2211-0348(20)30208-X/abstract.
  20. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, Albert CM, Manson JE. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(4):335-341. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.574.

Tomato Fruit Powder

Tomato, also known as “Solanum Lycopersicum”, is a fruit that is commonly used in various cuisines worldwide. Aside from being a famous ingredient, tomatoes are the major dietary source of the antioxidant lycopene, which has been associated with many health benefits such as reducing the risk of heart diseases and cancer. Tomato is also a great source of vitamin C, vitamin K, potassium, and folate. You can get all the nutrients from tomatoes by eating them raw or consuming their powder form.

Overall Health Benefits of Tomato Fruit Powder

  • Treats symptoms of diabetes and improves blood sugar levels [1-5]
  • Lowers blood pressure [3-10]
  • Improves fertility [11-13]
  • Lowers risk of stroke [14-18]
  • Improves kidney function [19-21]
  • Lowers risk of cardiovascular disease [22-29]
  • Prevents cancer [30-37]
  • Improves sleep quality [38-39]
  • Wards off depression and improves mood [40-41]

How Tomato Fruit Powder Works

Tomatoes are a nutrient-dense superfood with a wide array of medicinal uses. Its health benefits can be attributed to the high amounts of lycopene it contains. The antioxidant properties of lycopene can benefit almost every system in your body. It can also protect against a broad range of medical maladies.

Proven Health Benefits of Tomato Fruit Powder

Treats Symptoms of Diabetes and Improves Blood Sugar Levels

An overwhelming body of clinical evidence shows that tomatoes can lower high blood sugar levels:

  1. Studies found that eating tomatoes was favorable for diabetic conditions because it decreased diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage. [1-2]
  2. In type 2 diabetic patients, consumption of 200 g raw tomato per day significantly decreased blood sugar levels. [3]
  3. A study found that dietary lycopene intake was associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes. [4]
  4. In rats with high blood sugar levels caused by a high-fat diet, supplementation with tomato lycopene extract (TLE) reduced blood sugar levels. [5]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Studies also show that tomatoes have blood pressure-lowering effects:

  1. In diabetic patients with hypertension, consumption of 200 g tomatoes a day reduced blood pressure. [3]
  2. A study reported that lycopene supplementation might effectively decrease systolic blood pressure. [6]
  3. In hypertensive patients, short-term treatment with antioxidant-rich tomato extract reduced blood pressure. [7]
  4. In people with stage 1 hypertension, consumption of tomatoes and lycopene for 8 weeks reduced blood pressure. [8]
  5. In hypertensive rats, administration of green tomatoes significantly reduced blood pressure via reduction of inflammatory blood cytokines. [9]
  6. In grade 1 hypertensive patients, daily intake of tomato extract for 8 weeks significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. [10]

Improves Fertility

Studies also show that consumption of tomatoes is beneficial in improving different markers of fertility:

  1. In infertile men, consumption of tomato juice (containing 30 mg of lycopene) for 12 weeks improved sperm motility. [11]
  2. A study reported that supplementation with 4–8 mg of lycopene daily for 3–12 months improved sperm parameters and pregnancy rates. [12]
  3. In young healthy men, supplementation with 14 mg of lycopene daily improved sperm motility and structure. [13]

Lowers Risk of Stroke

Several lines of evidence suggest that tomato consumption can significantly reduce the risk of stroke:

  1. A study showed that high blood concentrations of lycopene decreased the risk of ischemic stroke in men. [14]
  2. A study found that lycopene can help lower the risk of stroke by reducing arterial stiffness. [15]
  3. In European men, high blood levels of lycopene were associated with a lower stroke risk. [16]
  4. A study found that higher consumption of tomatoes was associated with a lower stroke risk. [17]
  5. In middle-aged men, the group with the lowest quartile of blood levels of lycopene had a 3.3 fold increased risk of stroke as compared to the other groups. [18]

Improves Kidney Function

There are also studies supporting the benefits of tomatoes on kidney health:

  1. A study found that lycopene can protect against kidney disease by reducing biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. [19]
  2. In obese male Wistar rats, consumption of lycopene reduced kidney inflammation. [20]
  3. In rats, lycopene supplementation prevented kidney injury caused by impaired blood flow. [21]

Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

The beneficial effects of tomato on cardiovascular disease are backed by numerous studies:

  1. A study showed that higher lycopene intake was associated with a lower cardiovascular disease risk. [22]
  2. A study found that lycopene could modulate T lymphocyte activities which in turn reduces the formation of plaques within the heart arteries. [23]
  3. In patients with type 2 diabetes, tomato juice consumption protected against cardiovascular disease by reducing platelet aggregation. [24]
  4. In local Japanese residents, unsalted tomato juice intake reduced cardiovascular disease risk by improving blood pressure and cholesterol levels. [25]
  5. In patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes, consumption of commercial tomato juice decreased the levels of C-reactive protein, a risk factor for myocardial infarction. [26]
  6. In adult subjects, lycopene reduced cardiovascular disease risk by reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. [27]
  7. In women, higher consumption of tomato-based products, particularly tomato sauce and pizza, resulted in a lower cardiovascular disease risk. [28]
  8. A study reported that consumption of tomato sauce enriched with olive oil produced greater effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors than raw tomato. [29]

Prevents Cancer

The anti-cancer properties of tomatoes are also supported by several studies:

  1. In mice with cancer, consumption of genetically modified tomatoes resulted in a significant extension of their life span. [30]
  2. A study found that the bioactive constituents of tomatoes have cancer-preventive properties. [31]
  3. A study showed that the combination of tomato and broccoli suppressed tumor growth. [32]
  4. A study reported that lycopene consumption is linked with decreased risk of cancer. [33]
  5. In cultured lung cancer cells and animal models of cancer, tomato administration decreased tumor size. [34]
  6. In a mouse model of prostate cancer, tomato diet significantly increased overall survival. [35]
  7. In people with a family history of prostate cancer, frequent intake of tomato or lycopene reduced their risk of cancer. [36]
  8. In laying hens with ovarian cancer, supplementation of lycopene notably reduced the overall ovarian tumor cancer through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. [37]

Improves Sleep Quality

Studies also show that tomato consumption has beneficial effects on sleep quality:

  1. In obese postmenopausal women, supplementation of beefsteak tomato before sleep improved sleep quality by increasing circulating melatonin. [38]
  2. A study found a strong link between higher tomato consumption and increased sleeping time. [39]

Wards off Depression and Improves Mood

Studies have proven that tomatoes have antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects:

  1. In middle-aged women, consumption of tomato juice in 8 weeks reduced menopausal symptoms, including anxiety. [40]
  2. In elderly patients, consumption of a tomato-rich diet resulted in lower prevalence of depressive symptoms. [41]

References:

  1. Saleem A. Banihani (2018) Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and type 2 diabetes, International Journal of Food Properties, 21:1, 99-105, DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1439959.
  2. Available from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043661820312743.
  3. Shidfar F, Froghifar N, Vafa M, Rajab A, Hosseini S, Shidfar S, Gohari M. The effects of tomato consumption on serum glucose, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, homocysteine and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011 May;62(3):289-94. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2010.529072. Epub 2010 Dec 8. PMID: 21138408.
  4. Gao Q, Zhong C, Zhou X, Chen R, Xiong T, Hong M, Li Q, Kong M, Han W, Sun G, Yang X, Yang N, Hao L. The association between intake of dietary lycopene and other carotenoids and gestational diabetes mellitus risk during mid-trimester: a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr. 2019 Jun;121(12):1405-1412. doi: 10.1017/S0007114519000606. Epub 2019 Mar 22. PMID: 30898174.
  5. Available from https://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=104731.
  6. Li X, Xu J. Lycopene supplement and blood pressure: an updated meta-analysis of intervention trials. Nutrients. 2013;5(9):3696-3712. Published 2013 Sep 18. doi:10.3390/nu5093696.
  7. Available from https://lycocard.gr/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2006.pdf.
  8. Engelhard, Y. N., Gazer, B., Paran, E. Natural antioxidants from tomato extract reduce blood pressure in patients with grade-1 hypertension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. American Heart Journal 2006 Jan;151(1):100.
  9. Available from Available from https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/16/3758/htm.
  10. Engelhard, Y. N., Gazer, B., Paran, E. Natural antioxidants from tomato extract reduce blood pressure in patients with grade-1 hypertension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. American Heart Journal 2006 Jan;151(1):100.
  11. Yamamoto Y, Aizawa K, Mieno M, Karamatsu M, Hirano Y, Furui K, Miyashita T, Yamazaki K, Inakuma T, Sato I, Suganuma H, Iwamoto T. The effects of tomato juice on male infertility. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;26(1):65-71. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.102015.17. PMID: 28049263.
  12. Durairajanayagam D, Agarwal A, Ong C, Prashast P. Lycopene and male infertility. Asian J Androl. 2014;16(3):420-425. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.126384.
  13. Williams EA, Parker M, Robinson A, Pitt S, Pacey AA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of lactolycopene on semen quality in healthy males. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Mar;59(2):825-833. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-02091-5. Epub 2019 Oct 8. PMID: 31591650; PMCID: PMC7058571.
  14. Karppi J, Laukkanen JA, Sivenius J, Ronkainen K, Kurl S. Serum lycopene decreases the risk of stroke in men: a population-based follow-up study. Neurology. 2012;79(15):1540-1547. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e26a6Mozos.
  15. Mozos I, Stoian D, Caraba A, Malainer C, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. Lycopene and Vascular Health. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:521. Published 2018 May 23. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00521.
  16. Li X, Xu J. Dietary and circulating lycopene and stroke risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies [published correction appears in Sci Rep. 2014;4:5906]. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5031. Published 2014 May 22. doi:10.1038/srep05031.
  17. Tomatoes and stroke prevention. New evidence shows lycopene is not just a cancer fighter. Harv Health Lett. 2013 Feb;38(4):4. PMID: 23841168.
  18. Rissanen T., Voutilainen S., Nyyssonen K., Salonen J.T. Lycopene, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. Exp Biol Med. 2002; 227: 900-907.
  19. Taheri Z, Ghafari M, Amiri M. Lycopene and kidney; future potential application. J Nephropharmacol. 2015;4(2):49-51. Published 2015 May 14.
  20. Pierine, D., Navarro, M., Minatel, I. et al. Lycopene supplementation reduces TNF-α via RAGE in the kidney of obese rats. Nutr & Diabetes 4, e142 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2014.39.
  21. Kaya C, Karabulut R, Turkyilmaz Z, Sonmez K, Kulduk G, Gülbahar Ö, Köse F, Basaklar AC. Lycopene has reduced renal damage histopathologically and biochemically in experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ren Fail. 2015;37(8):1390-5. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2015.1064742. Epub 2015 Jul 10. PMID: 26161692.
  22. Jacques PF, Lyass A, Massaro JM, Vasan RS, D’Agostino RB Sr. Relationship of lycopene intake and consumption of tomato products to incident CVD. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(3):545-551. doi:10.1017/S0007114512005417.
  23. Available from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/cardiovascular-benefits-of-lycopene-fantasy-or-reality/E7E9ADFB56D895C5AA9AF226F00930F0.
  24. Lazarus SA, Bowen K, Garg ML. Tomato juice and platelet aggregation in type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2004 Aug 18;292(7):805-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.7.805. PMID: 15315994.
  25. Odai T, Terauchi M, Okamoto D, Hirose A, Miyasaka N. Unsalted tomato juice intake improves blood pressure and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in local Japanese residents at risk of cardiovascular disease. Food Sci Nutr. 2019 May 15;7(7):2271-2279. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1066. PMID: 31367355; PMCID: PMC6657743.
  26. Upritchard JE, Sutherland WH, Mann JI. Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jun;23(6):733-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.6.733. PMID: 10840987.
  27. Cheng HM, Koutsidis G, Lodge JK, Ashor A, Siervo M, Lara J. Tomato and lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2017 Feb;257:100-108. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.009. Epub 2017 Jan 13. PMID: 28129549.
  28. Sesso HD, Liu S, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr. 2003 Jul;133(7):2336-41. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.7.2336. PMID: 12840203.
  29. Valderas-Martinez P, Chiva-Blanch G, Casas R, et al. Tomato Sauce Enriched with Olive Oil Exerts Greater Effects on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors than Raw Tomato and Tomato Sauce: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 2016;8(3):170. Published 2016 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/nu8030170.
  30. Lippi G, Targher G. Tomatoes, lycopene-containing foods and cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(7):1234-1235. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.59.
  31. Available from Available from https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/8/6/58/htm.
  32. Available from https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/67/2/836.
  33. Johary A, Jain V, Misra S. Role of lycopene in the prevention of cancer. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 2012;2:167-70.
  34. Palozza P, Simone RE, Catalano A, Mele MC. Tomato lycopene and lung cancer prevention: from experimental to human studies. Cancers (Basel). 2011;3(2):2333-2357. Published 2011 May 11. doi:10.3390/cancers3022333.
  35. Available from https://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/3/10/1284.
  36. Giovannucci, Edward, et al. “A Prospective Study of Tomato Products, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer Risk.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, no. 5, 2002, pp. 391-8.
  37. Sahin K, Yenice E, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Mizrak C, Ozercan IH, Sahin N, Yilmaz B, Bilir B, Ozpolat B, Kucuk O. Lycopene Protects Against Spontaneous Ovarian Cancer Formation in Laying Hens.  J Cancer Prev 2018;23:25-36.  https://doi.org/10.15430/JCP.2018.23.1.25
  38. Yang TH, Chen YC, Ou TH, Chien YW. Dietary supplement of tomato can accelerate urinary aMT6s level and improve sleep quality in obese postmenopausal women. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(1):291-297. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.009.
  39. Noorwali EA, Cade JE, Burley VJ, Hardie LJ. The relationship between sleep duration and fruit/vegetable intakes in UK adults: a cross-sectional study from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e020810. Published 2018 Apr 27. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020810.
  40. Hirose A, Terauchi M, Tamura M, et al. Tomato juice intake increases resting energy expenditure and improves hypertriglyceridemia in middle-aged women: an open-label, single-arm study. Nutr J. 2015;14:34. Published 2015 Apr 8. doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0021-4.
  41. Niu K, Guo H, Kakizaki M, Cui Y, Ohmori-Matsuda K, Guan L, Hozawa A, Kuriyama S, Tsuboya T, Ohrui T, Furukawa K, Arai H, Tsuji I, Nagatomi R. A tomato-rich diet is related to depressive symptoms among an elderly population aged 70 years and over: a population-based, cross-sectional analysis. J Affect Disord. 2013 Jan 10;144(1-2):165-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.040. Epub 2012 Jul 25. PMID: 22840609.

Stinging Nettle Leaf Powder

Stinging nettle, also known as “Urtica dioica”, is a plant with long history of medicinal use. Ancient Egyptians used this plant to treat inflammatory conditions like arthritis, while Romans used it as an ointment to keep themselves warm since its leaves produce a temporary burning sensation. Once the leaves are processed into a supplement, it can be safely consumed and can be used to treat a wide array of medical maladies. Stinging nettle leaf can be consumed in the form of powder, tablets, or capsules.

Overall Health Benefits of Stinging Nettle Leaf Powder

  • Treats symptoms of diabetes and improves blood sugar levels [1-6]
  • Lowers blood pressure [7-9]
  • Speeds up wound healing [10-12]
  • Treats kidney disease [13-16]
  • Prevents cancer [17-20]
  • Promotes weight loss [21]
  • Prevents bone abnormalities [22]
  • Treats enlarged prostate [23-25]

How Stinging Nettle Leaf Powder Exerts its Benefits

Stinging nettle is used to treat diabetes, osteoarthritis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), enlarged prostate, kidney stones, and other muscle conditions. It contains ingredients that can reduce inflammation and increase urine output. The medicinal properties of stinging nettle can be attributed to its chlorophyll and iron contents.

Proven Health Benefits of Stinging Nettle Leaf Powder

Treats Symptoms of Diabetes and Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Studies show that this ancient medicinal plant has anti-diabetic properties:

  1. A study showed that stinging nettle can safely improve blood sugar control in type 2 diabetic patients needing insulin therapy. [1]
  2. In insulin resistance rats, consumption of stinging nettle extract decreased blood glucose levels. [2]
  3. In people with type 2 diabetes, consumption of nettle extract for 8 weeks reduced diabetic symptoms and blood sugar levels. [3]
  4. In diabetic patients and animal models of diabetes, consumption of stinging nettle notably decreased blood sugar and complications of diabetes. [4]
  5. In people with diabetes, consumption of stinging nettle decreased blood sugar levels by improving insulin release. [5]
  6. In diabetic patients, consumption of stinging nettle achieved a normal blood sugar level of 120 mg/dL. [6]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Evidence suggests that stinging nettle leaf has blood pressure-lowering effects:

  1. In normotensive and hypertensive rats, administration of crude methanolic extract of stinging nettle lowered blood pressure by widening the blood vessels. [7]
  2. In hypertensive rats, consumption of stinging nettle leaf extract reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by decreasing systemic oxidative stress. [8]
  3. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), stinging nettle leaf lowered blood pressure by improving antioxidant enzyme activity. [9]

Speeds up Wound Healing

There’s also a good deal of scientific evidence supporting the wound healing effects of stinging nettle leaf:

  1. In rats with second degree burns, treatment with stinging nettle leaf extract for 42 days was associated with maximal rate of healing. [10]
  2. In rats with full thickness wounds, treatment with stinging nettle leaf extract resulted in fast wound closure and full epidermal regeneration and improvement. [11]
  3. A study found that stinging nettle leaf can speed up the wound healing process through its antimicrobial properties. [12]

Treats Kidney Disease

Studies show that stinging nettle leaf can help protect the kidney against various diseases:

  1. In rats, treatment with methanolic extract of stinging nettle leaf notably decreased the deposition of calcium and oxalate in the kidneys. [13]
  2. A study showed that stinging nettle leaf can help protect against kidney damage. [14]
  3. A study found that stinging nettle leaf improved kidney function by reducing blood creatinine levels. [15]
  4. A study showed that stinging nettle leaf can help prevent the formation of kidney stones. [16]

Prevents Cancer

The anti-cancer properties of stinging nettle leaf are also backed by several studies:

  1. A study showed that stinging nettle leaf may be used as a chemotherapeutic agent because it has no side effects. [17]
  2. A study found that stinging nettle leaf can be a useful agent in the treatment of colorectal cancer. [18]
  3. In a mouse model of breast cancer, treatment with stinging nettle leaf extract for 28 days decreased the tumor significantly. [19]
  4. A study showed that stinging nettle leaf induced programmed cell death of prostate cancer cells. [20]

Promotes Weight Loss

Evidence also suggests that stinging nettle leaf can help improve body composition by reducing fat mass:

  1. In a mouse model of diabetes, stinging nettle leaf protected against diet-induced obesity by improving lipid accumulation and blood sugar metabolism in the skeletal muscle, liver, and fat tissues. [21]

Prevents Bone Abnormalities

Evidence also found that stinging nettle leaf is vital for bone health:

  1. In male Wistar albino rats, stinging nettle leaf extract accelerated new bone formation. [22]

Treats Enlarged Prostate

Studies demonstrate the effectiveness of stinging nettle leaf in the treatment of enlarged prostate:

  1. In patients with enlarged prostate, administration of stinging nettle leaf for 6 months was associated with symptom relief without any side effects. [23]
  2. In elderly men with moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms caused by enlarged prostate, treatment with stinging nettle leaf increased urinary flow. [24]
  3. In rats with enlarged prostate, administration of stinging nettle leaf reduced prostate size and weight. [25]

References:

  1. Kianbakht S, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Dabaghian FH. Improved glycemic control in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus taking Urtica dioica leaf extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Lab. 2013;59(9-10):1071-1076. doi:10.7754/clin.lab.2012.121019.
  2. Ahangarpour A, Mohammadian M, Dianat M. Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcholic urticadioica leaf extract in male rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance. Iran J Med Sci. 2012;37(3):181-186.
  3. Namazi, A. Tarighat Esfanjani, M. Asghari and A. Bahrami, 2011. The Effect of Hydroalcholic Nettle (Urtica dioica) Extracts on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Medical Sciences, 11: 138-144.
  4. Avin Mehri, Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar, Bagher Larijani and Mohammad Abdollahi, 2011. A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety of Urtica dioica in the Treatment of Diabetes. International Journal of Pharmacology, 7: 161-170.
  5. Korani B, Mirzapour A, Moghadamnia A A, Khafri S, Neamati N, et al. The Effect of Urtica dioica Hydro-Alcoholic Extract on Glycemic Index and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Levels in Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Single-Blind Clinical Trial, Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2017 ; 19(3):e40572. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.40572.
  6. Available from https://openventio.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Use-of-Urtica-dioica-Stinging-Nettle-as-a-Blood-Sugar-Lowering-Herb-A-Case-Report-and-a-Review-of-the-Literature-DROJ-1-119.pdf.
  7. Qayyum R, Qamar HM, Khan S, Salma U, Khan T, Shah AJ. Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive properties of Urtica dioica. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):254. Published 2016 Sep 1. doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1017-3.
  8. Vajic UJ, Grujic-Milanovic J, Miloradovic Z, et al. Urtica dioica L. leaf extract modulates blood pressure and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Phytomedicine. 2018;46:39-45. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.037.
  9. Vajic, U.; Grujic-Milanovic, J.; Miloradovic, Z.; Jovovic, D.; Ivanov, M.; Karanovic, D.; Mihailovic-Stanojevic, N. [PP.31.09] Urtica dioica l. leaf extract reduces blood pressure and improves antioxidative defence in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Journal of Hypertension: September 2016 – Volume 34 – Issue – p e316 doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000492266.90200.03.
  10. Akbari H, Fatemi MJ, Iranpour M, et al. The healing effect of nettle extract on second degree burn wounds. World J Plast Surg. 2015;4(1):23-28.
  11. Zouari Bouassida, Karama & Bardaa, Sana & Khimiri, Meriem & Rebai, Tarek & Tounsi, Slim & Jlaiel, Lobna & Trigui, Mohamed. (2017). Exploring the Urtica dioica Leaves Hemostatic and Wound-Healing Potential. BioMed Research International. 2017. 1-10. 10.1155/2017/1047523.
  12. Available from https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F13880209.2016.1275025.
  13. Zhang, H., Li, N., Li, K., & Li, P. (2014). Protective effect of Urtica dioica methanol extract against experimentally induced urinary calculi in rats. Molecular Medicine Reports, 10, 3157-3162. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2610.
  14. Vamenta-Morris H, Dreisbach A, Shoemaker-Moyle M, Abdel-Rahman EM. Internet claims on dietary and herbal supplements in advanced nephropathy: truth or myth. Am J Nephrol. 2014;40(5):393-398. doi:10.1159/000368724.
  15. Available from http://jonathantreasure.com/evidence-research-testimonials-case-history/case-histories/nettle-seed-kidney-function/.
  16. Available from https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/3/765/htm.
  17. Available from https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/15/2753/htm.
  18. Mohammadi, A., Mansoori, B., Aghapour, M. et al. The Herbal Medicine Utrica Dioica Inhibits Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Cell Line by Inducing Apoptosis and Arrest at the G2/M Phase. J Gastrointest Canc 47, 187–195 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-016-9819-3.
  19. Available from https://www.clinical-breast-cancer.com/article/S1526-8209(16)30347-0/abstract.
  20. Available from http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?pr14101.
  21. Fan S, Raychaudhuri S, Kraus O, Shahinozzaman M, Lofti L, Obanda DN. Urtica dioica Whole Vegetable as a Functional Food Targeting Fat Accumulation and Insulin Resistance-a Preliminary Study in a Mouse Pre-Diabetic Model. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1059. Published 2020 Apr 10. doi:10.3390/nu12041059.
  22. Irgin C, Çörekçi B, Ozan F, et al. Does stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) have an effect on bone formation in the expanded inter-premaxillary suture?. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;69:13-18. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.003.
  23. Safarinejad MR. Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Herb Pharmacother. 2005;5(4):1-11. PMID: 16635963.
  24. Lopatkin N, Sivkov A, Schläfke S, Funk P, Medvedev A, Engelmann U. Efficacy and safety of a combination of Sabal and Urtica extract in lower urinary tract symptoms–long-term follow-up of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Int Urol Nephrol. 2007;39(4):1137-46. doi: 10.1007/s11255-006-9173-7. Epub 2007 Feb 15. PMID: 18038253.
  25. Nahata A, Dixit VK. Ameliorative effects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Andrologia. 2012 May;44 Suppl 1:396-409. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01197.x. Epub 2011 Aug 2. PMID: 21806658.

Shiitake Mushroom Powder

Shiitake mushrooms are fungi that grow naturally on decaying hardwood trees. They’re typically eaten like vegetables and are used in various dishes worldwide. Around 83% of shiitake mushrooms are grown in Japan, but they can also be found in the United States, Canada, Singapore, and China. This medicinal mushroom can be consumed fresh or taken in the form of powder or capsules.

Overall Health Benefits of Shiitake Mushroom Powder

  • Improves symptoms of diabetes [1-2]
  • Lowers blood pressure [3]
  • Lowers risk of cardiovascular disease [4-5]
  • Prevents cancer [6-13]
  • Improves body composition and metabolic abnormalities [14-16]
  • Prevents bone abnormalities and lowers risk of fractures [17-19]
  • Boosts immune function [20-25]

How Shiitake Mushroom Powder Exerts its Health Benefits

Shiitake mushrooms are low in calories but high in vitamins and minerals. They contain polysaccharides, terpenoids, sterols, and lipids – all of which have anti-cancer, immune-boosting, and cholesterol-lowering properties.

Proven Health Benefits of Shiitake Mushroom Powder

Improves Symptoms of Diabetes

Studies show that shiitake mushrooms can help treat diabetic symptoms:

  1. In insulin-deficient type 2 diabetic rats, consumption of shiitake mushroom improved blood sugar metabolism by increasing insulin secretion and reducing insulin resistance. [1]
  2. In diabetic mice, treatment with shiitake mushroom showed a decrease in blood sugar levels. [2]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Evidence also suggests that shiitake mushroom has blood pressure-lowering effects:

  1. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, shiitake mushroom feeding resulted in a decrease in blood pressure. [3]

Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

There are also studies supporting the beneficial effects of shiitake mushroom on cardiovascular health:

  1. A study showed that shiitake mushroom has the ability to prevent the formation of fatty plaques within the heart arteries. [4]
  2. In mice, treatment with shiitake mushroom for 2 weeks reduced the levels of homocysteine, an amino acid linked to heart disease. [5]

Prevents Cancer

An overwhelming body of clinical evidence supports the anti-cancer effects of shiitake mushroom:

  1. A study showed that shiitake mushroom produces lentinan, a β-glucan known to suppress leukemia cell proliferation. [6]
  2. In human colon cancer cells, shiitake mushroom treatment resulted in significant regression in tumor formation. [7]
  3. In human breast cancer cells, shiitake mushroom induced programmed cell death. [8-9]
  4. A study reported that compounds such as polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and steroids from shiitake mushroom have potent anti-cancer activities. [10]
  5. In human cancer cell lines, shiitake mushroom induced cell cycle arrest. [11]
  6. In cancer patients, shiitake mushroom increased the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. [12]
  7. A study found that shiitake mushroom can suppress the growth and reproduction of cancer cells. [13]

Improves Body Composition and Metabolic Abnormalities

Studies show that shiitake mushroom can help improve body composition as well as metabolic abnormalities:

  1. In rats fed with a high-fat diet, administration of shiitake mushroom powder for 6 weeks prevented weight gain. [14]
  2. In overweight rats, high-dose shiitake mushroom prevented obesity by increasing the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, rather than fat tissue. [15]
  3. In rats, shiitake mushroom lowered the risk of weight gain by reducing lipid levels. [16]

Prevents Bone Abnormalities and Lowers Risk of Fractures

There’s also convincing evidence that supports the benefits of shiitake mushroom on bone health:

  1. A study showed that vitamin D2-fortified shiitake mushroom might help postmenopausal women prevent bone loss. [17]
  2. In human bone cells, shiitake mushroom induced bone formation. [18]
  3. In rats, shiitake mushroom administration prevented bone breakdown. [19]

Boosts Immune Function

Numerous studies also show that shiitake mushroom has immune-boosting properties:

  1. In healthy young adults, shiitake mushroom consumption resulted in improved immunity, as evidenced by improved cell proliferation and activation and increased immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. [20]
  2. In animal models of immune-mediated intestinal inflammation, shiitake mushroom exerted an anti-inflammatory effect. [21]
  3. A study reported that shiitake mushroom has the ability to increase the production of human macrophages, which are specialized cells involved in the destruction of bacteria and other foreign bodies. [22]
  4. A study also found that shiitake mushroom can help combat inflammatory conditions by reducing TNF-α production. [23]
  5. A study reported that shiitake mushroom selectively attenuates IL-1β secretion, which in turn reduces inflammation. [24]
  6. In mice, shiitake mushroom protected against blood infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. [25]

References:

  1. Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Kwon DY, Kim DS, Zhang T, Ha C, Park S. Combination of Aronia, Red Ginseng, Shiitake Mushroom and Nattokinase Potentiated Insulin Secretion and Reduced Insulin Resistance with Improving Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Insulin Deficient Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Nutrients. 2018 Jul 23;10(7):948. doi: 10.3390/nu10070948. PMID: 30041479; PMCID: PMC6073765.
  2. Available from https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5115723.
  3. Kabir, Y, et al. “Effect of Shiitake (Lentinus Edodes) and Maitake (Grifola Frondosa) Mushrooms On Blood Pressure and Plasma Lipids of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.” Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, vol. 33, no. 5, 1987, pp. 341-6.
  4. Rahman MA, Abdullah N, Aminudin N. Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom): An assessment of in vitro anti-atherosclerotic bio-functionality. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2018;25(8):1515-1523. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.021.
  5. Yang H, Hwang I, Kim S, Ahn C, Hong EJ, Jeung EB. Preventive effects of Lentinus edodes on homocysteinemia in mice. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6(2):465-468. doi:10.3892/etm.2013.1130.
  6. Patel S, Goyal A. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review. 3 Biotech. 2012;2(1):1-15. doi:10.1007/s13205-011-0036-2.
  7. Ng ML, Yap AT. Inhibition of human colon carcinoma development by lentinan from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Oct;8(5):581-9. doi: 10.1089/107555302320825093. PMID: 12470439.
  8. Fang N, Li Q, Yu S, Zhang J, He L, Ronis MJ, et al. Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by an ethyl acetate fraction from shiitake mushrooms. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12:125–32. 10.1089/acm.2006.12.125.
  9. Jedinak A, Sliva D. Pleorotus ostreatus inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer and colon cancer cells through p53-dependent as well as p53-independent pathway. Int J Oncol. 2008;33:1307–13.
  10. Xu T, Beelman RB, Lambert JD. The cancer preventive effects of edible mushrooms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2012 Dec;12(10):1255-63. doi: 10.2174/187152012803833017. PMID: 22583406.
  11. Fang N, Li Q, Yu S, Zhang J, He L, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by an ethyl acetate fraction from shiitake mushrooms. J Altern Complement Med. 2006 Mar;12(2):125-32. doi: 10.1089/acm.2006.12.125. PMID: 16566671.
  12. Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Tian Q. Mushroom polysaccharide lentinan for treating different types of cancers: A review of 12 years clinical studies in China. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2019;163:297-328. doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.013. Epub 2019 Apr 4. PMID: 31030752.
  13. Available from https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jms.2005.43.46.
  14. Handayani D, Chen J, Meyer BJ, Huang XF. Dietary Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) Prevents Fat Deposition and Lowers Triglyceride in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Obes. 2011;2011:258051. doi:10.1155/2011/258051.
  15. Handayani, Dian & Meyer, Barbara & Chen, Jiezhong & Brown, Simon & Mitchell, Todd & Huang, Xu-Feng. (2014). A High-Dose Shiitake Mushroom Increases Hepatic Accumulation of Triacylglycerol in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet: Underlying Mechanism. Nutrients. 6. 650-62. 10.3390/nu6020650.
  16. Yu S, Wu X, Ferguson M, Simmen RC, Cleves MA, Simmen FA, Fang N. Diets Containing Shiitake Mushroom Reduce Serum Lipids and Serum Lipophilic Antioxidant Capacity in Rats. J Nutr. 2016 Dec;146(12):2491-2496. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.239806. Epub 2016 Oct 19. PMID: 27798348; PMCID: PMC5118771.
  17. Dong Jae Won, Ki Seung Seong, Cheol Ho Jang, Jin Sil Lee, Jung A Ko, Hojae Bae & Hyun Jin Park (2019) Effects of vitamin D2-fortified shiitake mushroom on bioavailability and bone structure, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 83:5, 942-951, DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1576497.
  18. Saif A, Wende K, Lindequist U. In vitro bone inducing effects of Lentinula edodes (shiitake) water extract on human osteoblastic cell cultures. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2013;3(6):282-287. Published 2013 Dec 3. doi:10.1007/s13659-013-0070-3.
  19. Mühlbauer RC, Lozano A, Reinli A, Wetli H. Various selected vegetables, fruits, mushrooms and red wine residue inhibit bone resorption in rats. J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11):3592-7. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3592. PMID: 14608079.
  20. Dai, Xiaoshuang & Stanilka, Joy & Rowe, Cheryl & Esteves, Elizabethe & Nieves, Carmelo & Spaiser, Samuel & Christman, Mary & Henken, Bobbi & Percival, Susan. (2015). Consuming Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 34. 1-10. 10.1080/07315724.2014.950391.
  21. Shuvy M, Hershcovici T, Lull-Noguera C, Wichers H, Danay O, Levanon D, Zolotarov L, Ilan Y. Intrahepatic CD8(+) lymphocyte trapping during tolerance induction using mushroom derived formulations: a possible role for liver in tolerance induction. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(24):3872–8.
  22. Mallard B, Leach DN, Wohlmuth H, Tiralongo J. Synergistic immuno-modulatory activity in human macrophages of a medicinal mushroom formulation consisting of Reishi, Shiitake and Maitake. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0224740. Published 2019 Nov 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224740.
  23. Yu S, Weaver V, Martin K, Cantorna MT. The effects of whole mushrooms during inflammation. BMC Immunol. 2009 Feb 20;10:12. doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-12. PMID: 19232107; PMCID: PMC2649035.
  24. Ahn H, Jeon E, Kim JC, et al. Lentinan from shiitake selectively attenuates AIM2 and non-canonical inflammasome activation while inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1314. Published 2017 May 2. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01462-4.
  25. Kim SP, Park SO, Lee SJ, Nam SH, Friedman M. A polysaccharide isolated from the liquid culture of Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) mushroom mycelia containing black rice bran protects mice against a Salmonella lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Nov 20;61(46):10987-94. doi: 10.1021/jf403173k. Epub 2013 Nov 8. PMID: 24200110.

Schisandra Fruit

Schisandra fruit is used to treat a broad range of diseases. It is classified as “adaptogen” or non-toxic plants that have the ability to resist various stressors. Common indications for this superfruit include hypertension, elevated blood sugar levels, liver disease, and other medical maladies.

Overall Health Benefits of Schisandra Fruit

  • Improves symptoms of diabetes and lowers blood sugar levels [1-4]
  • Lowers blood pressure [5-6]
  • Boosts sexual vitality and improves sexual health [7-9]
  • Protects against liver injury [10-11]
  • Speeds up wound healing [12-15]
  • Improves kidney function [16-18]
  • Lowers risk of cardiovascular disease [19-20]
  • Prevents muscle wasting [21-25]
  • Prevents Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and boosts cognitive function [26-34]
  • Prevents cancer [35-36]

How Schisandra Fruit Exerts its Health Benefits

Schisandra fruit is jam-packed with antioxidants, including essential vitamins like vitamins C and E. These components are the key to schisandra fruit’s health benefits. By reducing the levels of free radicals through its antioxidant properties, it also lowers your risk of getting various diseases.

Proven Health Benefits of Schisandra Fruit

Improves Symptoms of Diabetes and Lowers Blood Sugar Levels

Consuming this superfruit can produce beneficial effects on diabetic symptoms as well as blood sugar levels:

  1. In a rat model of diabetes, schisandra fruit significantly reduced the blood sugar increase. [1]
  2. In diabetic animals, schisandra fruit improved pancreatic functions, stimulated insulin secretion, and reduced complications. [2]
  3. In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, administration with ethanol-insoluble residue of schisandra and significantly reduce the blood sugar level. [3]
  4. A cell study showed that schisandra fruit extract improved the function of pancreatic cells, which are responsible for the production of insulin (hormone that reduces blood sugar levels). [4]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Studies also support the blood pressure-lowering effects of schisandra fruit:

  1. In angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mice, schisandra fruit lowered blood pressure by increasing nitric oxide, a substance that widens blood vessels. [5]
  2. A study showed that schisandra extracts such as gominisin can potentially treat hypertension. [6]

Boosts Sexual Vitality and Improves Sexual Health

There’s also increasing evidence supporting the beneficial effects of schisandra fruit on sexual function:

  1. In rats, schisandra fruit improved sexual function by reducing the levels of the hormone prolactin. [7]
  2. A study showed that schisandra fruit can help treat erectile function in men who do not respond to traditional medications. [8]
  3. A study found that schisandra fruit induced relaxation of the smooth muscle tissue of the penis, resulting in increased blood flow and erection. [9]

Protects against Liver Injury

Schisandra fruit is also beneficial to liver health:

  1. A study showed that schisandra-fruit derived drugs are effective in inhibiting drug-induced elevation of blood levels of liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin. [10]
  2. A study demonstrated that wuzhi tablet (made from schisandra fruit) protected against alcohol-induced liver injury. [11]

Speeds Up Wound Healing

Studies show that schisandra fruit has potent antimicrobial properties necessary for wound healing:

  1. A study showed that schisandra extracts have antifungal properties. [12]
  2. A study also showed that schisandra extracts have antibacterial properties. [13]
  3. In mice, administration with methanol extract of schisandra fruit produced anti-inflammatory effects. [14]
  4. In mice with skin inflammation, schisandra fruit extract administration resulted in faster healing. [15]

Improves Kidney Function

Schisandra fruit also has the capacity to protect the kidney against various forms of injury:

  1. In male Sprague Dawley rats, schisandra fruit extract administration protected the kidney against injury. [16]
  2. A study showed that schisandra fruit protected the kidneys against the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride. [17]
  3. In patients with kidney problems related to carbon tetrachloride toxicity, treatment with schisandra fruit improved kidney function. [18]

Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Evidence suggests that schisandra fruit can help lower the risk of heart disease through various mechanisms:

  1. In mice with high cholesterol levels, oral administration with schisandra fruit for 4 weeks significantly reduced the blood levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) and increased high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol). [19]
  2. In mice, schisandra fruit supplementation increased the breakdown of fatty acids. [20]

Prevents Muscle Wasting

Numerous studies found that schisandra fruit can help prevent age-related muscle wasting and those caused by various diseases:

  1. In rats, schisandra fruit reversed age-related muscle wasting and bone loss. [21]
  2. In mice, schisandra fruit protected against drug-induced muscle wasting through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on muscle fibers. [22-23]
  3. In rats with muscle wasting, oral administration of schisandra fruit 14 times over 3 weeks and increased the production of muscle cells and fibers. [24]
  4. A study showed that schisandra fruit can help prevent muscle wasting through its antioxidant properties. [25]

Prevents Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Boosts Cognitive Function

Schisandra fruit has also been shown to prevent brain disorders and improve cognitive function:

  1. In mice, administration with schisandra fruit extract produced antidepressant-like activity by increasing the levels of certain brain chemicals. [26-27]
  2. A study showed that schisandra fruit can help improve brain function by suppressing programmed cell death of brain cells, fighting inflammation, and regulating brain chemicals. [28]
  3. A study showed that schisandra fruit can help prevent Alzheimer’s disease by protecting the brain cells against programmed cell death. [29]
  4. In mice, chronic administration of schisandra fruit significantly reduced the prevalence of behaviors associated with stress. [30]
  5. A study showed that schisandra fruit extract can help prevent Parkinson’s disease. [31]
  6. A study found that schisandra fruit extract may be a potential therapeutic candidate for AD. [32]
  7. In rats with memory impairment, schisandra fruit extract administration resulted in better performance in tests assessing cognitive function. [33]
  8. In mice, schisandra fruit treatment for 2 weeks ameliorated cognitive impairment and significantly decreased amyloid beta deposition in the brain, a process necessary for AD development. [34]

Prevents Cancer

There are also a number of high-quality studies supporting the anti-cancer effects of schisandra fruit:

  1. A study showed that schisandra fruit can help prevent the growth and reproduction of liver cancer cells. [35]
  2. A study also showed that schisandra fruit extract might be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for human gastric cancer. [36]

References:

  1. Jo SH, Ha KS, Moon KS, Lee OH, Jang HD, Kwon YI. In vitro and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic effects of Omija (Schizandra chinensis) fruit. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(2):1359-1370. Published 2011 Feb 23. doi:10.3390/ijms12021359
  2. Nowak A, Zakłos-Szyda M, Błasiak J, Nowak A, Zhang Z, Zhang B. Potential of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. in Human Health and Nutrition: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):333. Published 2019 Feb 4. doi:10.3390/nu11020333
  3. Zhao, T., Mao, G., Zhang, M. et al. Anti-diabetic effects of polysaccharides from ethanol-insoluble residue of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 29, 99–102 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-012-2218-9
  4. Gong L, Dong W, Lu X, Yuan G, Sun Y, Du P, Yang H, Pan M, Li Y. Protective effect of Schisandra chinensis extracts against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RINm5F cells. Phcog Mag 2019;15:172-6
  5. Young Park J, Wook Yun J, Whan Choi Y, et al. Antihypertensive effect of gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via preservation of nitric oxide bioavailability. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(9):928-934. doi:10.1038/hr.2012.50.
  6. Alexander, J., Wang, Y. Therapeutic potential of Schisandra chinensis extracts for treatment of hypertension. Introduction to: ‘Antihypertensive effect of gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via preservation of nitric oxide bioavailability’ by Park et al.. Hypertens Res 35, 892–893 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2012.101.
  7. Hong, S., Li, M., Jeung, E., Lee, G., Hong, E., Choi, Y., An, B.”Therapeutic effects of Schisandra chinensis on the hyperprolactinemia in rat”. International Journal of Oncology 50.4 (2017): 1448-1454.
  8. Choi BR, Kim HK, Park JK. Effects of Schisandra chinensis fruit extract and gomisin A on the contractility of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle: a potential mechanism through the nitric oxide – cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Nutr Res Pract. 2018 Aug;12(4):291-297. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.4.291. Epub 2018 Jun 4. PMID: 30090166; PMCID: PMC6078868.
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  10. Zhu P, Li J, Fu X, Yu Z. Schisandra fruits for the management of drug-induced liver injury in China: A review. Phytomedicine. 2019 Jun;59:152760. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.020. Epub 2018 Nov 19. PMID: 31004881.
  11. Zeng X, Li X, Xu C, et al. Schisandra sphenanthera extract (Wuzhi Tablet) protects against chronic-binge and acute alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the NRF2-ARE pathway in mice. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B. 2017 Sep;7(5):583-592. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.04.002.
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  13. Hakala, E., Hanski, L., Uvell, H. et al. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra spp. selectively inhibit the growth of the intracellular bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis. J Antibiot 68, 609–614 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2015.48.
  14. Lee, H. J., Jo, S., Ryu, J., Jeong, H., Lee, G., Ryu, M. H., Jung, M. H., Kim, H., Kim, B. J.”Effects of Schisandra chinensis Turcz. fruit on contact dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in mice”. Molecular Medicine Reports 12.2 (2015): 2135-2139.
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  17. Hwang, I.S., Kim, J.E., Lee, Y.J., Kwak, M.H., Choi, Y.H., Kang, B.C. Hwang, D.Y. (2013). Protective effects of gomisin A isolated from Schisandra chinensis against CCl4-induced hepatic and renal injury. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 31, 888-898. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1263.
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Reishi Mushroom

Reishi mushroom, also known as Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi, is a fungus that grows in hot and humid places in Asia. It has been used in Eastern medicine for hundreds of years as a treatment for various infections, lung diseases, and cancer. To reap the full benefits of this medicinal mushroom, you can consume it raw or you can take it in the form of powder or extract.

Overall Health Benefits of Reishi Mushroom

  • Improves symptoms of diabetes [1-6]
  • Lowers blood pressure [7-8]
  • Boosts sexual vitality [9]
  • Speeds up wound healing [10-11]
  • Prevents and treats nerve damage [12-13]
  • Lowers bad cholesterol [14]
  • Lowers risk of cardiovascular diseases [14] [15-16]
  • Prevents Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and boosts cognitive health [17-21]
  • Prevents cancer [22-27]
  • Protects organs [28-31]
  • Wards off depression and improves mood [32-33]
  • Promotes weight loss [34-35]
  • Prevents bone abnormalities and lowers risk of fractures [36-37]
  • Boosts immune function [38-41]

How Reishi Mushroom Works

Reishi mushroom is consists of several molecules such as triterpenoid, polysaccharide, and peptidoglycans which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These molecules are known to have beneficial effects on cancer, immune function, sleep quality, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and quality of life.

Proven Health Benefits of Reishi Mushroom

Improves Symptoms of Diabetes

Several lines of clinical evidence support the anti-diabetic properties of reishi mushroom:

  1. A study showed that reishi mushroom can prevent the development of diabetic complications. [1]
  2. In type 2 diabetic rats, reishi mushroom supplementation for 5 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test. [2]
  3. A study showed that the polysaccharides in reishi mushroom were proven to have positive effects on diabetic complications. [3]
  4. A study showed that reishi mushroom may have mild antidiabetic effects. [4]
  5. In adult male Sprague–Dawley rats, consumption of reishi mushroom spore powder for 4 weeks significantly reduced blood glucose level. [5]
  6. In glucocorticoid-induced diabetic rats, consumption of reishi mushroom reduced blood sugar levels in a dose-dependent manner. [6]

Lowers Blood Pressure

Evidence suggests that reishi mushroom has blood pressure-lowering effects:

  1. In hypertensive rat strain, administration of reishi water extract reduced blood pressure after 7 weeks. [7]
  2. A study showed that reishi mushroom works like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a blood pressure medication. [8]

Boosts Sexual Vitality

In male Wistar rats, oral administration of ethanol extract of reishi mushroom significantly increased their mounting behavior and mating performance. [9] This suggests that reishi mushroom may have beneficial effects on libido.

Speeds up Wound Healing

Studies also support the beneficial effects of reishi mushroom on the wound healing process:

  1. In rats with acetic acid-induced ulcers, reishi mushroom accelerated the healing process, suggesting that the herbal preparation may help prevent and treat peptic ulcers. [10]
  2. A study found that reishi mushroom can enhance wound healing activity by stimulating the accumulation of collagen and proteins at the site of injury. [11]

Prevents and Treats Nerve Damage

  1. A study showed that Ganoderma lucidum extract ameliorates Parkinsonism pathology via regulating mitochondrial function, autophagy, and apoptosis. [12]
  2. In mice, oral administration of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum, significantly increased the time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) and decreased the escape latency (EL) in Morris water maze model [13]

Lowers Bad Cholesterol

A study conducted in hamsters and pigs showed that reishi mushroom administration reduced the levels of low-density lipoprotein, also known as the “bad cholesterol.” [14]

Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases

Studies also show that reishi mushroom can protect against cardiovascular disease:

  1. A study showed that reishi mushroom can protect the heart by scavenging free radicals. [15]
  2. In rats, reishi mushroom protected the heart from Adriamycin-induced toxicity. [16]
  3. A study conducted in hamsters and pigs showed that reishi mushroom can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. [14]

Prevents Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Boosts Cognitive Health

An overwhelming body of clinical evidence suggests that reishi mushroom can help protect against cognitive dysfunction:

  1. A study showed that alcohol extracts from reishi mushroom, including ganoderic acid and lucidone A, can help delay the progression of AD. [17]
  2. A study found that polysaccharides from reishi mushroom have the capacity to protect brain cells against oxidative stress-induced programmed cell death (apoptosis). [18]
  3. A study showed that reishi mushroom can help improve cognitive health via its role in the development of nerve cells in the brain. [19]
  4. In a mouse model of AD, reishi mushroom enhanced neurogenesis (nerve cell formation) and alleviated cognitive deficits. [20]
  5. In mice, oral administration of reishi mushroom improved learning and memory. [21]

Prevents Cancer

Several studies show that reishi mushroom has potent anti-cancer properties:

  1. A cell study found that reishi mushroom exerts its anti-cancer properties by inducing programmed cell death of cancer cells. [22]
  2. A study showed that reishi mushroom’s anticancer effects are attributed to its efficacy in reducing cancer cell survival and growth, as well as increasing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. [23]
  3. A study found that the bioconstituents of reishi mushroom inhibited signaling pathways necessary for lung cancer cell growth. [24]
  4. In rats, supplementation with water extract from reishi mushroom protected against colon cancer by restoring the intestinal flora. [25]
  5. A study showed that reishi mushroom suppressed protein synthesis and tumor growth by affecting survival and proliferative signaling pathways. [26]
  6. In rats with breast cancer, administration of reishi extract significantly reduced the number of cancer cells by protecting against lipid peroxidation. [27]

Protects Organs

Studies also found that reishi mushroom can help improve organ health:

  1. In rabbits with urinary bladder dysfunction, oral administration of reishi mushroom for 3 weeks protected against injury associated with impaired blood flow. [28]
  2. In mice, reishi mushroom alleviated against liver dysfunction and liver insulin resistance. [29]
  3. In human liver cells, reishi mushroom protected against oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. [30]
  4. In mice, reishi mushroom protected against cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury. [31]

Wards off Depression and Improves Mood

Studies show that reishi mushroom also has antidepressant effects:

  1. In rats, treatment with reishi mushroom produced antidepressant-like effects. [32]
  2. In mouse models of anxiety, reishi mushroom demonstrated a significant increase in the time spent in light cubicle, which is suggestive of an anti-depressant effect. [33]

Promotes Weight Loss

Evidence suggests that reishi mushroom has beneficial effects on obesity:

  1. In obese mice, reishi mushroom reduced weight and fat mass by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. [34]
  2. A cell study found that reishi mushroom inhibited the formation of fat cells. [35]

Prevents Bone Abnormalities and Lowers Risk of Fractures

There’s also a good deal of evidence supporting the benefits of reishi mushroom on bone health:

  1. In glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis rat model, oral administration of reishi mushroom protected against osteoporosis. [36]
  2. In a rat model of osteoporosis, reishi mushroom administration prevented bone loss. [37]

Boosts Immune Function

The immune-boosting properties of reishi mushroom are backed by scientific evidence:

  1. A study reported that reishi mushroom helps activate immune effector cells, such as natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. [38]
  2. A study found that the components of reishi mushroom, such as ganoderic acid, danoderiol, danderenic acid, and lucidenic acid, are responsible for its immune-modulating effects. [39]
  3. A study reported that reishi mushroom modulates the activity of inflammatory substances such as IL1-α, IL-6 and TNF-α. [40]
  4. In children aged 3 to 5 years, administration of a yogurt containing reishi mushroom increased the frequency of immune system cells in the blood, including CD8+ T lymphocytes, and natural killer cell counts. [41]

References:

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  20. Huang S, Mao J, Ding K, Zhou Y, Zeng X, Yang W, Wang P, Zhao C, Yao J, Xia P, Pei G. Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Promote Cognitive Function and Neural Progenitor Proliferation in Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Stem Cell Reports. 2017 Jan 10;8(1):84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.007. PMID: 28076758; PMCID: PMC5233449.
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  22. Sohretoglu D, Huang S. Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides as An Anti-cancer Agent. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2018;18(5):667-674. doi:10.2174/1871520617666171113121246.
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  24. Gill BS, Navgeet, Kumar S. Ganoderma lucidum targeting lung cancer signaling: A review. Tumour Biol. 2017 Jun;39(6):1010428317707437. doi: 10.1177/1010428317707437. PMID: 28653896.
  25. Yongshou Yang, Dwi Eva Nirmagustina, Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee, Yukako Okazaki, Hiroyuki Tomotake & Norihisa Kato (2017) Feeding of the water extract from Ganoderma lingzhi to rats modulates secondary bile acids, intestinal microflora, mucins, and propionate important to colon cancer, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 81:9, 1796-1804, DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1343117.
  26. Suarez-Arroyo IJ, Rosario-Acevedo R, Aguilar-Perez A, Clemente PL, Cubano LA, Serrano J, et al. (2013) Anti-Tumor Effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in Inflammatory Breast Cancer in In Vivo and In Vitro Models. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057431.
  27. Deepalakshmi K, Mirunalini S. Modulatory effect of Ganoderma lucidum on expression of xenobiotic enzymes, oxidant-antioxidant and hormonal status in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats. Phcog Mag 2013;9:167-75.
  28. Robert M. Levin PhD, Li-Xia, Wu Wei, Catherine Schuler, Robert E. Leggett, Alpha D-Y Lin MD, Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum on Biochemical Dysfunctions of the Rabbit Urinary Bladder using an In-Vitro Model of Ischemia / Reperfusion(2017)SDRP Journal of Plant Science 2(2):65-72.
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  30. Jian-Guo Wu, Yong-Jun Kan, Yan-Bin Wu, Jun Yi, Ti-Qiang Chen & Jin-Zhong Wu (2016) Hepatoprotective effect of ganoderma triterpenoids against oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in human hepatic HepG2 cells, Pharmaceutical Biology, 54:5, 919-929, DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1091481.
  31. Hong Ngoc Pham, Le Son Hoang & Van Trung Phung | Tsai-Ching Hsu (Reviewing Editor) (2016) Hepatoprotective activity of Ganoderma lucidium (Curtis) P. Karst against cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury in mice, Cogent Biology, 2:1, DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2016.1267421.
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Raspberry Ketone

Raspberry ketone is a natural substance that gives raspberries a powerful aroma. This powerful aromatic substance can also be found in small amounts in other fruits like blackberries, cranberries, and kiwis. It is commonly used in cosmetics and has been added to soft drinks, ice cream, and processed food as a flavoring. Only recently, raspberries ketone became popular as a loss weight supplement. But it also has anti-aging properties that can help protect against various diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. To enjoy the health benefits of raspberry ketone, you can consume the fruit raw or you can take its capsule form.

Overall Health Benefits of Raspberry Ketone

  • Lowers risk of diabetes and improves blood sugar levels [1-4]
  • Improves sexual health [5-6]
  • Protects against liver injury [7-8]
  • Lowers risk of cardiovascular diseases [9-10]
  • Prevents Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and boosts cognitive health [11-12]
  • Promotes weight loss [13-16]
  • Prevents bone abnormalities [17-18]

How Raspberry Ketone Works

Raspberry ketone is high in fiber, which helps promote weight loss. It is also jam-packed with protein, vitamin C, vitamin K, B vitamins, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, and copper. Its high antioxidant content helps protect against various diseases.

Proven Health Benefits of Raspberry Ketone

Lowers Risk of Diabetes and Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Studies suggest that raspberry ketone can help reduce diabetes risk through its blood sugar-lowering effects:

  1. A study showed that the nutrient profile of red raspberries and their polyphenolic components can help reduce the risk of diabetes. [1]
  2. In wild type mice, supplementation with raspberry for 10 weeks improved response to the hormone insulin, which helps lower blood sugar levels. [2]
  3. In adults with type 2 diabetes, acute raspberry supplementation significantly lowered the levels of blood sugar. [3]
  4. A study showed that red raspberries improved postmeal blood sugar control and reduced insulin requirements in diabetics. [4]

Improves Sexual Health

There are also increasing evidence supporting the beneficial effects of raspberry ketone on sexual health:

  1. In sterile male Queensland fruit fly, raspberry ketone supplementation improved mating performance. [5]
  2. In an animal model, raspberry ketone supplementation also increased sexual attraction. [6]

Protects Against Liver Injury

Raspberry ketone has been found to protect the liver against various forms of injury:

  1. A study showed that raspberry ketone prevented programmed cell death of liver cells. [7]
  2. In mice fed with a high fat diet, raspberry ketone supplementation protected against liver inflammation associated with fat accumulation. [8]

Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases

Studies found that raspberry ketone may help ward off cardiovascular diseases by improving various health parameters:

  1. In male and female mice, administration with raspberry ketone improved blood circulation. [9]
  2. In hypertensive rats, raspberry ketone exerted its cardioprotective effects by reducing blood pressure. [10]

Prevents Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Boosts Cognitive Health

Evidence suggests that raspberry ketone is also a cognitive enhancer:

  1. In rats with obesity-induced Alzheimer disease, raspberry ketone with calorie restricted regimen effectively modulated the neurodegenerative changes induced by obesity and delayed the progression of AD. [11]
  2. In mice fed with raspberry ketone for 3 weeks, a significant reduction in brain inflammation was observed. [12]

Promotes Weight Loss

A number of high-quality studies recommend raspberry ketone as a weight loss supplement:

  1. In overweight men and women, raspberry ketone consumption for 8 weeks reduced hip and waist girth, and increased energy levels. [13]
  2. Studies found that raspberry ketone can help reduce weight by increasing metabolism. [14-15]
  3. In rats, raspberry ketone significantly increased norepinephrine-induced lipolysis (fat breakdown). [16]

Prevents Bone Abnormalities

There are also studies supporting the benefits of raspberry ketone on bone health:

  1. In a rat model of arthritis, raspberry ketone extract administration lowered the incidence of bone breakdown. [17]
  2. A cell study showed that raspberry ketone enhanced the production of bone-producing cells known as osteoblasts. [18]

References:

  1. Burton-Freeman BM, Sandhu AK, Edirisinghe I. Red Raspberries and Their Bioactive Polyphenols: Cardiometabolic and Neuronal Health Links. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(1):44-65. Published 2016 Jan 15. doi:10.3945/an.115.009639.
  2. Zhao, L., Zou, T., Gomez, N.A. et al. Raspberry alleviates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1. Nutr & Diabetes 8, 39 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-018-0049-6.
  3. Schell J, Betts NM, Lyons TJ, Basu A. Raspberries Improve Postprandial Glucose and Acute and Chronic Inflammation in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74(2):165-174. doi: 10.1159/000497226. Epub 2019 Feb 14. PMID: 30763939.
  4. Xiao D, Zhu L, Edirisinghe I, Fareed J, Brailovsky Y, Burton-Freeman B. Attenuation of Postmeal Metabolic Indices with Red Raspberries in Individuals at Risk for Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019 Apr;27(4):542-550. doi: 10.1002/oby.22406. Epub 2019 Feb 14. PMID: 30767409.
  5. Khan MAM, Shuttleworth LA, Osborne T, Collins D, Gurr GM, Reynolds OL. Raspberry ketone accelerates sexual maturation and improves mating performance of sterile male Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). Pest Manag Sci. 2019 Jul;75(7):1942-1950. doi: 10.1002/ps.5307. Epub 2019 Feb 4. PMID: 30578612.
  6. Akter H, Adnan S, Morelli R, Rempoulakis P, Taylor PW (2017) Suppression of cuelure attraction in male Queensland fruit flies provided raspberry ketone supplements as immature adults. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0184086.
  7. Available from https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/tx/c9tx00068b#!divAbstract.
  8. Wang L, Meng X, Zhang F. Raspberry ketone protects rats fed high-fat diets against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Med Food. 2012;15(5):495-503. doi:10.1089/jmf.2011.1717.
  9. Kshatriya D, Hao L, Li X, Bello NT. Raspberry Ketone [4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone] Differentially Effects Meal Patterns and Cardiovascular Parameters in Mice. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1754. Published 2020 Jun 11. doi:10.3390/nu12061754.
  10. Jia H, Liu JW, Ufur H, He GS, Liqian H, Chen P. The antihypertensive effect of ethyl acetate extract from red raspberry fruit in hypertensive rats. Phcog Mag 2011;7:19-24
  11. Mohamed HE, Abo-ELmatty DM, Mesbah NM, Saleh SM, Ali AA, Sakr AT. Raspberry ketone preserved cholinergic activity and antioxidant defense in obesity induced Alzheimer disease in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Nov;107:1166-1174. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.034. Epub 2018 Aug 28. PMID: 30257330.
  12. Available from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00086/full.
  13. Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Hofheins JE, et al. Eight weeks of supplementation with a multi-ingredient weight loss product enhances body composition, reduces hip and waist girth, and increases energy levels in overweight men and women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):22. Published 2013 Apr 19. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-22.
  14. Zhao D, Yuan B, Kshatriya D, et al. Bioavailability and Metabolism of Raspberry Ketone with Potential Implications for Obesity Prevention (OR34-05-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3(Suppl 1):nzz031.OR34-05-19. Published 2019 Jun 13. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz031.OR34-05-19.
  15. Morimoto C, Satoh Y, Hara M, Inoue S, Tsujita T, Okuda H. Anti-obese action of raspberry ketone. Life Sci. 2005 May 27;77(2):194-204. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.029. Epub 2005 Feb 25. PMID: 15862604.
  16. Park KS. Raspberry ketone increases both lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Planta Med. 2010 Oct;76(15):1654-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1249860. Epub 2010 Apr 27. PMID: 20425690.
  17. Available from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf203456w.
  18. Takata T, Morimoto C. Raspberry ketone promotes the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 stem cells into osteoblasts. J Med Food. 2014;17(3):332-338. doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.2763.

Pygeum africanum Bark Powder

Pygeum or Prunus africanum, also known as African cherry, is a tree that is native to central and southern regions of Africa. Its bark is commonly used to treat a broad range of medical maladies including enlarged prostate, certain types of cancer, kidney disease, urinary problems, sexual dysfunction, infection, and other inflammatory conditions.

Overall Health Benefits of Pygeum africanum Bark Powder

  • Improves symptoms of diabetes and blood sugar levels [1]
  • Improves prostate health [2-6]
  • Combats cancer [7-11]
  • Treats symptoms of kidney disease [12-13]
  • Relieves pain [14-15]

How Pygeum africanum Bark Powder Works

Pygeum africanum bark is a natural herbal supplement that contains triterpenes, ferulic acid, and phytosterols. Triterpenes block enzymes that are responsible for the destruction of connective tissues, which could lead to possible improvement of symptoms of an enlarged prostate. Ferulic acid is a plant-based antioxidant with strong anti-inflammatory properties while phytosterols can help block pain sensation via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

Proven Health Benefits of Pygeum africanum Bark Powder

Improves Symptoms of Diabetes and Blood Sugar Levels

Studies show that Pygeum africanum bark has potent antidiabetic properties:

  1. In adult Wistar male rats, treatment with Pygeum africanum bark suppressed the oxidative stress status in diabetic bladder. [1]

Improves Prostate Health

Evidence suggests that Pygeum africanum bark can benefit prostate health by protecting against various prostate conditions:

  1. A study found that pygeum africanum bark extract administration improved all the urinary parameters and relieved prostate inflammation. [2]
  2. A study found that pygeum africanum bark may be a useful treatment option for men with lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate enlargement. [3]
  3. A cell study found that pygeum africanum bark can help prevent BPH by slowing the growth of actual prostate cells. [4]
  4. In cultured human prostate cells, treatment with pygeum africanum bark inhibited the growth and multiplication of the cells. [5]
  5. In older men with BPH, pygeum africanum bark prevented prostate cell growth by inhibiting basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). [6]

Combats Cancer

There’s increasing evidence supporting the anti-cancer properties of pygeum africanum bark:

  1. A study found that pygeum africanum bark extract has the ability to kill tumor cells by suppressing the growth of new blood vessels. [7]
  2. A cell study found that pygeum africanum bark has a significant role in the suppression prostate cancer. [8]
  3. In human prostatic cancer cell lines, pygeum africanum bark inhibited mitosis (cell division). [9]
  4. In cultured prostate stromal cells from patients with BPH, pygeum africanum bark induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) of cells. [10]
  5. In adult Sprague-Dawley male rats, pygeum africanum bark prevented the increase in prostatic weight. [11]

Treats Symptoms of Kidney Disease

A growing body of clinical evidence suggests that pygeum africanum bark can be used as a therapeutic option in kidney disease:

  1. A study found that pygeum africanum bark can treat symptoms of kidney failure associated with stone formation. [12]
  2. A study also reported that pygeum africanum bark can protect against kidney injury through its anti-inflammatory properties. [13]

Relieves Pain

Studies also found that pygeum africanum bark has potent analgesic properties:

  1. In patients with urinary tract infection, pygeum africanum bark reduced pain associated with urination. [14]
  2. A study also found that pygeum africanum bark can help relieve pain caused by chronic pelvic pain syndrome. [15]

References:

  1. Wang D, Li Y, Hou G, et al. Pygeum africanum: effect on oxidative stress in early diabetes-induced bladder. International Urology and Nephrology. 2010 Jun;42(2):401-408. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-009-9610-5.
  2. Carani C, Salvioli V, Scuteri A, et al. Valutazione urologica e sessuologica del trattamento della patologia prostatica benigna mediante Pygeum africanum ad alte dosi [Urological and sexual evaluation of treatment of benign prostatic disease using Pygeum africanum at high doses]. Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl. 1991;63(3):341-345.
  3. Available from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-prunus-africana-hook-f-kalkm-cortex_en.pdf.
  4. Larré S, Camparo P, Comperat E, et al. Biological effect of human serum collected before and after oral intake of Pygeum africanum on various benign prostate cell cultures. Asian J Androl. 2012;14(3):499-504. doi:10.1038/aja.2011.132.
  5. Boulbès D, Soustelle L, Costa P, et al. Pygeum africanum extract inhibits proliferation of human cultured prostatic fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. BJU Int. 2006;98(5):1106-1113. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06483.x.
  6. Wilt T, Ishani A, Mac Donald R, Rutks I, Stark G. Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;1998(1):CD001044. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001044.
  7. Komakech R, Kang Y, Lee JH, Omujal F. A Review of the Potential of Phytochemicals from Prunus africana (Hook f.) Kalkman Stem Bark for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy of Prostate Cancer. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:3014019. doi:10.1155/2017/3014019.
  8. Shenouda NS, Sakla MS, Newton LG, et al. Phytosterol Pygeum africanum regulates prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Endocrine. 2007;31(1):72-81. doi:10.1007/s12020-007-0014-y.
  9. Santa María Margalef, Anna, et al. “[Antimitogenic Effect of Pygeum Africanum Extracts On Human Prostatic Cancer Cell Lines and Explants From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia].” Archivos Espanoles De Urologia, vol. 56, no. 4, 2003, pp. 369-78.
  10. Maria T. Quiles, Maria A. Arbós, Antònia Fraga, Inés M. de Torres, Jaume Reventós, Juan Morote, Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the herbal agent Pygeum africanum on cultured prostate stromal cells from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) , The Prostate, 10.1002/pros.21138, 70, 10, (1044-1053), (2010).
  11. Yoshimura Y, Yamaguchi O, Bellamy F, Constantinou CE. Effect of Pygeum africanum tadenan on micturition and prostate growth of the rat secondary to coadministered treatment and post-treatment with dihydrotestosterone. Urology. 2003;61(2):474-478. doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02155-6.
  12. Gohari AR, Saeidnia S. The role of herbal medicines in treatment of urinary tract diseases. J Nephropharmacol. 2014;3(1):13-14. Published 2014 Jan 1.
  13. Available from https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/342604.
  14. Available from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/draft-assessment-report-prunus-africana-hook-f-kalkm-cortex_en.pdf.
  15. Available from https://read.qxmd.com/read/31577095/nutraceutical-treatment-and-prevention-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-and-prostate-cancer.

Plant Sterol Complex

Plant sterols, also known as avenasterols, are a group of substances that are made from plants and can be found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oil. They are also available in the form of margarine spreads, orange juice, granola bars, and cereals. Plant sterols are commonly used to lower cholesterol levels.

Overall Health Benefits of Plant Sterol Complex

  • Lowers cholesterol levels [1-24]
  • Speeds up wound healing [25-26]
  • Lowers risk of cardiovascular disease [27-37]
  • Prevents Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and boosts cognitive health [38-41]
  • Prevents cancer [42-54]

How Plant Sterol Complex Works

Plant sterols are the same as cholesterol with regards to structure. They might help lower your cholesterol levels by limiting the production of cholesterol. They can also control the amount of cholesterol that enters your body.

Proven Health Benefits of Plant Sterol Complex

Lowers Cholesterol Levels

An overwhelming body of clinical evidence suggests that plant sterols can be beneficial in patients with elevated cholesterol levels:

  1. In patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment with plant sterols significantly reduced total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. [1]
  2. A study showed that plant sterols can help reduce cholesterol levels through its antioxidant effects. [2]
  3. In diabetic and non-diabetic persons with high cholesterol levels, administration with plant sterols for 21 days significantly reduced LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with baseline. [3]
  4. Studies show that foods enriched with plant sterols can effectively reduce blood cholesterol levels in patients with high cholesterol. [4-23]
  5. In diabetic patients, consumption of plant sterols significantly reduced blood cholesterol levels. [24]

Speeds up Wound Healing

Plant sterols have also been found to accelerate the wound healing process through various mechanisms:

  1. A study showed that plant sterols contain compounds that can help with blood vessel formation, an essential process in wound healing. [25]
  2. In rabbits, plant sterols administration enhanced wound healing 15% faster than the commercial cream. [26]

Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Numerous studies suggest that plant sterols can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by improving cholesterol levels and other health parameters:

  1. A study showed that plant sterols are considered safe and consistently effective in lowering blood cholesterol. [27]
  2. A study showed that plant sterols/stanols caused significant inhibition of cholesterol absorption and lower LDL-C levels by between 8 and 10%. [28]
  3. Studies also found that higher dietary intake of plant sterols was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with high cholesterol levels. [29-35]
  4. Studies also reported that plant sterols have the ability to prevent the formation of plaques within the heart arteries. [36-37]

Prevents Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Boosts Cognitive Health

Studies also suggest that plant sterols can help protect against cognitive dysfunction and AD:

  1. A study showed that plant sterols can help lower one’s risk of AD by preventing the formation of abnormal protein structures in the brain. [38]
  2. A study also showed that reducing brain cholesterol or replacing it with plant sterols that pass in the blood brain barrier can help prevent the development of AD. [39]
  3. In mice, oral administration of plant sterols reduced the prevalence of AD. [40]
  4. A study also found that plant sterols can treat memory loss associated with AD. [41]

Prevents Cancer

There’s a good deal of evidence that supports the anti-cancer properties of plant sterols:

  1. A study showed that plant sterols can help protect against breast cancer. [42]
  2. A review of several studies found that low consumption of plant sterols was associated with a higher risk of cancer. [43]
  3. Plant sterols have also been found to reduce the growth of various cancer cells including breast, prostate, and liver. [44]
  4. Higher intake of plant sterols from vegetables and fruits has also been found to reduce the risk of gastric cancer. [45]
  5. In rats, plant sterols protected against chemically-induced colon tumor. [46]
  6. A cell study found that plant sterols inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cells. [47]
  7. In human breast cancer cells, treatment with plant sterols induced programmed cell death. [48]
  8. In rats, plant sterol administration significantly reduced the growth of tumors. [49-52]
  9. A study reported that plant sterols prevented cancer development by lowering cholesterol levels. [53-54]

References:

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  2. Berger, A., Jones, P.J. & Abumweis, S.S. Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients. Lipids Health Dis 3, 5 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-3-5.
  3. Vivian WY Lau, Mélanie Journoud, Peter JH Jones, Plant sterols are efficacious in lowering plasma LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic persons, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 81, Issue 6, June 2005, Pages 1351–1358, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1351.
  4. Bernácer, Raquel, Roig, Diana, & Lozano, Blanca. (2015). Plant sterols for adults with hypercholesterolemia treated with or without medication (statins). Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética, 19(2), 105-115. https://dx.doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.0.0.64.
  5. Patel SB. Plant sterols and stanols: their role in health and disease. J Clin Lipidol. 2008;2(2):S11-S19. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2008.01.007.
  6. Chen Y, She Y, Kaur R, Guo N, Zhang X, Zhang R, Gou X. Is Plant Sterols a Good Strategy to Lower Cholesterol? J Oleo Sci. 2019 Sep 4;68(9):811-816. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess19116. Epub 2019 Aug 14. PMID: 31413246.
  7. Ras RT, Geleijnse JM, Trautwein EA. LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr. 2014 Jul 28;112(2):214-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514000750. Epub 2014 Apr 29. PMID: 24780090; PMCID: PMC4071994.
  8. Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, et al. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(10):725-746. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy032.
  9. Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, Rideout TC, Myrie SB, Plat J, Roullet JB, Baer DJ, Calkins KL, Davis HR, Barton Duell P, Ginsberg H, Gylling H, Jenkins D, Lütjohann D, Moghadasian M, Moreau RA, Mymin D, Ostlund RE Jr, Ras RT, Ochoa Reparaz J, Trautwein EA, Turley S, Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev. 2018 Oct 1;76(10):725-746. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032. PMID: 30101294; PMCID: PMC6130982.
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  16. Reiner Z, Tedeschi-Reiner E. Ucinci biljnih sterola na hiperkolesterolemiju [The effects of plant sterols on hypercholesterolemia]. Lijec Vjesn. 2007 Aug-Sep;129(8-9):276-81. Croatian. PMID: 18198627.
  17. Dumolt JH, Rideout TC. The Lipid-lowering Effects and Associated Mechanisms of Dietary Phytosterol Supplementation. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(34):5077-5085. doi:10.2174/1381612823666170725142337.
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