Ubiquinol

Overall Health Benefits of Ubiquinol

• Improves energy levels and exercise performance [1-11]
• Improves cardiovascular health [12-19]
• Improves cognitive function [20-22]
• Lowers cholesterol levels [23-26]
• Boosts male fertility [27-36]
• Treats symptoms of diabetes [37-40]
• Improves liver health [41-43]
• Relieves dry mouth [44-45]
• Improves kidney health [46-47]
• Improves eye health [48-49]
• Speeds up wound healing [50-52]
• Improves muscle health [53-58]

What is Ubiquinol?

Ubiquinol is the active form of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a nutrient that occurs naturally in your body and is needed for energy production. For the body to effectively use CoQ10, it must convert it to ubiquinol. Your body naturally produces ubiquinol, which supplies about half of the needs. The other half comes from foods such as fish, shellfish, eggs, vegetables, and dairy products. It is a very powerful antioxidant, a substance that prevents or slows cellular damage induced by unstable molecules known as free radicals. The potent antioxidant properties of ubiquinol are associated with various health benefits.

How Ubiquinol Works

As a strong antioxidant, ubiquinol is capable of donating an electron to a free radical. This process neutralizes the free radical and offers cellular protection against oxidation. As one substance loses or gains an electron, it undergoes a process called oxidation-reduction reaction, also known as a redox reaction. After donating an electron to a free radical, It converts into regular CoQ10. Regular CoQ10 then converts back into ubiquinol after an enzyme reaction occurs.

Chemical Structure of Ubiquinol

Research onUbiquinol

Improves Energy Levels and Exercise Performance

An overwhelming body of clinical evidence suggests that it boosts energy levels and improves exercise performance by increasing CoQ10 and neutralizing the harmful effects of free radicals:

1. In young healthy trained German Olympic athletes, daily supplementation of 300 mg ubiquinol for 6 weeks significantly enhanced physical performance. [1]
2. In mice, ubiquinol supplementation altered exercise-induced fatigue by increasing lipid utilization. [2]
3. Dietary supplementation with ubiquinol-10 in mice increased the activity of the mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell). [3]
4. In healthy volunteers, supplementation with 200 mg/day of ubiquinol for 4 weeks significantly increased blood levels of CoQ10. [4]
5. In mice, the administration of water-soluble formulations of ubiquinol-10 improved the efficacy of CoQ10 therapy in mitochondrial disease. [5]
6. In older men, consumption of ubiquinol supplement at a dose of 200 mg per day for 2 weeks significantly enhanced the CoQ10 status than ubiquinone. [6]
7. In male young athletes, supplementation with ubiquinol (200 mg/day) minimized exercise-induced CoQ10 depletion and enhanced plasma and cellular antioxidant levels. [7]
8. In healthy individuals experiencing fatigue in daily life that had continued for more than 1 month and less than 6 months, daily supplementation with ubiquinol at a dose of 150 mg per day resulted in significant improvements in the subjective level of relaxation after task, sleepiness before and after task, motivation for task, and blood levels of oxidative stress compared with placebo. [8]
9. In male distance runners, supplementation with ubiquinol at a dose of 200-300 mg/day mitigated tissue damage and alleviated fatigue status. [9]
10. In patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, ubiquinol supplementation at 150 mg per day for 12 weeks improved the symptoms of the disease. [10]
11. In patients with fibromyalgia, a condition characterized by generalized pain and chronic fatigue, ubiquinol-10 supplementation (100 mg/day for 12 weeks) significantly decreased symptoms of fatigue. [11]

Improves Cardiovascular Health

Numerous studies suggest that the potent antioxidant properties of ubiquinol can help improve cardiovascular health by protecting against various mechanisms involved in heart dysfunction:

1. In patients with advanced congestive heart failure, supplementation with ubiquinol at an average of 580 mg/day resulted in improvement in the measurement of left ventricular function. [12]
2. In patients with pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy (PDCM), a life-threatening type of cardiac muscle dysfunction, liquid ubiquinol administration for 24 weeks improved cardiac function and ameliorated the symptoms of heart failure. [13]
3. In patients with heart failure, treatment with ubiquinol + L-carnitine resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. [14]
4. In a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (damage to the heart muscle due to insufficient blood flow), the administration of a 1% solution of ubiquinol at a dose of 3 mg/kg exerted cardioprotective effects by preventing further tissue damage. [15]
5. In post-cardiac arrest patients, the administration of ubiquinol (300 mg) every 12 hours for up to 7 days significantly increased CoQ10 levels. [16]
6. In patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (measurement of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction), the administration of ubiquinol at 400 mg/day significantly improved cardiac function. [17]
7. A study suggested that ubiquinol can help treat diastolic heart failure by improving left ventricular diastolic function. [18]
8. In patients with heart failure, ubiquinol supplementation at 150 mg/day for 14 days significantly reduced the levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), an indicator of disease severity. [19]

Improves Cognitive Function

Studies also show that ubiquinol is effective in treating cognitive dysfunction related to old age:

1. In healthy elderly populations, the administration of ubiquinol at 200 mg per day for 90 days improved symptoms of age-related cognitive decline and quality of life. [20]
2. In older people aged 60 years and above, a 90-day treatment with ubiquinol at 200 mg per day ameliorated cognitive decline. [21]
3. In patients with cognitive impairment due to Parkinson’s disease, the administration of 300 mg of ubiquinol-10 for 48 weeks alleviated the symptoms of the disease compared with placebo. [22]

Lowers Cholesterol Levels

Evidence suggests that ubiquinol can help improve cholesterol levels in people with abnormally high cholesterol:

1. In patients with high cholesterol levels, ubiquinol significantly reduced the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad cholesterol). [23]
2. In patients with fibromyalgia (generalized pain and chronic fatigue), ubiquinol reduced high total cholesterol levels. [24]
3. In patients with elevated cholesterol levels, 2-week supplementation with the reduced form of CoQ10 (ubiquinol) resulted in lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. [25]
4. In patients with elevated cholesterol levels and chronic heart failure, the combination of ubiquinol and statin (a medication that lowers cholesterol) resulted in lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. [26]

Boosts Male Fertility

A convincing number of studies suggest that ubiquinol can help boost male fertility by increasing sperm count and improving various semen parameters:

1. In men with infertility of unknown cause, treatment with 200 mg ubiquinol daily by mouth for 26 weeks improved sperm density, sperm motility (movement), and sperm morphology (size and shape). [27-28]
2. In men with low sperm count, supplementation with 150 mg ubiquinol daily for 6 months increased sperm count by 53%, improved sperm motility, and increased testosterone levels. [29]
3. In men with astheno-teratozoospermia (low sperm count, low sperm motility, and abnormal sperm morphology), the administration of 100 mg ubiquinol twice a day for 6 months resulted in a statistically significant improvement in sperm motility and sperm morphology. [30-31]
4. In patients with low fertilization rates after in vitro fertilization, treatment with oral ubiquinol at 60 mg/day resulted in improved sperm functions and increased fertilization rate. [32]
5. A study found that ubiquinol increased fertility in men with a history of infertility by reducing the formation of free radicals in the seminal plasma and seminal fluid. [33]
6. In infertile patients (27-39 years of age), ubiquinol treatment increased sperm count. [34]
7. In dogs with poor semen quality, ubiquinol improved sperm motility, reduced morphologically abnormal sperm, and reduced free radicals in the seminal plasma. [35]
8. In stallions, daily oral ingestion of ubiquinol at 1g for 4 weeks improved semen quality. [36]

Treats Symptoms of Diabetes

Evidence suggests that ubiquinol can produce beneficial effects on symptoms of diabetes by improving blood sugar levels and via its antioxidant properties:

1. In patients with type 2 diabetes, supplementation with ubiquinol for 12 weeks reduced the levels of HbA1c (a measure of long-term blood sugar levels) and free radicals. [37]
2. In diabetics receiving conventional medication, treatment with an oral dose of 200 mg ubiquinol daily for 12 weeks improved blood sugar control by improving insulin secretion. [38]
3. Studies found that ubiquinol can help bring blood sugar levels within normal limits in diabetic patients by reducing the levels of free radicals. [39-40]

Improves Liver Health

There’s also evidence supporting the ability of ubiquinol to protect against liver damage and other liver diseases:

1. In patients who were taking statins, supplementation with ubiquinol at 150 mg per day reduced liver enzymes and other markers of liver damage. [41]
2. In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), treatment with ubiquinol at a dose of 100 mg for 12 weeks significantly reduced markers of inflammation. [42]
3. In healthy males, ubiquinol reduced markers of inflammation and free radicals in the liver. [43]

Relieves Dry Mouth

Studies found that ubiquinol can offer relief from dry mouth by increasing salivary secretion:

1. In patients with dry mouth, oral ubiquinol administration at 100 mg per day attenuated the symptoms by increasing salivary secretion. [44]
2. In younger and older individuals with slight dryness of the mouth, the ingestion of a gummy candy containing 50 mg of ubiquinol twice daily for 8 weeks increased the secretion of saliva by suppressing oxidative stress in the salivary glands. [45]

Improves Kidney Health

Studies also found that ubiquinol can help improve kidney function and protect against kidney toxins:

1. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, ubiquinol significantly reduced the levels of free radicals in the kidneys and improved kidney function. [46]
2. In male Wistar rats, ubiquinol protected against kidney toxicity induced by the medication cyclosporine. [47]

Improves Eye Health

Ubiquinol has also been found to exert protective effects against age-related eye disorders:

1. In mice, consumption of a diet supplemented with ubiquinol prevented programmed cell death in the retina induced by acute high intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. [48]
2. In mouse models of glaucoma (vision loss due to optic nerve damage), ubiquinol enhanced eye cell survival and preserved visual function against oxidative stress. [49]

Speeds Up Wound Healing

The regenerative properties of ubiquinol are backed by strong scientific evidence:

1. In rats that had a tooth extraction, the application of ubiquinol cream improved wound healing. [50]
2. In rats with burn injuries, the application of ubiquinol cream improved wound healing by reducing inflammation and the levels of free radicals. [51]
3. A study found that ubiquinol can help treat diabetic wounds by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). [52]

Improves Muscle Health

A number of studies found that ubiquinol can help protect against muscle breakdown or damage:

1. In healthy and well-trained firemen, ubiquinol supplementation at 200 mg per day for 2 weeks prevented muscle damage induced by high-intensity exercise by modulating energy metabolism and bone turnover. [53]
2. In tumor-bearing mice, the ingestion of drinking water with ubiquinol (500 mg/kg/day) reduced muscle wasting by increasing muscle mass. [54]
3. A study found that lower muscular strength was associated with a lower percentage of the reduced form of CoQ10 (ubiquinol) in the body. [55]
4. In young kendo athletes, supplementation with ubiquinol at 600 mg daily for 11 days ameliorated exercise-induced muscle damage. [56]
5. In healthy and well-trained firemen, ubiquinol prevented exercise-induced muscle damage by modulating the production of inflammatory substances and improving oxygen supply. [57]
6. In mice, ubiquinol supplementation at 500 mg/kg/day counteracted the deleterious effects of physical exercise-derived reaction oxygen species (free radicals) on the muscles. [58]

Associated Side Effects of Ubiquinol

Ubiquinol side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this antioxidant wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on ubiquinol. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of ubiquinol. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with ubiquinol even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with ubiquinol may include the following:

• Diarrhea
• Heartburn
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Stomach upset

References

1. Alf, D., Schmidt, M. E., & Siebrecht, S. C. (2013). Ubiquinol supplementation enhances peak power production in trained athletes: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-24.
2. Chen, H. C., Huang, C. C., Lin, T. J., Hsu, M. C., & Hsu, Y. J. (2019). Ubiquinol Supplementation Alters Exercise Induced Fatigue by Increasing Lipid Utilization in Mice. Nutrients, 11(11), 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112550.
3. Tian, G., Sawashita, J., Kubo, H., Nishio, S. Y., Hashimoto, S., Suzuki, N., Yoshimura, H., Tsuruoka, M., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, H., Xu, Z., Mori, M., Kitano, M., Hosoe, K., Takeda, T., Usami, S., & Higuchi, K. (2014). Ubiquinol-10 supplementation activates mitochondria functions to decelerate senescence in senescence-accelerated mice. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 20(16), 2606–2620. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5406.
4. Langsjoen, P. H., & Langsjoen, A. M. (2014). Comparison study of plasma coenzyme Q10 levels in healthy subjects supplemented with ubiquinol versus ubiquinone. Clinical pharmacology in drug development, 3(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.73.
5. García-Corzo, L., Luna-Sánchez, M., Doerrier, C., Ortiz, F., Escames, G., Acuña-Castroviejo, D., & López, L. C. (2014). Ubiquinol-10 ameliorates mitochondrial encephalopathy associated with CoQ deficiency. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1842(7), 893–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.008.
6. Zhang, Y., , Liu, J., , Chen, X. Q., , & Oliver Chen, C. Y., (2018). Ubiquinol is superior to ubiquinone to enhance Coenzyme Q10 status in older men. Food & function, 9(11), 5653–5659. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00971f.
7. Orlando, P., Silvestri, S., Galeazzi, R., Antonicelli, R., Marcheggiani, F., Cirilli, I., Bacchetti, T., & Tiano, L. (2018). Effect of ubiquinol supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress indexes after intense exercise in young athletes. Redox report : communications in free radical research, 23(1), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2018.1472924.
8. Mizuno, K., Sasaki, A. T., Watanabe, K., & Watanabe, Y. (2020). Ubiquinol-10 Intake Is Effective in Relieving Mild Fatigue in Healthy Individuals. Nutrients, 12(6), 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061640.
9. Suzuki, Y., Nagato, S., Sakuraba, K., Morio, K., & Sawaki, K. (2021). Short-term ubiquinol-10 supplementation alleviates tissue damage in muscle and fatigue caused by strenuous exercise in male distance runners. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 91(3-4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000627.
10. Fukuda, S., Nojima, J., Kajimoto, O., Yamaguti, K., Nakatomi, Y., Kuratsune, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2016). Ubiquinol-10 supplementation improves autonomic nervous function and cognitive function in chronic fatigue syndrome. BioFactors (Oxford, England), 42(4), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1293.
11. Miyamae, T., Seki, M., Naga, T., Uchino, S., Asazuma, H., Yoshida, T., Iizuka, Y., Kikuchi, M., Imagawa, T., Natsumeda, Y., Yokota, S., & Yamamoto, Y. (2013). Increased oxidative stress and coenzyme Q10 deficiency in juvenile fibromyalgia: amelioration of hypercholesterolemia and fatigue by ubiquinol-10 supplementation. Redox report : communications in free radical research, 18(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1179/1351000212Y.0000000036.
12. Langsjoen, P. H., & Langsjoen, A. M. (2008). Supplemental ubiquinol in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. BioFactors (Oxford, England), 32(1-4), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520320114.
13. Chen FL, Chang PS, Lin YC, Lin PT. A Pilot Clinical Study of Liquid Ubiquinol Supplementation on Cardiac Function in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1697. Published 2018 Nov 7. doi:10.3390/nu10111697.
14. Kumar, A., Singh, R. B., Saxena, M., Niaz, M. A., Josh, S. R., Chattopadhyay, P., Mechirova, V., Pella, D., & Fedacko, J. (2007). Effect of carni Q-gel (ubiquinol and carnitine) on cytokines in patients with heart failure in the Tishcon study. Acta cardiologica, 62(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.2143/AC.62.4.2022278.
15. Kalatanova, A. V., Makarov, V. G., Faustova, N. M., Gushchin, Y. I., & Makarova, M. N. (2018). Otsenka kardioprotektornogo deĭstviia ubikhinola na modeli reperfuzionnogo povrezhdeniia miokarda krys [Evaluation of the cardioprotective effect of ubiquinol on the model of reperfusion injury of rat myocardium]. Biomeditsinskaia khimiia, 64(2), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.18097/PBMC20186402188.
16. Holmberg, M. J., Andersen, L. W., Moskowitz, A., Berg, K. M., Cocchi, M. N., Chase, M., Liu, X., Kuhn, D. M., Grossestreuer, A. V., Hoeyer-Nielsen, A. K., Kirkegaard, H., & Donnino, M. W. (2021). Ubiquinol (reduced coenzyme Q10) as a metabolic resuscitator in post-cardiac arrest: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation, 162, 388–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.041.
17. Kawashima, C., Matsuzawa, Y., Konishi, M., Akiyama, E., Suzuki, H., Sato, R., Nakahashi, H., Kikuchi, S., Kimura, Y., Maejima, N., Iwahashi, N., Hibi, K., Kosuge, M., Ebina, T., Tamura, K., & Kimura, K. (2020). Ubiquinol Improves Endothelial Function in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Single-Center, Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study. American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 20(4), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-019-00384-y.
18. Bates, A., Shen, Q., Hiebert, J. B., Thimmesch, A., & Pierce, J. D. (2014). Myocardial energetics and ubiquinol in diastolic heart failure. Nursing & health sciences, 16(4), 428–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12168.
19. Onur, S., Niklowitz, P., Jacobs, G., Lieb, W., Menke, T., & Döring, F. (2015). Association between serum level of ubiquinol and NT-proBNP, a marker for chronic heart failure, in healthy elderly subjects. BioFactors (Oxford, England), 41(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1198.
20. Stough, C., Nankivell, M., Camfield, D. A., Perry, N. L., Pipingas, A., Macpherson, H., Wesnes, K., Ou, R., Hare, D., de Haan, J., Head, G., Lansjoen, P., Langsjoen, A., Tan, B., Pase, M. P., King, R., Rowsell, R., Zwalf, O., Rathner, Y., Cooke, M., … Rosenfeldt, F. (2019). CoQ10 and Cognition a Review and Study Protocol for a 90-Day Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Cognitive Effects of Ubiquinol in the Healthy Elderly. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 11, 103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00103.
21. Stough, C., Nankivell, M., Camfield, D. A., Perry, N. L., Pipingas, A., Macpherson, H., Wesnes, K., Ou, R., Hare, D., de Haan, J., Head, G., Lansjoen, P., Langsjoen, A., Tan, B., Pase, M. P., King, R., Rowsell, R., Zwalf, O., Rathner, Y., Cooke, M., … Rosenfeldt, F. (2019). CoQ10 and Cognition a Review and Study Protocol for a 90-Day Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Cognitive Effects of Ubiquinol in the Healthy Elderly. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 11, 103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00103.
22. Yoritaka, A., Kawajiri, S., Yamamoto, Y., Nakahara, T., Ando, M., Hashimoto, K., Nagase, M., Saito, Y., & Hattori, N. (2015). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of reduced coenzyme Q10 for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 21(8), 911–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.022.
23. Schmelzer, C., Niklowitz, P., Okun, J. G., Haas, D., Menke, T., & Döring, F. (2011). Ubiquinol-induced gene expression signatures are translated into altered parameters of erythropoiesis and reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in humans. IUBMB life, 63(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.413.
24. Miyamae, T., Seki, M., Naga, T., Uchino, S., Asazuma, H., Yoshida, T., Iizuka, Y., Kikuchi, M., Imagawa, T., Natsumeda, Y., Yokota, S., & Yamamoto, Y. (2013). Increased oxidative stress and coenzyme Q10 deficiency in juvenile fibromyalgia: amelioration of hypercholesterolemia and fatigue by ubiquinol-10 supplementation. Redox report : communications in free radical research, 18(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1179/1351000212Y.0000000036.
25. Schmelzer, C., Niklowitz, P., Okun, J. G., Haas, D., Menke, T., & Döring, F. (2011). Ubiquinol-induced gene expression signatures are translated into altered parameters of erythropoiesis and reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in humans. IUBMB life, 63(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.413.
26. Kloer, H. U., Belardinelli, R., Ruchong, O., & Rosenfeldt, F. (2020). Combining Ubiquinol With a Statin May Benefit Hypercholesterolaemic Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Heart, lung & circulation, 29(2), 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2019.08.017.
27. Safarinejad, M. R., Safarinejad, S., Shafiei, N., & Safarinejad, S. (2012). Effects of the reduced form of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol) on semen parameters in men with idiopathic infertility: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. The Journal of urology, 188(2), 526–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.03.131.
28. Gaby A. R. (2013). Re: Effects of the reduced form of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol) on semen parameters in men with idiopathic infertility: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study: M. R. Safarinejad, S. Safarinejad, N. Shafiei and S. Safarinejad. J Urol 2012; 188: 526-531. The Journal of urology, 190(1), 364–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.01.086.
29. Thakur, Amar Singh et al. “Effect of Ubiquinol Therapy on Sperm Parameters and Serum Testosterone Levels in Oligoasthenozoospermic Infertile Men.” Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR vol. 9,9 (2015): BC01-3. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/13617.6424.
30. Cakiroglu, B., Eyyupoglu, S. E., Gozukucuk, R., & Uyanik, B. S. (2014). Ubiquinol effect on sperm parameters in subfertile men who have astheno-teratozoospermia with normal sperm concentration. Nephro-urology monthly, 6(3), e16870. https://doi.org/10.5812/numonthly.16870.
31. Balercia, G., Mancini, A., Paggi, F., Tiano, L., Pontecorvi, A., Boscaro, M., Lenzi, A., & Littarru, G. P. (2009). Coenzyme Q10 and male infertility. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 32(7), 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03346521.
32. Lewin, A., & Lavon, H. (1997). The effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and function. Molecular aspects of medicine, 18 Suppl, S213–S219. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0098-2997(97)00036-8.
33. Alleva, R., Scararmucci, A., Mantero, F., Bompadre, S., Leoni, L., & Littarru, G. P. (1997). The protective role of ubiquinol-10 against formation of lipid hydroperoxides in human seminal fluid. Molecular aspects of medicine, 18 Suppl, S221–S228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0098-2997(97)00040-x.
34. Balercia, G., Buldreghini, E., Vignini, A., Tiano, L., Paggi, F., Amoroso, S., Ricciardo-Lamonica, G., Boscaro, M., Lenzi, A., & Littarru, G. (2009). Coenzyme Q10 treatment in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial. Fertility and sterility, 91(5), 1785–1792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.119.
35. Kobayashi, M., Tsuzuki, C., Kobayashi, M., Tsuchiya, H., Yamashita, Y., Ueno, K., Onozawa, M., Kobayashi, M., Kawakami, E., & Hori, T. (2021). Effect of supplementation with the reduced form of coenzyme Q10 on semen quality and antioxidant status in dogs with poor semen quality: Three case studies. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 83(7), 1044–1049. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.21-0174.
36. Ruiz, A. J., Tibary, A., Heaton, R. A., Hargreaves, I. P., Leadon, D. P., & Bayly, W. M. (2021). Effects of Feeding Coenzyme Q10-Ubiquinol on Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Concentrations and Semen Quality in Stallions. Journal of equine veterinary science, 96, 103303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103303.
37. Yen, C. H., Chu, Y. J., Lee, B. J., Lin, Y. C., & Lin, P. T. (2018). Effect of liquid ubiquinol supplementation on glucose, lipids and antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetes patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The British journal of nutrition, 120(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518001241.
38. Mezawa, M., Takemoto, M., Onishi, S., Ishibashi, R., Ishikawa, T., Yamaga, M., Fujimoto, M., Okabe, E., He, P., Kobayashi, K., & Yokote, K. (2012). The reduced form of coenzyme Q10 improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: an open label pilot study. BioFactors (Oxford, England), 38(6), 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1038.
39. Zhang SY, Yang KL, Zeng LT, Wu XH, Huang HY. Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Endocrinol. 2018;2018:6484839. Published 2018 Sep 16. doi:10.1155/2018/6484839.
40. Shen Q, Pierce JD. Supplementation of Coenzyme Q10 among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Healthcare (Basel). 2015;3(2):296-309. Published 2015 May 21. doi:10.3390/healthcare3020296.
41. Pek, Sharon Lt et al. “MicroRNAs as biomarkers of hepatotoxicity in a randomized placebo-controlled study of simvastatin and ubiquinol supplementation.” Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) vol. 241,3 (2016): 317-30. doi:10.1177/1535370215605588.
42. Farsi, F., Mohammadshahi, M., Alavinejad, P., Rezazadeh, A., Zarei, M., & Engali, K. A. (2016). Functions of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Liver Enzymes, Markers of Systemic Inflammation, and Adipokines in Patients Affected by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 35(4), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1021057.
43. Onur, S., Niklowitz, P., Jacobs, G., Nöthlings, U., Lieb, W., Menke, T., & Döring, F. (2014). It reduces gamma glutamyltransferase as a marker of oxidative stress in humans. BMC research notes, 7, 427. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-427.
44. Ryo, K., Ito, A., Takatori, R., Tai, Y., Arikawa, K., Seido, T., Yamada, T., Shinpo, K., Tamaki, Y., Fujii, K., Yamamoto, Y., & Saito, I. (2011). Effects of coenzyme Q10 on salivary secretion. Clinical biochemistry, 44(8-9), 669–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.03.029.
45. Ushikoshi-Nakayama, Ryoko et al. “Effect of gummy candy containing ubiquinol on the secretion of saliva: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group comparative study and an in vitro study.” PloS one vol. 14,4 e0214495. 3 Apr. 2019, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214495.
46. Ishikawa, A., Kawarazaki, H., Ando, K., Fujita, M., Fujita, T., & Homma, Y. (2011). Renal preservation effect of ubiquinol, the reduced form of coenzyme Q10. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 15(1), 30–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-010-0350-8.
47. Ishikawa, A., & Homma, Y. (2012). Beneficial effect of ubiquinol, the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology, 38(2), 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-55382012000200011.
48. Ju, W. K., Shim, M. S., Kim, K. Y., Bu, J. H., Park, T. L., Ahn, S., & Weinreb, R. N. (2018). Ubiquinol promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and blocks the apoptotic pathway in ischemic retinal degeneration. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 503(4), 2639–2645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.016.
49. Edwards, G., Lee, Y., Kim, M., Bhanvadia, S., Kim, K. Y., & Ju, W. K. (2020). Effect of Ubiquinol on Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration and Oxidative Stress: Studies for Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and/or Visual Function. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(10), 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100952.
50. Yoneda T, Tomofuji T, Kawabata Y, et al. Application of coenzyme Q10 for accelerating soft tissue wound healing after tooth extraction in rats. Nutrients. 2014;6(12):5756-5769. Published 2014 Dec 10. doi:10.3390/nu6125756.
51. Available from https://eastjmed.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=ejm&plng=eng&un=EJM-66934.
52. Available from https://fjps.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43094-020-00043-z.
53. Diaz-Castro, J., Mira-Rufino, P. J., Moreno-Fernandez, J., Chirosa, I., Chirosa, J. L., Guisado, R., & Ochoa, J. J. (2020). Ubiquinol supplementation modulates energy metabolism and bone turnover during high intensity exercise. Food & function, 11(9), 7523–7531. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01147a.
54. Clark, Y. Y., Wold, L. E., Szalacha, L. A., & McCarthy, D. O. (2015). It reduces muscle wasting but not fatigue in tumor-bearing mice. Biological research for nursing, 17(3), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800414543822.
55. Fischer, A., Onur, S., Niklowitz, P., Menke, T., Laudes, M., Rimbach, G., & Döring, F. (2016). Coenzyme Q10 Status as a Determinant of Muscular Strength in Two Independent Cohorts. PloS one, 11(12), e0167124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167124.
56. Kizaki, K., Terada, T., Arikawa, H., Tajima, T., Imai, H., Takahashi, T., & Era, S. (2015). Effect of reduced coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol) supplementation on blood pressure and muscle damage during kendo training camp: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 55(7-8), 797–804.
57. Diaz-Castro J, Moreno-Fernandez J, Chirosa I, Chirosa LJ, Guisado R, Ochoa JJ. Beneficial Effect of Ubiquinol on Hematological and Inflammatory Signaling during Exercise. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):424. Published 2020 Feb 6. doi:10.3390/nu12020424.
58. Andreani, C et al. “Combination of Coenzyme Q10 Intake and Moderate Physical Activity Counteracts Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in a SAMP8 Mouse Model.” Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity vol. 2018 8936251. 24 Oct. 2018, doi:10.1155/2018/8936251.