LGD-4033

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Potential Health Benefits of LGD-4033
Key Takeaways
What is LGD-4033?
How LGD-4033 Works?
Chemical Structure of LGD-4033
Research on LGD-4033
Associated Side Effects of LGD-4033
LGD 4033 Dosage
What does LGD do?
LGD 4033 with Testosterone
LGD 4033 Half Life
LGD 3033 vs 4033
LGD 4033 vs RAD 140
Ibutamoren and SARM LGD 4033
Injectable LGD 4033
FAQ
Reference

Potential Health Benefits of LGD-4033

LGD-4033 enhances muscle mass, physical function, and exercise performance while also promoting fat loss and boosting libido. Additionally, it supports bone strength, reducing osteoporosis risk, and may contribute to brain health improvements.

Improves Muscle Mass and Physical Function [1-11]
Strengthens Bones and Lowers Risk of Osteoporosis [12-19]
Promotes Fat Loss [20-24]
Improves Exercise Performance [25]
Increases Libido [27-31]
Improves Brain Health [32-38]

Key Takeaways

Effective Muscle Builder – LGD-4033 is widely used for increasing lean muscle mass and strength.
Supports Stronger Bones – Helps improve bone density, contributing to better skeletal health.
Enhances Body Composition – Aids in fat loss while preserving muscle, making it useful for both cutting and bulking.
Boosts Performance and Vitality – Known to enhance exercise endurance, recovery, and libido.
Popular in Fitness and Research – Gaining attention in sports, bodybuilding, and scientific studies for its potential benefits.

What is LGD-4033?

LGD-4033, also known as Ligandrol, is a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that is designed to cure muscle wasting associated with chronic, progressive, debilitating diseases as well as age-related muscle loss. LGD-4033 is proven to have promising results in gaining lean muscle mass and reducing overall body fat in a short time period. This powerful SARM works by binding itself with specific androgen receptors in the body, such as muscle and bone receptors. Unlike steroids, it doesn’t affect the prostate, liver, or oil glands, making it a safer alternative for those who want to achieve a well-defined body.

How LGD-4033 Works?

LGD-4033 binds with the androgen receptors within the cells. This in turn stimulates muscle growth, increases muscle strength, and fortifies the bones. With this mechanism, LGD-4033 increases the efficiency and improves the results of anabolic activities like lifting weights and other high-intensity exercises.

Chemical Structure of LGD-4033

Research on LGD-4033

A. Improves Muscle Mass and Physical Function

LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), has been shown to improve muscle mass and physical function by enhancing lean body mass and strength without the adverse effects associated with traditional anabolic steroids. Studies suggest that LGD-4033 increases muscle protein synthesis, leading to greater muscle retention and improved physical performance, making it a potential therapeutic option for conditions involving muscle wasting, such as sarcopenia or cachexia. Its favorable safety profile and ability to promote functional improvements highlight its promise for both clinical and athletic applications.

In healthy men (21–50 years), ascending doses (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg) of LGD-4033 administered daily for 21 days increased lean body mass without any adverse side effects. [1-2]
In cancer patients with muscle wasting, LGD-4033 consistently increased lean body mass and improved physical function and quality of life. [3-4]
In healthy men, LGD-4033 increased lean muscle mass and improved functional measures. [5]
Phase I and II clinical studies have shown that LGD-4033 administration in patients with muscle wasting is safe and effective. [6-9]
In aging men and women, LGD-4033 improved lean body mass and physical functioning. [10]
In cancer patients with muscle wasting, LGD-4033 significantly decreased morbidity and mortality by improving muscle mass and strength, thereby allowing them to undergo more intensive treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy. [11]

B. Strengthens Bones and Lowers Risk of Osteoporosis

LGD-4033 has been shown to strengthen bones and lower the risk of osteoporosis by stimulating androgen receptors in bone tissue, enhancing bone mineral density and overall skeletal strength. Unlike traditional anabolic steroids, it promotes bone growth without significant side effects, making it a promising candidate for treating osteoporosis and other bone-related disorders. By improving both muscle mass and bone integrity, LGD-4033 may help reduce fracture risk and enhance mobility, particularly in aging populations or individuals with bone loss conditions.

LGD-4033 appears to decrease bone breakdown, thereby preventing fractures and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). [12]
In patients with osteoporosis, SARMs such as LGD-4033 increased BMD. [13]
In preclinical models, LGD-4033 increases BMD and bone strength at various skeletal sites. [14]
In rats, LGD-4033 promoted bone growth, prevented bone breakdown, and increased skeletal muscle mass/strength. [15-18]
In animal models, LGD-4033 accelerated healing of bone injuries. [19]

C. Promotes Fat Loss

LGD-4033 may promote fat loss by increasing lean muscle mass and boosting metabolism, leading to greater energy expenditure. While not a direct fat burner, its ability to enhance muscle growth helps improve body composition by shifting the ratio of muscle to fat. Additionally, increased strength and endurance from LGD-4033 use can support more intense workouts, further contributing to fat reduction over time.

In healthy, young men, LDG-4033 use is associated with a significant reduction in fat mass and an increase in lean body mass.[20]
In men, oral administration of LGD-4033 promoted fat loss by reducing triglyceride levels. [21-23]
In rats, LGD-4033 reduced body fat significantly. [24]

D. Improves Exercise Performance

LGD-4033 supplementation may help athletes and physically active individuals stay fit by improving their exercise performance. Evidence suggests that with LGD-4033’s beneficial effects on muscle mass and strength as well as bone health, this powerful SARM may enhance exercise endurance, strength, and recovery. [25]

E. Increases Libido

LGD-4033 may increase libido by enhancing testosterone activity and promoting anabolic effects in the body. Its ability to support muscle growth, strength, and overall vitality can lead to improved energy levels and sexual function. Additionally, by preventing muscle wasting and promoting hormonal balance, LGD-4033 may contribute to a heightened sense of well-being, which can positively impact libido.

In women, LGD-4033 enhanced libido and other parameters of sexuality. [26]
In rats, LGD-4033 enhanced sexual preference of females for males. [27]
In female rats that had undergone surgical removal of the ovaries, LGD-4033 increased sexual motivation, with potency and efficacy comparable with testosterone propionate. [28]
In a rat study, LGD-4033 penetrated the brains of female rats and stimulated sexual behaviour. [29]
In male rats, LGD-4033 and other SARMs improved mounts, intromissions, ejaculations, and copulation efficiency. [30]
In castrated rodent models, LGD-4033 maintained the male reproductive behavior. [31]

F. Improves Brain Health

LGD-4033 may support brain health by preserving muscle mass, enhancing energy levels, and potentially influencing neuroprotective pathways. Increased physical strength and endurance contribute to better overall well-being, which can positively impact cognitive function.

In an ongoing clinical trial, LGD-4033 protected the brains of men with minor cognitive impairment from further deterioration. [32]
In rat models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), LGD-4033 decreased the levels of abnormal protein plaques known as amyloid beta, which is the causative agent of AD. [33]
Studies showed that LGD-4033 and other SARMs stimulated the growth and development of brain tissues, enhanced communication of neurons, and promoted cell survival. [34-37]
In rats, LGD-4033 protected new neurons in the brain, resulting in decreased memory loss. [38]

Associated Side Effects of LGD-4033

LGD-4033 side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this SARM, wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on LGD-4033. However, the issue wasn’t’ confirmed to be caused by the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of LGD-4033. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with LGD-4033; even these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with LGD-4033 may include the following:

Decreased sex drive
Headaches
Increased blood pressure
Low energy
Nausea
Fatigue
Itching

LGD 4033 Dosage

The optimal dosage of LGD-4033, also known as Ligandrol, depends on individual goals, experience level, and tolerance. In research settings and among users, doses typically range from 1 mg to 10 mg per day, with beginners often starting at 1-5 mg daily to assess tolerance. Intermediate users may increase to 5-8 mg daily, while advanced users sometimes experiment with up to 10 mg per day, though higher doses may increase the risk of side effects. Due to its long half-life of around 24-36 hours, LGD-4033 is usually taken once daily, making it a convenient option for those looking to enhance muscle growth and strength.

A typical LGD-4033 cycle lasts between 6 to 12 weeks, depending on individual response and goals. Shorter cycles (6-8 weeks) are preferred by those aiming to minimize suppression of natural testosterone, while longer cycles (10-12 weeks) may be used for more significant muscle gains but come with an increased risk of hormonal suppression. Because LGD-4033 can slightly suppress testosterone levels, many users choose to implement a post-cycle therapy (PCT) after their cycle, especially if using higher doses or longer cycles. A mild PCT with nolvadex or clomid for 4-6 weeks is often recommended to restore natural hormone production.

LGD-4033 is commonly stacked with other SARMs like MK-677 (Ibutamoren) for muscle growth or Cardarine (GW-501516) for fat loss and endurance. However, stacking increases the potential for side effects and should be approached cautiously. To ensure safety, users should monitor their health by tracking hormone levels, liver function, and lipid profiles during and after a cycle. Proper hydration, diet, and liver support supplements (such as NAC or TUDCA) can help mitigate potential side effects. Beginners should always start with the lowest effective dose and gradually increase as needed while paying close attention to their body’s response.

What does LGD do?

LGD-4033, also known as Ligandrol, is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) designed to promote muscle growth, strength, and physical performance. It works by binding to androgen receptors in muscle and bone tissue, stimulating anabolic activity similar to testosterone but with fewer androgenic side effects. This makes it a popular option for those looking to increase lean muscle mass without the risk of excessive water retention or fat gain. Clinical studies have shown that even at low doses, LGD-4033 significantly enhances muscle size, strength, and recovery, making it an effective tool for bodybuilders, athletes, and individuals recovering from muscle-wasting conditions.

In addition to muscle-building effects, LGD-4033 plays a crucial role in bone health and recovery. It increases bone mineral density and strength, reducing the risk of fractures and conditions like osteoporosis. Since LGD-4033 selectively targets androgen receptors in bones, it helps improve structural integrity without the prostate enlargement or other negative effects linked to anabolic steroids. This property makes it beneficial not only for athletes looking to prevent injuries but also for older individuals or those suffering from bone-related conditions.

LGD-4033 can also contribute to fat loss and improved body composition by preserving lean muscle mass during a caloric deficit. While it is not primarily a fat-burning compound, its ability to increase muscle mass helps boost metabolism, leading to greater calorie expenditure throughout the day. Additionally, users report improved stamina, endurance, and recovery times, making it a valuable supplement for those engaged in intense training routines. When combined with a proper diet and exercise program, LGD-4033 can enhance overall athletic performance and body recomposition efforts.

LGD 4033 with Testosterone

Combining LGD-4033 with testosterone can create a powerful synergistic effect on muscle growth, strength, and recovery. LGD-4033 selectively binds to androgen receptors in muscle and bone tissue, while testosterone acts as a full agonist with a broader hormonal impact. Together, they enhance protein synthesis, nitrogen retention, and muscle hypertrophy, leading to faster and more significant gains than either compound alone. This combination is often used by bodybuilders and athletes seeking maximum muscle growth and strength enhancement without the extreme androgenic effects of high-dose testosterone alone.

Both LGD-4033 and testosterone contribute to stronger bones and improved joint health, reducing the risk of injuries during intense training. LGD-4033 increases bone mineral density by selectively activating androgen receptors in skeletal tissue, while testosterone plays a crucial role in bone remodeling and regeneration. This combination can be particularly beneficial for individuals at risk of osteoporosis or joint degradation, helping to maintain structural integrity and support overall athletic performance. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of testosterone may help alleviate joint pain and improve mobility, making it easier to sustain high-intensity workouts.

While LGD-4033 is known for having minimal suppression of natural testosterone levels, using it alongside testosterone can help maintain hormonal balance and prevent the common side effects of SARMs, such as testosterone suppression and low libido. However, combining the two compounds still requires careful monitoring, as excessive androgenic activity can lead to acne, hair loss, or increased estrogen levels. To mitigate potential side effects, users often incorporate post-cycle therapy (PCT) after their cycle to help restore natural hormone production. Proper dosing, cycle length, and monitoring blood work are essential for optimizing results and minimizing risks when using LGD-4033 and testosterone together.

LGD 4033 Half Life

LGD-4033, also known as Ligandrol, has a half-life of approximately 24 to 36 hours, meaning it remains active in the body for an extended period. This relatively long half-life allows for once-daily dosing, making it convenient for users compared to other performance-enhancing compounds that require multiple doses per day. Due to its prolonged activity, LGD-4033 maintains stable blood concentrations throughout the day, leading to consistent muscle growth, strength gains, and recovery benefits without frequent fluctuations in hormone levels.

Because of its 24-36 hour half-life, LGD-4033 does not need to be taken multiple times daily, as a single daily dose is sufficient to maximize its effects. Users typically take 5-10 mg per day, depending on their experience level and fitness goals. Some prefer to take their daily dose in the morning to align with natural testosterone rhythms, while others opt for pre-workout dosing to take advantage of peak blood levels during training. The long half-life also means that LGD-4033 builds up in the system over time, requiring several days after discontinuation for it to fully clear from the body.

Due to its prolonged half-life, LGD-4033 can take about a week to fully leave the system after the last dose. This is an important consideration for users who plan on undergoing post-cycle therapy (PCT) to help restore natural testosterone production. Since LGD-4033 can cause mild suppression of endogenous testosterone, users often wait a few days post-cycle before starting PCT to ensure their body begins recovering naturally. Understanding the half-life of LGD-4033 allows for better cycle planning, optimized recovery, and minimized hormonal imbalances, ensuring long-term benefits while reducing potential side effects.

LGD 3033 vs 4033

LGD-3033 and LGD-4033 are both selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), but they differ in their anabolic potency and effects on muscle growth. LGD-4033, also known as Ligandrol, is one of the most well-researched SARMs, known for significantly increasing lean muscle mass, strength, and endurance with minimal androgenic side effects. In contrast, LGD-3033 is a newer and less-studied compound that is believed to have a stronger anabolic effect than LGD-4033 but with even fewer androgenic properties. While both compounds promote muscle growth, LGD-3033 may have a higher potential for muscle gain per dose but lacks the extensive human research available for LGD-4033.

Another key difference between LGD-3033 and LGD-4033 is their impact on fat loss and endurance. LGD-4033 is mainly used for bulking and strength cycles, as it primarily enhances muscle hypertrophy and recovery. However, LGD-3033 is reported to have a stronger effect on fat oxidation, making it potentially more suitable for cutting cycles or recomposition phases. Additionally, some users claim that LGD-3033 provides better endurance and stamina, which could be beneficial for athletes or individuals involved in high-intensity training. Despite these promising effects, more studies are needed to confirm its superiority over LGD-4033 in these areas.

When comparing LGD-3033 vs. LGD-4033, safety and side effects are important factors. LGD-4033 has been extensively studied in clinical trials, showing mild suppression of natural testosterone levels but with low liver toxicity and minimal side effects when used responsibly. On the other hand, LGD-3033 has less research, making it harder to assess its long-term safety and potential risks. Since both SARMs can suppress natural testosterone production, proper post-cycle therapy (PCT) is recommended after use. Ultimately, LGD-4033 is the more reliable and proven choice, while LGD-3033 may offer greater anabolic effects but comes with uncertainties regarding its safety and efficacy.

LGD 4033 vs RAD 140

LGD-4033 and RAD-140 are both powerful selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that promote muscle growth and strength, but they work in slightly different ways. LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) is well-known for steady, lean muscle gains with minimal water retention, making it ideal for bulking and strength-building phases. It has been extensively studied and is considered one of the most effective SARMs for increasing muscle mass without the androgenic side effects of anabolic steroids. RAD-140 (Testolone), on the other hand, is often regarded as the more potent SARM and is sometimes compared to mild testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) due to its ability to significantly boost strength, endurance, and overall performance. While both compounds are excellent for muscle growth, RAD-140 may provide faster and more dramatic strength gains, whereas LGD-4033 offers a more gradual and controlled increase in size and strength. However, users should be aware that taking these SARMs can result in a positive test for performance-enhancing substances in competitive sports.

When it comes to fat loss and body recomposition, RAD-140 has a slight edge over LGD-4033. RAD-140 is known for its thermogenic properties, meaning it can increase fat oxidation and metabolic rate, making it ideal for those looking to gain lean muscle while shedding fat. It is commonly used in cutting or recomp cycles, where users aim to gain muscle while staying lean. LGD-4033, while effective for lean muscle mass, does not have the same fat-burning properties as RAD-140, making it better suited for bulking or maintaining muscle during a calorie deficit. That being said, both SARMs can be stacked together for a powerful recomposition effect, combining LGD-4033’s muscle-building abilities with RAD-140’s fat-burning and strength-boosting properties.

Both LGD-4033 and RAD-140 can cause testosterone suppression, meaning that post-cycle therapy (PCT) is required after a cycle to restore natural hormone levels. LGD-4033 is generally considered milder in terms of suppression, whereas RAD-140 has a stronger impact on natural testosterone production, making it more likely to require a longer or more intense PCT regimen. Additionally, RAD-140 may have a higher chance of androgenic side effects, such as increased aggression, slight hair shedding (in those prone to male pattern baldness), or mood changes, while LGD-4033 is better tolerated by most users. However, both compounds are non-liver toxic and do not convert to estrogen, making them safer alternatives to anabolic steroids. Choosing between them depends on your goals—LGD-4033 for lean, steady muscle gains and RAD-140 for extreme strength and fat loss.

Ibutamoren and SARM LGD 4033

Ibutamoren (MK-677) and LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) are often stacked together due to their complementary effects on muscle growth and recovery. LGD-4033 is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that directly stimulates muscle growth by binding to androgen receptors, leading to increased protein synthesis and lean muscle mass gains. On the other hand, Ibutamoren is a growth hormone secretagogue, meaning it boosts growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, which further enhances muscle growth, recovery, and fat metabolism. When combined, these compounds create a potent muscle-building synergy, where LGD-4033 provides fast anabolic effects, and Ibutamoren supports long-term muscle development and improved recovery.

One of the biggest benefits of stacking Ibutamoren with LGD-4033 is their ability to enhance recovery and support joint health. LGD-4033 helps with muscle regeneration, reducing muscle breakdown during intense training, while Ibutamoren’s GH-boosting properties improve tendon, ligament, and joint repair. This makes the stack particularly useful for athletes or bodybuilders looking to train harder with faster recovery times. Additionally, Ibutamoren promotes deeper, more restorative sleep, which is crucial for muscle repair and overall performance. As a result, users often experience less soreness, better endurance, and a lower risk of injury when combining these two compounds. Given their recovery-enhancing properties, they are commonly included in sports supplements designed to optimize training performance.

While LGD-4033 is primarily used for lean muscle gains, Ibutamoren aids in fat loss and body recomposition by increasing GH and IGF-1 levels, which promote lipolysis (fat breakdown) and lean muscle retention. Unlike traditional SARMs, Ibutamoren does not suppress testosterone, making it an ideal addition to an LGD-4033 cycle to help maintain hormone balance. This combination allows users to build muscle while keeping body fat levels in check, making it a popular stack for those looking to achieve a lean, strong, and athletic physique. However, since Ibutamoren can increase appetite, users should monitor their caloric intake to maximize lean gains without excessive fat accumulation. Additionally, some users have reported fluctuations in alanine aminotransferase levels, indicating the need for liver function monitoring during prolonged use.

Injectable LGD 4033

Injectable LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) offers higher bioavailability and more efficient absorption compared to its oral counterpart. When taken orally, some of the compound is lost due to first-pass metabolism in the liver, reducing its overall effectiveness. However, an injectable form bypasses the digestive system, delivering a more potent and direct dose into the bloodstream. This can lead to faster onset of effects, stronger anabolic response, and potentially lower required dosages, making it an attractive option for those seeking maximized muscle growth and strength gains. As LGD-4033 remains one of the investigational drugs, ongoing research is necessary to fully understand its long-term safety and efficacy, particularly in its injectable form.

One of the key advantages of injectable LGD-4033 is its potential to reduce liver strain. Since oral LGD-4033 is metabolized through the liver, long-term or high-dose usage could put stress on liver function. Injectable administration minimizes this issue by avoiding direct liver metabolism, which could make it a safer alternative for extended cycles. Additionally, some users report experiencing fewer gastrointestinal side effects, such as bloating or nausea, when switching from oral to injectable forms. However, as with any injection-based compound, there is an increased risk of infections or improper administration if not handled correctly. Ligand Pharmaceuticals, the original developer of LGD-4033, has conducted research to understand its effects on muscle wasting and bone density. Further studies and trials by Ligand Pharmaceuticals could help determine the long-term safety and efficacy of injectable forms.

Injectable LGD-4033 is often favored for its ability to deliver consistent and long-lasting muscle-building effects. Due to improved bioavailability, users may experience stronger muscle retention, enhanced recovery, and a greater ability to maintain lean mass during cutting cycles. This version may also allow for lower dosages while achieving the same or better results compared to oral Ligandrol. However, despite these potential benefits, injectable SARMs are not as widely studied as oral versions, and quality control can vary between sources. Users should proceed with caution and ensure they are sourcing high-purity, properly dosed injectable LGD-4033 to minimize risks while optimizing lean mass gains. Additionally, drug cessation should be carefully managed to prevent hormonal imbalances or suppression effects.

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FAQ

Does LGD lower testosterone?

LGD2226, a nonsteroidal and nonaromatizable selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), enhances muscle, bone strength, and sexual function while minimizing prostate-related side effects. It exhibits unique protein interactions compared to traditional anabolic androgenic steroids, demonstrating anabolic activity in rodent models and improving biomechanical bone strength. These findings suggest SARMs like LGD2226 could serve as safer alternatives to steroidal androgens for treating osteoporosis, frailty, and sexual dysfunction. Yes, LGD-4033 suppresses natural testosterone production.

How do you feel on LGD?

Users often report increased strength, endurance, and muscle fullness, but some may experience fatigue or suppression. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the safety and efficacy of SARMs like LGD-4033 to better understand their long-term effects.

Does LGD make you lose hair?

LGD-4033 is not strongly linked to hair loss, but those genetically prone to androgenic alopecia may experience shedding. Some research suggests that LGD-4033 may influence hormone levels, including follicle stimulating hormone. Changes in follicle stimulating hormone could impact overall endocrine balance, though more studies are needed. Monitoring follicle stimulating hormone levels may be useful for individuals using SARMs.

What is the purpose of LGD-4033?

LGD-4033 is designed to promote muscle growth, increase strength, and enhance recovery in athletes and bodybuilders. Studies suggest that it may also contribute to increases in appendicular skeletal muscle mass, which is crucial for overall functional strength and mobility.

What does LGD do to testosterone?

LGD-4033 suppresses natural testosterone production, potentially requiring post-cycle therapy (PCT). This suppression occurs due to its impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which can lead to a decrease in luteinizing hormone levels. Reduced luteinizing hormone production can further contribute to lower endogenous testosterone levels, necessitating recovery measures. Proper management of luteinizing hormone levels post-cycle can help restore hormonal balance.

Does LGD increase bone density?

Yes, LGD-4033 has been shown to improve bone mineral density and reduce osteoporosis risk. However, it is banned in professional sports by the world anti doping agency due to its performance-enhancing effects.

What does LGD help with?

LGD-4033 aids in muscle growth, strength gains, recovery, and bone density improvements. It may also influence free testosterone levels, as it suppresses natural hormone production. Users often monitor free testosterone during cycles to assess suppression. Post-cycle therapy (PCT) is recommended to help restore free testosterone levels after use. Maintaining optimal free testosterone is crucial for sustaining gains and overall hormonal balance.

Does LGD affect hair?

LGD-4033 has minimal androgenic effects and is unlikely to cause significant hair loss in healthy males, while also contributing to increases in body weight and lean muscle mass. Additionally, its effects on body weight make it a popular choice for those seeking muscle growth.

What is the purpose of LGD?

The primary purpose of LGD-4033 is to enhance lean muscle mass, strength, and recovery while minimizing fat gain, primarily targeting muscle tissues. Additionally, monitoring prostate specific antigen levels is recommended, as androgen receptor modulators can influence prostate health. Regular assessment of prostate specific antigen may help detect any potential adverse effects early.

Does RAD 140 raise testosterone levels?

No, RAD-140 does not increase testosterone; it suppresses natural production and may require post-cycle therapy. However, it has been studied for its potential benefits in preventing muscle atrophy, making it a possible therapeutic option for conditions involving muscle wasting.

How long is Ligandrol in your system?

LGD-4033 has a half-life of about 24-36 hours and can stay detectable for up to three weeks, potentially influencing functional performance in users seeking muscle growth and strength gains.

What is the half-life of SARMs?

The half-life of SARMs varies by compound but generally ranges from 6 to 36 hours, and some users have reported that triglyceride levels decreased during use.

Are SARMs toxic to the liver?

Yes, some SARMs, including LGD-4033, can be mildly hepatotoxic, particularly with long-term use, which may impact liver health.

What does LGD-3303 do?

LGD-3303 is a more potent SARM that enhances muscle growth and fat loss with higher anabolic activity, potentially reducing muscle weakness in users.

Does LGD-4033 cause acne?

Some users report acne due to hormonal fluctuations and increased oil production, but it varies. Elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels may also be observed in some cases.

Is RAD140 liver toxic?

RAD-140 may cause mild liver strain, but it is generally less hepatotoxic than anabolic steroids. Some studies suggest potential applications in breast cancer treatment due to its selective androgen receptor activity.

Does RAD140 cause gyno?

RAD-140 does not aromatize, but it can cause gynecomastia indirectly through hormone imbalance. Some users incorporate dietary supplements to help manage estrogen levels. Additionally, dietary supplements may support overall hormonal balance and recovery post-cycle. It is important to choose high-quality dietary supplements to minimize potential side effects.

Does RAD140 decrease testosterone?

Yes, RAD-140 suppresses natural testosterone production and may require PCT. Users often take graded doses to assess tolerance and minimize suppression.

What are the results of LGD-4033 and MK-677?

The combination leads to significant muscle growth, fat loss, improved recovery, and increased HGH levels, but it may also come with potential health risks.

Does MK-677 mess with testosterone?

No, MK-677 does not directly affect testosterone levels, but it may cause minor hormonal fluctuations. However, long-term use or high doses could potentially contribute to liver injury, and individuals should monitor their health to avoid liver injury risks.

Reference

Basaria S, Collins L, Dillon EL, et al. The Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Effects of LGD-4033, a Novel Nonsteroidal Oral, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, in Healthy Young Men. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2013;68(1):87-95. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls078.

The Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Effects of LGD-4033, a Novel Nonsteroidal Oral, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, in Healthy Young Men
LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator, was tested in a 21-day placebo-controlled study on 76 healthy men to assess its safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects on lean body mass, strength, and hormones. The results showed that LGD-4033 was well tolerated, with no serious adverse effects, a long elimination half-life, and dose-proportional accumulation. It increased lean body mass in a dose-dependent manner without significantly affecting fat mass, while also causing temporary suppression of testosterone, SHBG, and certain lipids, all of which returned to baseline after discontinuation, suggesting its potential for muscle enhancement with minimal short-term risks.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4111291/.
Dalton JT, Barnette KG, Bohl CE, et al. The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:153–161.

The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial
GTx-024 (enobosarm), a selective androgen receptor modulator, was tested in a 12-week placebo-controlled trial on 120 elderly men and postmenopausal women to evaluate its effects on muscle wasting. The study found that GTx-024 significantly increased lean body mass, improved physical function, and enhanced insulin resistance in a dose-dependent manner, with no significant differences in adverse events between groups. These results suggest that GTx-024 may be a promising treatment for muscle wasting associated with cancer and other chronic diseases.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3177038/.
Dalton JT, Taylor RP, Mohler ML, Steiner MS. Selective androgen receptor modulators for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting associated with cancer. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care. 2013; 7(4):345-51.

Selective androgen receptor modulators for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting associated with cancer
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are emerging as potential treatments for muscle wasting associated with cancer, offering anabolic benefits without the androgenic side effects of traditional steroids. SARMs like LGD-4033, MK-0773, MK-3984, and enobosarm (GTx-024) have shown promise in increasing lean body mass and improving physical function, with enobosarm being the most extensively studied in clinical trials. Ongoing Phase III trials, such as POWER1 and POWER2, may establish enobosarm as the first approved drug for preventing and treating muscle wasting in cancer patients.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://journals.lww.com/co-supportiveandpalliativecare/abstract/2013/12000/selective_androgen_receptor_modulators_for_the.4.aspx.
Steiner M. S.; Barnette K. G.; Hancock M. L.; Dodson S. T.; Rodriguez D.; Morton R. A. Effect of GTx-024, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), on stair climb performance and quality of life (QOL) in patients with cancer cachexia. ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2010, 28, 9147.

Effect of GTx-024, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), on stair climb performance and quality of life (QOL) in patients with cancer cachexia
GTx-024, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), was studied in a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate its effects on lean body mass (LBM), muscle performance, and quality of life (QOL) in cancer cachexia patients. The study found a significant increase in LBM in both the 1 mg and 3 mg treatment groups, along with improvements in stair climb performance, which correlated with enhanced QOL measures. These results suggest that GTx-024 not only helps preserve muscle mass but also improves physical function and overall well-being in cancer patients experiencing muscle wasting.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.9147.
Retrieved from http://www.biotechduediligence.com/uploads/6/3/6/7/6367956/lgnd_sarm_poster.pdf.
Chekler E. L.. Tissue selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): A path to a clinical candidate. Abstracts of Papers, 250th ACS National Meeting & Exposition, Boston, MA, United States, August 16–20, 2015; MEDI-345.
Study To Evaluate Safety And Tolerability of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of PF-06260414 in Healthy Western and Japanese Male Subjects. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02070939 (accessed April 16, 2015).
Product Pipeline. www.pfizer.com/pipeline (accessed March 6, 2018).
Basaria S.; Collins L.; Dillon E. L.; Orwoll K.; Storer T. W.; Miciek R.; Ulloor J.; Zhang A.; Eder R.; Zientek H.; Gordon G.; Kazmi S.; Sheffield-Moore M.; Bhasin S. The safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects of LGD-4033, a novel nonsteroidal oral, selective androgen receptor modulator, in healthy young men. J. Gerontol., Ser. A 2013, 68, 87–9510.1093/gerona/gls078.

The safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects of LGD-4033, a novel nonsteroidal oral, selective androgen receptor modulator, in healthy young men
LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator, was evaluated in a 21-day placebo-controlled study involving 76 healthy men to assess its safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects on lean body mass, muscle strength, and hormones. The results showed that LGD-4033 was well tolerated with no serious adverse events, a long elimination half-life, and dose-proportional accumulation. It increased lean body mass in a dose-dependent manner without significantly affecting fat mass or prostate-specific antigen levels, though it led to temporary suppression of testosterone and lipid levels, which returned to baseline after discontinuation.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4111291/.
Dalton J. T.; Barnette K. G.; Bohl C. E.; Hancock M. L.; Rodriguez D.; Dodson S. T.; Morton R. A.; Steiner M. S. The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2011, 2, 153–16110.1007/s13539-011-0034-6.

The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial
GTx-024 (enobosarm), a selective androgen receptor modulator, was evaluated in a 12-week placebo-controlled trial involving 120 elderly men and postmenopausal women to assess its effects on muscle wasting. The study found that GTx-024 significantly increased lean body mass, improved physical function, and enhanced insulin resistance in a dose-dependent manner, with a favorable safety profile and no significant increase in adverse events. These results suggest that GTx-024 may be a promising therapy for preventing and treating muscle wasting associated with cancer and other chronic diseases.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3177038/.
Narayanan R, Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Selective androgen receptor modulators in preclinical and clinical development . Nuclear Receptor Signaling. 2008;6:e010. doi:10.1621/nrs.06010.

Selective androgen receptor modulators in preclinical and clinical development
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) selectively bind to the androgen receptor, promoting muscle and bone growth while minimizing effects on the prostate and other secondary sexual organs. Unlike traditional anabolic steroids, SARMs offer therapeutic potential for conditions like muscle wasting, osteoporosis, frailty, and hypogonadism. This review highlights the current research, mechanisms of action, and potential medical applications of SARMs as a promising class of drugs.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2602589/.
“Examining the SARM LGD-4033 | IronMag Bodybuilding & Fitness Portal.” IronMagâ?¢ Bodybuilding & Fitness Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 March. 2018.

You can read the abstract of the article at
Cilotti A, Falchetti A. Male osteoporosis and androgenic therapy: from testosterone to SARMs. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 2009;6(3):229-233.

Male osteoporosis and androgenic therapy: from testosterone to SARMs
Male osteoporosis is a growing health concern, often underdiagnosed and only detected after fractures, with half of cases linked to underlying diseases or treatments. Androgens help maintain bone density, but their use is limited by significant side effects, except in cases of hypogonadism. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) offer a promising alternative by selectively promoting bone and muscle growth while minimizing androgenic effects, showing positive results in research and clinical trials.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2811355/.
Miner JN, Chang W, Chapman MS, et al. An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate. Endocrinology.

An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate
LGD2226 is a nonsteroidal, nonaromatizable selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that promotes muscle and bone growth while minimizing prostate-related side effects. Unlike traditional androgens, it exhibits a unique binding pattern to the androgen receptor, leading to anabolic effects in muscle and bone without significant androgenic activity. In rodent models, LGD2226 improved bone strength, enhanced muscle mass, and maintained sexual function, highlighting its potential as an orally active therapeutic for osteoporosis, frailty, and sexual dysfunction.
You can read the abstract of article at https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/148/1/363/2501521?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Kearbey JD, Gao W, Fisher SJ, Wu D, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Effects of selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) treatment in osteopenic female rats. Pharmaceutical research. 2009; 26(11):2471-7.

Effects of selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) treatment in osteopenic female rats
S-4, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), demonstrated significant bone-protective effects in an osteopenic rat model, restoring bone mineral density (BMD) and improving cortical bone strength. Treatment with S-4 increased load-bearing capacity and promoted bone anabolism while preventing bone resorption. These findings suggest that S-4 may serve as a promising therapeutic alternative for osteoporosis by enhancing both skeletal and muscle health.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11095-009-9962-7.
Gao W, Reiser PJ, Coss CC, Phelps MA, Kearbey JD, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Selective androgen receptor modulator treatment improves muscle strength and body composition and prevents bone loss in orchidectomized rats. Endocrinology. 2005;146:4887–4897.

Selective androgen receptor modulator treatment improves muscle strength and body composition and prevents bone loss in orchidectomized rats
S-4, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), demonstrated full agonist activity in skeletal muscle, bone, and the pituitary of castrated male rats while exerting minimal effects on the prostate. It effectively restored muscle mass, strength, and lean body mass, outperforming dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in bone mineral density enhancement while significantly reducing prostate stimulation. Additionally, S-4 lowered plasma LH and FSH levels in a dose-dependent manner. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of SARMs as anabolic agents with improved tissue selectivity compared to traditional androgens.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2039881/.
Gao W, Reiser PJ, Kearbey JD, Phelps MA, Coss CC, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Effects of Novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Castrated Male Rats. The Endocrine Society; New Orleans: 2004.
Kearbey JD, Gao W, Narayanan R, Fisher SJ, Wu D, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) treatment prevents bone loss and reduces body fat in ovariectomized rats. Pharmaceutical research. 2007;24:328–335.

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) treatment prevents bone loss and reduces body fat in ovariectomized rats
S-4, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), preserved bone mineral density (BMD), maintained cortical content, and increased bone strength while reducing body fat in an ovariectomy-induced bone loss model in rats. These findings highlight its dual benefit in fracture prevention by both strengthening bone and enhancing muscle mass, which may reduce fall risk. Compared to current antiresorptive therapies, S-4 offers a promising alternative by simultaneously improving bone and muscle health.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2039878/.
Seeman E. Periosteal bone formation–a neglected determinant of bone strength. The New England journal of medicine. 2003; 349(4):320-3.

Periosteal bone formation–a neglected determinant of bone strength
Smaller life forms can navigate gravity-defying surfaces with ease, but larger animals rely on rapid movement against gravity for survival. This is made possible by long bones, which function as biomechanical levers, balancing stiffness and flexibility, strength and lightness through their material composition and structural design.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp038101?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed.
Basaria S, Collins L, Dillon EL, et al. The Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Effects of LGD-4033, a Novel Nonsteroidal Oral, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, in Healthy Young Men. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2013;68(1):87-95. doi:10.1093/gerona/gls078.

The Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Effects of LGD-4033, a Novel Nonsteroidal Oral, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, in Healthy Young Men
LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator, was tested in a 21-day placebo-controlled study on 76 healthy men to assess its safety, tolerability, and effects on lean body mass, muscle strength, and hormones. The drug was well tolerated with no serious adverse events and showed a long half-life with dose-proportional accumulation. It led to dose-dependent increases in lean body mass without significant fat changes or prostate-specific antigen alterations, though it suppressed certain hormone levels. All changes reversed after treatment discontinuation, supporting its potential for further trials in improving physical function.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4111291/
Wu FC, von Eckardstein A. Androgens and coronary artery disease. Endocr Rev. 2003;24:183–217.

Androgens and coronary artery disease
The relationship between endogenous testosterone (T) levels and coronary events remains unclear, with no confirmed independent association in large studies. Low T in men and high T in women are linked to metabolic risk factors like insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, complicating its role in atherosclerosis. While observational studies do not support dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate deficiency as a coronary risk factor, exogenous T has shown mixed cardiovascular effects, including both beneficial and potentially harmful changes in lipid profiles and vascular function. Overall, current evidence does not warrant restricting T therapy in men due to cardiovascular concerns, but its use for heart disease prevention remains unjustified.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article-abstract/24/2/183/2424255?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Schroeder ET, Singh A, Bhasin S, et al. Effects of an oral androgen on muscle and metabolism in older, community-dwelling men. Am J PhysiolEndocrinolMetab. 2003;284:E120–E128.

Effects of an oral androgen on muscle and metabolism in older, community-dwelling men
Oxymetholone significantly increased lean body mass, muscle strength, and reduced fat mass in older men (65–80 years) over 12 weeks in a dose-dependent manner. Higher doses led to greater gains in muscle and strength but also increased liver enzyme levels and decreased HDL cholesterol. Despite these metabolic effects, oxymetholone effectively enhanced body composition and physical performance in aging individuals.
You can read the full article at https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2002?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org.
Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Sady SP, Chenevery C, Saritelli AL, Sady MA. Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels. JAMA. 1989;261:1165–1168.

Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels
Oral anabolic steroid stanozolol significantly reduced HDL cholesterol (especially HDL2) and increased LDL cholesterol, whereas intramuscular testosterone had a milder impact on lipids, mainly lowering HDL3 and reducing LDL. Stanozolol also dramatically increased hepatic triglyceride lipase activity, while testosterone had a minimal effect. Both drugs promoted similar weight gain, but testosterone more effectively suppressed gonadotropic hormones. These findings suggest that injectable testosterone may be a safer option than oral 17-alpha-alkylated steroids in clinical use.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/376463.
Kearbey JD, Gao W, Narayanan R, Fisher SJ, Wu D, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) treatment prevents bone loss and reduces body fat in ovariectomized rats. Pharmaceutical research. 2007;24:328–335.

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) treatment prevents bone loss and reduces body fat in ovariectomized rats
S-4, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), was tested in an ovariectomy-induced bone loss model in rats. Over 120 days, S-4 preserved whole-body and trabecular bone mineral density (BMD), maintained cortical content, and increased bone strength while reducing body fat. These findings suggest that S-4 could lower fracture risk through both direct bone effects and enhanced muscle strength, offering potential advantages over conventional antiresorptive osteoporosis treatments.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2039878/.
Thevis M, Thomas A, Möller I, Geyer H, Dalton JT, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulator S-22 to identify potential targets for routine doping controls. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 2011; 25(15):2187-95.

Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulator S-22 to identify potential targets for routine doping controls
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), such as S-22 and andarine (S-4), offer anabolic benefits with fewer side effects than traditional steroids, making them attractive for treating muscle-wasting conditions and enhancing athletic performance. Despite lacking clinical approval, S-22 has been detected in doping controls. Urine analysis after illicit oral administration identified S-22 and its metabolites, including glucuronide conjugates and hydroxylated derivatives, using high-resolution mass spectrometry. These findings aid in developing effective anti-doping tests for detecting S-22 misuse in sports.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21710598/.
Negro-Vilar A. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): a novel approach to androgen therapy for the new millennium. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 1999; 84(10):3459-62.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): a novel approach to androgen therapy for the new millennium
Androgen therapy has long been used to treat male disorders and, to a lesser extent, certain female conditions, but its widespread adoption has been limited by the lack of safe and effective oral formulations. Unlike female sex hormone therapies, androgen treatments have not gained extensive clinical use. Efforts to develop synthetic androgens that separate beneficial anabolic effects from undesirable side effects have faced challenges, further compounded by the abuse of anabolic steroids in sports. However, judicious testosterone replacement aims to restore normal physiological functions without the negative effects associated with steroid misuse.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/84/10/3459/2660477?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Kudwa AE, López FJ, McGivern RF, Handa RJ. A selective androgen receptor modulator enhances male-directed sexual preference, proceptive behavior, and lordosis behavior in sexually experienced, but not sexually naive, female rats. Endocrinology. 2010; 151(6):2659-68. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20392832.

A selective androgen receptor modulator enhances male-directed sexual preference, proceptive behavior, and lordosis behavior in sexually experienced, but not sexually naive, female rats
Androgens play a role in reproductive behavior, including female sexual preference for males. In oophorectomized women, testosterone patches improve libido but have adverse effects, limiting their use. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) like LGD-3303 offer a safer alternative, promoting libido, muscle, and bone growth with fewer side effects. In a study on female rats, LGD-3303 enhanced sexual preference for males in sexually experienced females but reduced it in sexually naive ones. It also increased lordosis and proceptivity behaviors when combined with estradiol and progesterone. These findings suggest LGD-3303 may be a potential treatment for female sexual desire disorders.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/151/6/2659/2456825?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Jones A, Hwang DJ, Duke CB. Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators enhance female sexual motivation. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2010; 334(2):439-48.

Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators enhance female sexual motivation
After menopause, women experience declines in estrogen and androgen levels, leading to reduced sexual desire and bone mineral density. Studies on selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) show promise for treating osteoporosis and muscle wasting. A series of SARM analogs was synthesized to assess their pharmacologic effects, particularly on female sexual motivation. Structural modifications significantly influenced selectivity between androgenic and anabolic tissues. S-23 acted as a full agonist, while others were more prostate-sparing. Most SARMs increased sexual motivation in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that androgen receptors play a key role in female libido and that SARMs could be a superior alternative to steroidal testosterone for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2913771/.
Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/151/6/2659/2456825.

A Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Enhances Male-Directed Sexual Preference, Proceptive Behavior, and Lordosis Behavior in Sexually Experienced, But Not Sexually Naive, Female Rats
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) offer a safer alternative to testosterone therapy for enhancing libido, muscle, and bone growth with fewer side effects. This study examined the effects of LGD-3303, a highly selective, nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligand, on sexual behavior in female rats. LGD-3303 increased male-directed sexual preference in experienced females but inhibited it in sexually naive ones, an effect blocked by the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide. It also enhanced lordosis and proceptivity behaviors in hormonally primed females. These findings suggest LGD-3303 may be a potential treatment for women with sexual desire disorders.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/151/6/2659/2456825?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
Miner JN, Chang W, Chapman MS. An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate. Endocrinology. 2007; 148(1):363-73. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023534.

An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate
LGD2226, a nonsteroidal and nonaromatizable selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), enhances muscle, bone strength, and sexual function while minimizing prostate-related side effects. It exhibits unique protein interactions compared to traditional androgens, demonstrating anabolic activity in rodent models and improving biomechanical bone strength. These findings suggest SARMs like LGD2226 could serve as safer alternatives to steroidal androgens for treating osteoporosis, frailty, and sexual dysfunction.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/148/1/363/2501521?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Miner JN, Chang W, Chapman MS, Finn PD, Hong MH, Lopez FJ, Marschke KB, Rosen J, Schrader W, Turner R, van Oeveren A, Viveros H, Zhi L, Negro-Vilar A. An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate. Endocrinology. 2007;148:363–373.

An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate
LGD2226 is a nonsteroidal, highly selective androgen receptor (AR) ligand that enhances muscle, bone, and sexual function while minimizing prostate-related side effects. Unlike traditional androgens, LGD2226 does not bind to other intracellular receptors and induces unique AR interactions. In rodent models, it promoted muscle and bone growth, improved bone strength, and increased sexual activity without significant prostate enlargement. These findings suggest that orally active, nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) like LGD2226 could serve as safer therapeutic alternatives for conditions such as osteoporosis, frailty, and sexual dysfunction.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/148/1/363/2501521?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false.
Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/scibx/journal/v3/n24/full/scibx.2010.724.html#B7.
Jayaraman A, Christensen A, Moser VA, et al. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator RAD140 Is Neuroprotective in Cultured Neurons and Kainate-Lesioned Male Rats. Endocrinology. 2014;155(4):1398-1406. doi:10.1210/en.2013-1725. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959610/.

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator RAD140 Is Neuroprotective in Cultured Neurons and Kainate-Lesioned Male Rats
The selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) RAD140 provides neuroprotection similar to testosterone while minimizing androgenic effects on the prostate. In cultured rat neurons and male rat brains, RAD140 reduced apoptosis-induced cell death via MAPK signaling and protected hippocampal neurons from excitotoxic damage in vivo. These findings suggest that RAD140 could be a potential therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, offering the benefits of androgens in the brain without the risks associated with traditional testosterone therapy.
You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3959610/.
Bajetto A, Barbero S, Bonavia R, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α induces astrocyte proliferation through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 pathway. J Neurochem. 2001;77:1226–1236. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389173.

Stromal cell-derived factor-1α induces astrocyte proliferation through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 pathway
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), through its receptor CXCR4, stimulates proliferation in rat type-I cortical astrocytes via ERK1/2 activation. This effect is mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and Pyk2. The findings suggest a significant role for CXCR4/SDF-1α signaling in glial proliferation, potentially impacting brain development, reactive gliosis, and brain tumor formation.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00350.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed.
Qui MS, Green SH. PC12 cell neuronal differentiation is associated with prolonged p21ras activity and consequent prolonged ERK activity. Neuron. 1992;9:705–717. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1382473.

PC12 cell neuronal differentiation is associated with prolonged p21ras activity and consequent prolonged ERK activity
Oncogenic N-ras induces neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by sustaining ERK activation and tyrosine phosphorylation, making ERKs the primary downstream effectors of p21ras. Growth factors like NGF and FGF also promote neuronal differentiation by maintaining prolonged p21ras and ERK activation, whereas EGF, which induces only transient activation, does not. These findings highlight that sustained ERK activity is essential for neuronal differentiation.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/0896-6273(92)90033-A?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F089662739290033A%3Fshowall%3Dtrue.
Krapivinsky G, Krapivinsky L, Manasian Y, et al. The NMDA receptor is coupled to the ERK pathway by a direct interaction between NR2B and RasGRF1. Neuron. 2003;40:775–784. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14622581.

The NMDA receptor is coupled to the ERK pathway by a direct interaction between NR2B and RasGRF1
The NR2B subunit of NMDAR interacts with RasGRF1, a Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent Ras activator, to regulate ERK signaling, which is crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory. Disrupting this interaction blocks NMDAR-dependent ERK activation, indicating that NR2B-containing channels are the primary drivers of this pathway in neurons.
You can read the full article at https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(03)00645-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0896627303006457%3Fshowall%3Dtrue.
Alonso M, Viola H, Izquierdo I, Medina JH. Aversive experiences are associated with a rapid and transient activation of ERKs in the rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2002;77:119–124. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11749089.

Aversive experiences are associated with a rapid and transient activation of ERKs in the rat hippocampus
Aversive experiences, such as inhibitory avoidance training and foot shocks, rapidly and transiently activate ERK/MAPK signaling in the hippocampus, particularly p44 and p42 MAPKs, whereas non-aversive experiences do not, highlighting ERK/MAPK’s role in memory formation.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1074742700940000?via%3Dihub.
Hamson DK, Wainwright SR, Taylor JR, Jones BA, Watson NV, Galea LA. Androgens increase survival of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus by an androgen receptor-dependent mechanism in male rats. Endocrinology. 2013; 154(9):3294-304. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782943.

Androgens increase survival of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus by an androgen receptor-dependent mechanism in male rats
Aversive experiences, such as inhibitory avoidance training and foot shocks, rapidly and transiently activate ERK/MAPK signaling in the hippocampus, suggesting a key role for this pathway in memory formation.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1074742700940000?via%3Dihub.

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