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Author: Dr. George Shanlikian, M.D. | Last Updated: June 5th, 2025
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide benefits include promoting smooth muscle relaxation for improved digestion, enhancing enzyme and electrolyte secretion, and providing anti-inflammatory effects that support gut health and mucosal integrity. These functions aid in nutrient absorption, prevent constipation, and may help manage conditions like inflammatory bowel disease.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a peptide hormone of 28 amino acids. It is found in the intestines, pancreas, and central nervous system. It is involved in various important bodily functions such as heart contraction, blood circulation, energy production, blood pressure regulation, and smooth muscle relaxation.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a potent vasodilator. This means that it causes the blood vessels and smooth muscles to relax or dilate. As a result, blood flow to the different body parts is significantly improved. Since blood is rich in oxygen and essential nutrients, the relaxing effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the blood vessels and smooth muscles can help benefit every body system.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) lowers the risk of heart disease through its potent vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. VIP relaxes blood vessels by stimulating nitric oxide production, which helps reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow, thereby decreasing the strain on the heart. It also has anti-inflammatory properties that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing vascular inflammation and preventing atherosclerosis. Additionally, VIP has antioxidant effects that protect against oxidative stress, which is a key factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. These combined actions make VIP a promising target for therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing and managing heart disease.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) promotes healthy lung function by acting as a potent bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory agent within the respiratory system. It helps relax the smooth muscles of the airways, improving airflow and reducing bronchoconstriction, which is beneficial for individuals with conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Additionally, VIP has immunomodulatory properties that help reduce inflammation and prevent excessive immune responses that can contribute to respiratory conditions. It also supports the production of surfactant, a substance that keeps the lungs’ air sacs open and prevents collapse, ensuring efficient gas exchange. Through these mechanisms, VIP plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal lung function and respiratory health.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) promotes wound healing by enhancing tissue repair processes through its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It helps regulate immune cell activity, reducing excessive inflammation that can delay healing while promoting a balanced response that supports tissue regeneration. VIP also stimulates the production of growth factors and collagen, which are essential for rebuilding damaged tissues and maintaining skin integrity. Additionally, its vasodilatory effects improve blood flow to the wound site, ensuring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients necessary for efficient healing. These combined actions make VIP a potential therapeutic target for enhancing wound recovery in conditions involving chronic wounds or impaired healing, such as diabetes and autoimmune disorders.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) helps regulate blood pressure by acting as a potent vasodilator, meaning it relaxes the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls, leading to their widening and improved blood flow. This vasodilation reduces vascular resistance, which in turn lowers blood pressure and promotes better circulation to vital organs. VIP also influences the balance of fluid and electrolytes by stimulating the secretion of water and salts in the intestines, indirectly contributing to blood pressure regulation. Additionally, VIP has anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties that help protect blood vessels from damage and dysfunction, further supporting healthy blood pressure levels.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) promotes a healthy digestive system by facilitating smooth muscle relaxation, enhancing the secretion of digestive fluids, regulating gastric acid secretion, and maintaining gut integrity. It helps regulate intestinal motility, ensuring the smooth passage of food and preventing conditions such as bloating and constipation. Additionally, VIP stimulates the release of water, electrolytes, and digestive enzymes, which are essential for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients effectively. Its anti-inflammatory properties further support gut health by reducing inflammation and protecting the intestinal lining, which is crucial for individuals with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). By maintaining a balanced digestive environment, VIP contributes to overall gastrointestinal health and function.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) has been shown to possess anti-cancer properties by modulating immune responses, reducing inflammation, and promoting cellular homeostasis. It exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors on immune cells, enhancing their ability to regulate inflammation and prevent the uncontrolled cell growth that can lead to cancer. VIP also has antioxidant properties that help protect cells from oxidative stress, a known factor in cancer development. Additionally, it influences cell signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis (programmed cell death), preventing the formation and spread of tumors. Studies suggest that VIP may have potential therapeutic applications in cancers such as colorectal, lung, and pancreatic cancer due to its ability to inhibit tumor growth and support the body’s natural defense mechanisms
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) boosts immunity by acting as a potent immunomodulator that helps regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. It promotes the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines while inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, thereby preventing excessive immune reactions that can lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmune conditions. VIP also supports the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which play a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues. Additionally, it enhances the integrity of mucosal barriers in the gut and lungs, which are the body’s first line of defense against pathogens, reducing susceptibility to infections and inflammation-related disorders.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, which may contribute to improved mental health. It helps regulate the release of neurotransmitters, promotes neuronal growth, and protects brain cells from oxidative stress, all of which are essential for maintaining cognitive function and emotional well-being. VIP also plays a role in modulating the immune response in the brain, potentially reducing neuroinflammation, a key factor in many neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Additionally, VIPās ability to enhance blood flow and reduce stress responses may support overall brain health, promoting a sense of calm and mental clarity.
VIP side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on VIP. However, these side effects werenāt confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of VIP. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with VIP even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.
Side effects associated with VIP may include the following:
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) nasal spray is a therapeutic option being explored for its potential benefits in treating various inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. VIP is a neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in regulating immune function, inflammation, and cellular homeostasis. By delivering VIP via a nasal spray, it bypasses the digestive system and enters the bloodstream more directly, potentially enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effects.
Research suggests that VIP nasal spray may be beneficial for conditions such as chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS), pulmonary hypertension, and certain neurological disorders. Its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties make it a promising candidate for reducing systemic inflammation and improving respiratory function. Some studies also indicate its potential to support cognitive function and neuroprotection, which could be valuable in conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.
Despite its potential, VIP nasal spray is not yet widely available and is primarily used in research settings or as part of specialized treatment protocols. Concerns regarding its long-term safety, optimal dosing, and regulatory approval remain areas of ongoing investigation. Patients considering VIP therapy should consult healthcare providers to weigh the potential benefits against any risks and to ensure its appropriate use in their treatment plans.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor (VIPR) is a type of receptor that binds to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide involved in various physiological functions. VIPRs are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the effects of VIP by triggering intracellular signaling pathways, such as the activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. These receptors are widely distributed in the body, including the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and immune cells.
VIPRs play a crucial role in regulating smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and secretion of fluids in the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. In the immune system, they help modulate inflammatory responses by influencing cytokine production and immune cell activity. Due to their diverse functions, VIPRs have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as asthma, chronic inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
There are two main subtypes of VIP receptors, known as VPAC1 and VPAC2, which differ in their tissue distribution and functional roles. VPAC1 is primarily expressed in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system, while VPAC2 is more prevalent in the immune system and endocrine glands. Understanding the functions and signaling mechanisms of VIPRs can help develop targeted therapies to harness their benefits in treating various diseases.
Vasoactive peptides play a crucial role in the physiological response to burns, contributing to both the initial injury response and subsequent healing processes. These peptides, such as bradykinin and substance P, are released in response to tissue damage and inflammation. They promote vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte recruitment to the affected area, which can help remove damaged cells and fight infection. However, excessive release can lead to complications like edema, hypotension, and systemic inflammatory responses that exacerbate burn injury severity.
In the acute phase of burn injury, vasoactive peptides can contribute to fluid shifts and capillary leak syndrome, leading to significant fluid loss and hypovolemia. This is a critical concern in burn management, as it requires aggressive fluid resuscitation to maintain organ perfusion and prevent shock. Medications that modulate vasoactive peptide activity, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or bradykinin receptor antagonists, are sometimes considered to balance the beneficial and harmful effects of these peptides in burn patients.
Research into the therapeutic modulation of vasoactive peptides in burns is ongoing, with a focus on reducing harmful inflammatory responses while preserving their role in tissue repair. Emerging therapies aim to harness their potential in promoting angiogenesis and wound healing without triggering excessive inflammation. Understanding the precise regulation of vasoactive peptides could lead to targeted treatments that improve outcomes and reduce complications such as infection, scarring, and chronic inflammation in burn patients.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes within the body. It is primarily produced in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and central nervous system, where it acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone. VIP is known for its ability to induce smooth muscle relaxation, particularly in the digestive and respiratory systems, facilitating processes such as vasodilation, bronchodilation, and gastrointestinal motility.
In addition to its role in smooth muscle relaxation, VIP has significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. It helps regulate immune responses by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells. These actions contribute to its potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disorders, and respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Furthermore, VIP influences various endocrine and metabolic functions. It stimulates the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic enzymes, aiding in glucose metabolism and digestive processes. Additionally, VIP has neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system, where it supports neuronal survival, neurogenesis, and cognitive function. Due to these diverse functions, VIP continues to be a subject of research for its potential role in treating neurological and metabolic disorders.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions within the body. It is primarily known for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, helping to regulate immune system responses and maintain balance in inflammatory processes. VIP also acts as a potent vasodilator, which means it helps to relax blood vessels, improving blood flow and supporting cardiovascular health.
One of the key benefits of VIP peptide is its ability to support neurological function and protect against neurodegenerative conditions. Research suggests that VIP can promote brain health by reducing inflammation in the central nervous system and supporting the survival of neurons. This has made VIP a topic of interest in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonās disease, and multiple sclerosis, where neuroinflammation plays a significant role in disease progression.
Additionally, VIP peptide is beneficial for gut health and digestion. It helps to regulate intestinal motility, enhance nutrient absorption, and protect the gut lining from inflammation. VIP is also linked to improving conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by reducing gut inflammation and promoting a balanced gut microbiome. These benefits make VIP an essential peptide for maintaining overall digestive health and well-being.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a crucial neuropeptide that plays a significant role in regulating digestion by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This relaxation helps facilitate the movement of food through the intestines, ensuring efficient digestion and nutrient absorption. VIP also stimulates the secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestines, which aids in maintaining proper hydration and preventing constipation.
In addition to promoting motility and secretion, VIP supports digestion by regulating enzyme release from the pancreas. It enhances the secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which helps neutralize stomach acid and break down food components effectively. This function is particularly important for individuals with conditions such as pancreatic insufficiency, where enzyme production is impaired, making VIP a potential therapeutic target.
Furthermore, VIP has protective and anti-inflammatory properties that benefit the digestive system. It helps modulate immune responses in the gut, reducing inflammation and promoting mucosal integrity. These effects can be beneficial for individuals suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohnās disease and ulcerative colitis, where inflammation disrupts normal digestion and causes discomfort.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) regulates smooth muscle relaxation, stimulates water and electrolyte secretion, modulates immune responses, and promotes vasodilation, supporting functions in the digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems. The actions of gastrointestinal hormones like VIP are critical for maintaining homeostasis in these systems. Additionally, gastrointestinal hormones, including VIP, play a significant role in promoting tissue repair and reducing inflammation, as well as having notable cardiovascular effects. VIP’s ability to regulate various gastrointestinal hormones makes it essential for optimal digestive health, immune function, and its cardiovascular effects. Furthermore, the regulation of cardiovascular effects by VIP helps maintain blood pressure and improve circulation, contributing to overall health.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide promotes intestinal motility, enhances water and electrolyte secretion, supports enzyme release from the pancreas, and helps maintain gut barrier integrity. The regulation of VIP expression is essential for these processes, as it ensures proper functionality within the digestive system. In addition, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide plays a crucial role in regulating smooth muscle relaxation, which further aids digestion. Studies on VIP expression have shown its significant impact on maintaining gut health, especially in promoting efficient nutrient absorption. Furthermore, VIP also has a connection to the lymph nodes, where immune responses are regulated to maintain overall digestive system health. The actions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, closely linked to VIP expression, contribute to overall gut health and efficient nutrient absorption, while also influencing the lymph nodes to modulate immune responses. Through its intricate interaction with the lymph nodes, VIP helps ensure proper immune function during digestion.
VIP acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone, relaxing smooth muscles, dilating blood vessels, and improving coronary artery blood flow. It also stimulates secretions and regulates immune and inflammatory responses, which can benefit individuals with autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, VIP enhances coronary artery blood flow, ensuring adequate oxygen delivery to the heart muscles. By promoting vasodilation, it supports overall circulation and coronary artery blood flow, making it a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular health. Additionally, its ability to modulate inflammation highlights its importance in managing autoimmune diseases and reducing related complications.
VIP supports digestion, modulates immune responses, regulates blood flow to vascular tissues, promotes hydration, and protects vascular tissues by reducing inflammation. Additionally, VIP is closely related to peptide histidine methionine, which also plays a role in regulating physiological processes. Both VIP and peptide histidine methionine contribute to maintaining vascular tissues’ health and reducing inflammation. Research suggests that peptide histidine methionine may work synergistically with VIP to support immune modulation and promote overall well-being. Moreover, cholinergic neurons, which play a key role in neurotransmission, are involved in regulating the release of VIP and other peptides. The interaction between cholinergic neurons and VIP can influence gut motility and the overall digestive process. Understanding how cholinergic neurons influence VIP activity is crucial for exploring new therapeutic approaches to gastrointestinal and vascular health.
A VIP test measures levels in the blood to diagnose conditions like VIPoma or to investigate chronic diarrhea and electrolyte imbalances. VIP is also known for its role in vasodilation, as it decreases coronary vascular resistance, supporting better blood flow. In addition to its diagnostic value, the test can help identify conditions where decreased coronary vascular resistance might play a role, often linked to nerve stimulation. This function highlights VIPās importance in cardiovascular health, where it decreases coronary vascular resistance and promotes efficient circulation, further influenced by nerve stimulation. Additionally, VIPās role in nerve stimulation may also contribute to the regulation of vascular tone and circulation.
VIP is released by neurons in the gut and other tissues, including intestinal mucosal mast cells, in response to food intake, stress, or neural signaling in the autonomic nervous system. The interaction between VIP and intestinal mucosal mast cells plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses and maintaining gut health. Additionally, intestinal mucosal mast cells contribute to the regulation of inflammatory processes influenced by VIP signaling, which is also linked to conditions such as pancreatic cholera. As a widely distributed neuropeptide, VIP is involved in multiple physiological processes throughout the body. In the case of pancreatic cholera, the overproduction of VIP leads to severe diarrhea and electrolyte imbalances, highlighting the peptideās significant role in gut function. Furthermore, the signaling pathways of VIP, a widely distributed neuropeptide, are critical in understanding conditions like pancreatic cholera, where VIPās effects on fluid secretion become pathological. This widely distributed neuropeptide continues to reveal its importance in both normal and pathological states.
VIP nasal spray, which contains both VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine, is often used as a treatment for chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS), helping regulate inflammation and support healing. According to J Cell Physiol, the inclusion of both VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine enhances its effectiveness in modulating immune responses and improving tissue health. This makes both VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine important components in managing symptoms of CIRS and promoting recovery. As noted in J Cell Physiol, these peptides contribute to reducing inflammation and promoting cellular repair, providing significant therapeutic benefits in chronic inflammatory conditions. Studies published in J Cell Physiol further suggest that VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine may offer synergistic effects in tissue regeneration and immune modulation.
VIP nasal spray reduces inflammation, modulates immune responses, and improves blood flow and tissue oxygenation, alleviating symptoms of CIRS. The effects of the spray are linked to the activity of the active peptide gene, a precursor molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating these processes. By targeting pathways influenced by the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene, the spray helps reduce chronic inflammation. Furthermore, research into the active peptide gene as a precursor molecule highlights its potential in managing conditions like CIRS effectively. This precursor molecule is essential in understanding how VIP can regulate inflammatory responses and improve overall health outcomes.
Peptide nasal sprays, including VIP sprays, can be effective for conditions like CIRS, provided they are used under medical supervision and tailored to the individualās needs. The VIP gene plays a crucial role in producing vasoactive intestinal peptide, which is essential for regulating immune responses and inflammation. In the context of digestion, VIP influences the intestinal lumen, supporting proper motility and fluid secretion. Understanding how the VIP gene functions can help optimize the use of VIP sprays for various health conditions, including CIRS. Moreover, research into the VIP gene continues to explore its broader therapeutic potential, including its impact on the intestinal lumen and overall gut health.
Engage in regular exercise, maintain a healthy diet, reduce stress, and get adequate sleep to support natural VIP production, which in turn benefits the intestinal mucosa. Healthy lifestyle choices help maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, supporting digestion, gut health, and cell differentiation. Additionally, proper care of the intestinal mucosa can enhance VIP function, improve nutrient absorption, and support cell differentiation in the gut lining. The action of adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide further contributes to these processes by stimulating cyclic AMP production, which supports mucosal health. This, in turn, may help promote a balanced and healthy intestinal environment, further enhancing overall gut health and cell differentiation, with adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide playing a key role in regulating these mechanisms. Adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide can thus be considered as a critical factor in maintaining optimal intestinal health and function.
The two primary VIP receptors are VPAC1 and VPAC2, which mediate its effects on smooth muscles, immune cells, mast cells, and other tissues. VIP’s interaction with mast cells plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses. Additionally, the activation of mast cells through VIP receptors can influence inflammation and tissue healing processes. VIP also plays a role in enzyme secretion, stimulating the pancreas to release digestive enzymes that aid in nutrient breakdown. This enzyme secretion is vital for proper digestion and absorption. Furthermore, the modulation of enzyme secretion through VIP interactions ensures that the digestive system operates efficiently, promoting overall gut health.
Endogenous VIP promotes intestinal motility, stimulates water and electrolyte secretion, and regulates blood flow to support digestion and absorption. This naturally occurring peptide plays a key role in maintaining optimal gut function by enhancing the movement of food through the intestines. Additionally, VIP interacts with dendritic cells in the gut to modulate immune responses and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Endogenous VIP is crucial for maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance in the intestines, further supporting effective digestion and absorption. Through these mechanisms, including its influence on dendritic cells, endogenous VIP helps ensure proper gastrointestinal health. By interacting with dendritic cells, VIP also aids in regulating local immune responses within the gut, promoting a balanced immune system.
VIP peptide acts as a signaling molecule that regulates digestion, immune responses, blood flow, and smooth muscle activity in different vascular tissues. It also interacts with nitric oxide to promote vasodilation, enhancing blood flow and nutrient delivery across different vascular tissues. Additionally, VIP works alongside nitric oxide to maintain smooth muscle function in different vascular tissues, supporting the coordinated movement of the digestive tract. Furthermore, VIP activates adenylate cyclase, an enzyme that produces cyclic AMP, playing a role in the regulation of smooth muscle relaxation and digestion. The action of adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide further amplifies the effects of VIP on vasodilation and smooth muscle function. In this way, both VIP and adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide cooperate to ensure proper digestive and vascular processes.
Vasoactive peptides like VIP, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) help regulate blood flow, inflammation, and tissue healing after burns by interacting with distinct membrane mimicking environments. These peptides influence cellular responses by binding to receptors located in distinct membrane mimicking environments, which helps modulate vascular permeability, immune cell activity, and intestinal inflammation. The ability of vasoactive peptides to function in distinct membrane mimicking environments is crucial for their role in tissue repair and regeneration following burns, as well as in managing conditions such as intestinal inflammation. Additionally, their activity in these environments supports the resolution of intestinal inflammation and promotes healing processes in damaged tissues.
Substances like histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides help mediate vascular permeability and inflammatory responses in the intestinal tract and other tissues during burns. These vasoactive substances play a critical role in regulating blood flow and healing within the intestinal tract, and they interact with the endocrine pancreas to support metabolic functions during stress. Their actions help maintain proper function and reduce damage to the intestinal tract as the body responds to burn injuries, while also influencing the endocrine pancreas to regulate hormone secretion. Additionally, the endocrine pancreas plays a key role in balancing glucose levels and supporting the healing process in response to the systemic stress caused by burns.
Vasoactive peptides regulate blood flow, immune activity, and smooth muscle relaxation while modulating inflammatory responses, including their cardiovascular effects. They specifically influence smooth muscle cells in various tissues, promoting relaxation and improving circulation, which contributes to positive cardiovascular effects. VIP-containing nerves play a critical role in these processes by releasing vasoactive peptides that target smooth muscle cells. By targeting smooth muscle cells, vasoactive peptides help maintain proper blood flow and prevent excessive inflammation, with VIP-containing nerves ensuring that these functions are precisely regulated, ultimately enhancing cardiovascular effects.
Drugs like somatostatin analogs, bradykinin antagonists, and synthetic VIP analogs are examples of vasoactive peptide-related therapies. Studies in VIP deficient mice have provided valuable insights into how VIP deficiency impacts gastrointestinal motility and immune function, highlighting the potential therapeutic benefits of VIP analogs. Furthermore, research involving VIP deficient mice is crucial for understanding the role of VIP in neuroprotection and inflammation, guiding the development of treatments for related disorders. The use of these therapies could offer improved outcomes for conditions like CIRS or gastrointestinal disorders observed in VIP deficient mice models.
VIPās primary function is to regulate smooth muscle relaxation, secretion of fluids, and immune modulation, supporting digestion, circulation, and tissue health. As a signal peptide, VIP plays a crucial role in facilitating communication between cells and tissues, particularly at nerve terminals. This signal peptide helps ensure the proper functioning of the digestive system and supports efficient nutrient absorption by regulating smooth muscle activity at the nerve terminals. Additionally, VIPās action at nerve terminals plays an important role in modulating immune responses and maintaining tissue integrity.
In the brain, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) acts as a neurotransmitter and neuroprotective agent, supporting circadian rhythm regulation, neuronal growth, and reducing neuroinflammation by modulating pathways involving tumor necrosis factor and glucagon secretion. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptideās interaction with tumor necrosis factor helps mitigate inflammation, protecting neuronal integrity. Additionally, its ability to regulate tumor necrosis factor and glucagon secretion contributes to maintaining a balanced immune response in the brain. Furthermore, vasoactive intestinal polypeptideās role in glucagon secretion helps maintain metabolic balance, which indirectly supports brain function and cellular health.
Potential side effects include nasal irritation, headache, dizziness, or allergic reactions, though these vary depending on individual sensitivity and the mechanisms of VIP release, including pituitary adenylate cyclase activating pathways. Some individuals may experience discomfort due to altered VIP release patterns or heightened sensitivity to its effects, which can be influenced by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating activity. Proper medical supervision can help manage any adverse reactions related to VIP release and ensure safe usage, particularly in individuals with pituitary adenylate cyclase activating dysfunction.
VIPs regulate smooth muscle tone, stimulate secretions, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue repair across various organ systems, including the genital organs. In particular, VIP plays a role in maintaining healthy blood flow to the genital organs, supporting their function and tissue health, while also influencing arterial blood pressure. Additionally, VIP’s ability to reduce inflammation and promote smooth muscle relaxation benefits the genital organs by enhancing overall vascular and immune regulation, which can help stabilize arterial blood pressure. Furthermore, VIP contributes to the regulation of arterial blood pressure through its effects on smooth muscle relaxation and vascular tone.
VIP enhances digestion by promoting intestinal motility, stimulating the secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, and maintaining gut hydration. Additionally, VIP works in conjunction with gastric inhibitory peptide, which plays a role in regulating digestive secretions and insulin release. The combined effects of VIP and gastric inhibitory peptide ensure proper nutrient absorption and digestion. By supporting motility and hydration, VIP complements the functions of gastric inhibitory peptide, further optimizing the digestive process. VIP also influences the urinary bladder, helping regulate smooth muscle tone and ensuring the proper function of the urinary system. The actions of VIP extend to the urinary bladder, where it can affect bladder contractions and maintain overall bladder health. With its wide range of effects, VIP plays a crucial role in both digestion and urinary bladder function.
VIP relaxes smooth muscles in the gut, facilitating the movement of food and preventing issues like constipation or slowed digestion. Additionally, VIP contributes to maintaining normal coronary vasomotor tone, which is essential for proper cardiovascular function. It also plays a role in modulating the activity of T cells, which are key components of the immune system, ensuring a balanced immune response in the gut. By promoting smooth muscle relaxation and regulating T cells, VIP supports both digestive health and normal coronary vasomotor tone, ensuring efficient circulation and nutrient delivery. This dual role highlights VIP’s importance in regulating gut motility, influencing T cell activity, and maintaining normal coronary vasomotor tone for overall well-being.
Yes, VIP inhibits gastric emptying by relaxing the pyloric sphincter and modulating gut motility through interactions with the VIP receptor to allow proper nutrient absorption. The VIP receptor plays a crucial role in mediating these effects, ensuring smooth muscle relaxation and optimal digestive function. Additionally, VIP helps reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which can otherwise disrupt digestive processes. By targeting the VIP receptor, VIP helps regulate gastric processes, reduce proinflammatory cytokines, and support efficient nutrient assimilation, ultimately promoting a balanced digestive environment.
Henning RJ, Sawmiller DR. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects. Cardiovasc Res. 2001 Jan;49(1):27-37. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00229-7. PMID: 11121793.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, with significant concentrations found in various organs including the gastrointestinal tract, heart, lungs, and brain. VIP exhibits potent vasodilatory effects, primarily through activation of adenylyl cyclase and subsequent increases in nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. In the heart, VIP is present in nerve fibers and contributes to normal coronary vasomotor tone, with exogenous VIP administration resulting in increased coronary artery cross-sectional area and blood flow. VIP also exerts positive inotropic effects on cardiac muscle and influences heart rate regulation, suggesting a crucial role in cardiovascular function regulation. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the precise physiological significance of VIP in cardiovascular health.
You can read the full article at https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/49/1/27/293330?login=false,Ā
Lucia P, Caiola S, Coppola A, Manetti LL, Maroccia E, De Martinis C, Buongiorno AM. Il peptide vasoattivointestinalenelloscompensocardiaco [Vasoactive intestinal peptide in heart failure]. Ital Heart J Suppl. 2000 May;1(5):679-85. Italian. PMID: 10834134.
[Vasoactive intestinal peptide in heart failure]
In this study, we examined the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in heart failure pathophysiology. Thirty-five patients with heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy participated, with peripheral venous blood samples analyzed for VIP concentration. Results showed that VIP levels were not elevated overall in heart failure patients but varied with age and disease severity. While VIP levels were higher in younger healthy individuals compared to elderly ones, this age-related difference was not observed in heart failure patients. Additionally, VIP levels were higher in elderly heart failure patients compared to younger ones and correlated with NYHA functional class. However, no significant correlation was found with echocardiographic parameters or cardiomyopathy etiology. These findings suggest that VIP levels in heart failure are influenced by epidemiological and clinical factors, with potential implications for hemodynamic balance restoration and disease progression.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10834134/.Ā
Unverferth DV, O’Dorisio TM, Miller MM, Uretsky BF, Magorien RD, Leier CV, Thompson ME, Hamlin RL. Human and canine ventricular vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: decrease with heart failure. J Lab Clin Med. 1986 Jul;108(1):11-6. PMID: 3711722.
Human and canine ventricular vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: decrease with heart failure
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is known for its systemic and coronary vasodilatory properties, with potential positive inotropic effects. Myocardial VIP levels were assessed in two canine heart failure models and in patients undergoing heart transplant or mitral valve replacement. In dogs with cobalt or doxorubicin-induced heart failure, VIP levels significantly decreased post-heart failure induction. Similarly, VIP concentrations were lower in failing hearts of patients with coronary artery disease compared to those without. Additionally, myocardial VIP levels showed a weak correlation with norepinephrine concentrations. These findings suggest a potential role for VIP in heart failure pathophysiology, warranting further investigation.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3711722/.Ā
Benitez R, Delgado-Maroto V, Caro M, Forte-Lago I, Duran-Prado M, O’Valle F, Lichtman AH, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Ameliorates Acute Myocarditis and Atherosclerosis by Regulating Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses. J Immunol. 2018 Jun 1;200(11):3697-3710. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800122. Epub 2018 Apr 18. PMID: 29669783.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Ameliorates Acute Myocarditis and Atherosclerosis by Regulating Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide known for its vascular and cardioprotective properties, yet its role in inflammatory cardiovascular disorders remains unclear. This study investigates VIP’s therapeutic potential in experimental autoimmune myocarditis and atherosclerosis models. In BALB/c mice with autoimmune myocarditis, VIP treatment significantly reduced disease prevalence, improved cardiac function, and mitigated inflammatory infiltration and fibrotic remodeling. In apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with atherosclerosis, VIP reduced plaque formation, regulated inflammatory responses, enhanced cholesterol efflux, and inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. These findings suggest VIP as a promising candidate for pharmaceutical intervention in heart inflammation and atherosclerosis.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://repositoriosalud.es/entities/publication/5d25c951-880b-4921-b644-9deee49f197d.Ā
DvorƔkovƔ MC. Cardioprotective role of the VIP signaling system. Drug News Perspect. 2005 Jul-Aug;18(6):387-91. doi: 10.1358/dnp.2005.18.6.927930. PMID: 16247516.
Cardioprotective role of the VIP signaling system
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid peptide, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) are neurotransmitters widely distributed in the nervous system, exerting biological effects through VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 receptors. Both VIP and PACAP influence cardiovascular regulation, promoting positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and coronary vasodilation. PACAP also inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Changes in myocardial VIP concentration and receptor responsiveness are linked to cardiovascular diseases like myocardial fibrosis, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension. Application of these peptides or their agonists shows promise in hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial fibrosis, indicating their potential therapeutic benefits across various pathological conditions.
You can read the full article at https://access.portico.org/Portico/auView?auId=ark:%2F27927%2Fpjbf7k9rmg5.Ā
Lucia P, Caiola S, Coppola A, Manetti LL, Maroccia E, Buongiorno AM, De Martinis C. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): a new neuroendocrine marker of clinical progression in chronic heart failure? ClinEndocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Dec;59(6):723-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01913.x. PMID: 14974913.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): a new neuroendocrine marker of clinical progression in chronic heart failure?
The study aimed to explore the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in heart failure. VIP levels were measured in plasma from 52 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Results showed higher VIP concentrations in patients compared to healthy subjects, particularly in elderly patients. VIP levels were inversely related to NYHA class and remained unaffected by echocardiographic parameters or the etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. These findings suggest that elevated VIP levels in heart failure patients may help restore hemodynamic balance, while decreased levels indicate disease progression. The preservation of VIP production capacity in older individuals highlights its potential importance in heart failure management.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01913.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed.Ā
Brum JM, Bove AA, Sufan Q, Reilly W, Go VL. Action and localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the coronary circulation: evidence for nonadrenergic, noncholinergic coronary regulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Feb;7(2):406-13. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80513-7. PMID: 3944362.
Action and localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the coronary circulation: evidence for nonadrenergic, noncholinergic coronary regulation
This study investigated the distribution and role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in coronary vasoregulation. Using radioimmunoassay and coronary angiography in anesthetized dogs, researchers found VIP concentrations varied along the coronary arteries, with significant vasodilation observed upon VIP infusion, particularly in the left anterior descending artery.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3944362/.Ā
Kalfin R, Maulik N, Engelman RM, Cordis GA, Milenov K, Kasakov L, Das DK. Protective role of intracoronary vasoactive intestinal peptide in ischemic and reperfused myocardium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994 Feb;268(2):952-8. PMID: 8114010.
Protective role of intracoronary vasoactive intestinal peptide in ischemic and reperfused myocardium
VIP has vasodilatory, ionotropic, and free radical-scavenging properties, making it a potential agent for myocardial preservation. In an isolated rat heart model of ischemia and reperfusion, VIP improved myocardial function, reduced tissue injury, and lowered hydroxyl radical levels, suggesting its protective role in heart ischemia.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8114010/.Ā
Xi Y, Wu G, Ai T, Cheng N, Kalisnik JM, Sun J, Abbasi S, Yang D, Fan C, Yuan X, Wang S, Elayda M, Gregoric ID, Kantharia BK, Lin SF, Cheng J. Ionic mechanisms underlying the effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on canine atrial myocardium. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013 Oct;6(5):976-83. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000518. Epub 2013 Sep 17. PMID: 24046327.
Ionic mechanisms underlying the effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on canine atrial myocardium
VIP influences atrial electrophysiology by modulating ion channels, shortening action potential duration, and increasing conduction heterogeneity, which may contribute to atrial fibrillation. These effects highlight VIPās potential role in atrial arrhythmias under conditions of increased release.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24046327/.Ā
Smitherman TC, Popma JJ, Said SI, Krejs GJ, Dehmer GJ. Coronary hemodynamic effects of intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide in humans. Am J Physiol. 1989 Oct;257(4 Pt 2):H1254-62. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.4.H1254. PMID: 2801984.
Coronary hemodynamic effects of intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide in humans
Intravenous VIP infusion in humans induces significant coronary vasodilation, comparable to other vascular beds, through both direct and indirect mechanisms, independent of prostaglandins. Myocardial oxygen uptake increases with systemic infusion but not with direct coronary administration.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2801984/.Ā
Schroeder A, Loh DH, Jordan MC, Roos KP, Colwell CS. Circadian regulation of cardiovascular function: a role for vasoactive intestinal peptide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Jan;300(1):H241-50. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00190.2010. Epub 2010 Oct 15. PMID: 20952671; PMCID: PMC4116412.
Circadian regulation of cardiovascular function: a role for vasoactive intestinal peptide
The neuropeptide VIP is essential for maintaining circadian rhythms in heart rate (HR) and clock gene expression in cardiac tissue. VIP-deficient mice exhibited weak and phase-advanced rhythms in HR, body temperature, and activity, with circadian HR rhythms lost in constant darkness, highlighting VIPās role in regulating cardiac circadian function.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20952671/.Ā
Duggan KA, Hodge G, Chen J, Hunter T. Vasoactive intestinal peptide infusion reverses existing myocardial fibrosis in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Nov 5;862:172629. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172629. Epub 2019 Aug 23. PMID: 31449808.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide infusion reverses existing myocardial fibrosis in the rat
VIP infusion increased myocardial VIP levels and significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis in rats on a high-salt diet, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic approach for cardiac failure. Additionally, VIP decreased the expression of key pro-fibrotic mediators, angiotensinogen (Agt) and angiotensin receptor type 1a (AT1a).
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31449808/.Ā
Said SI. Vasoactive peptides in the lung, with special reference to vasoactive intestinal peptide. Exp Lung Res. 1982 Nov;3(3-4):343-8. doi: 10.3109/01902148209069662. PMID: 6762962.
Vasoactive peptides in the lung, with special reference to vasoactive intestinal peptide
Several biologically active peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P, are present in the normal lung, functioning as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. These peptides influence airway and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle tone, bronchial water and mucus secretion, and adenylate cyclase activity. However, much remains unknown about their identities, localization, physiological roles, and involvement in disease processes. VIP, found extensively in other organs, likely mediates nonadrenergic relaxation of airways and pulmonary vessels, regulates bronchial secretion, and modulates immunologic mediator release from mast cells by promoting cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in the lung.
You can read the full article at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/01902148209069662.Ā
Available at https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200909-1451OC.
Wu D, Lee D, Sung YK. Prospect of vasoactive intestinal peptide therapy for COPD/PAH and asthma: a review. Respir Res. 2011 Apr 11;12(1):45. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-45. PMID: 21477377; PMCID: PMC3090995.
Prospect of vasoactive intestinal peptide therapy for COPD/PAH and asthma: a review
Emerging evidence suggests that pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share common pathological traits, such as inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and remodeling. Current treatments lack the ability to simultaneously address vascular and bronchial constriction along with inflammation. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) offers promising therapeutic potential due to its widespread presence in the cardiopulmonary system and its diverse biological actions, including potent vasodilation, bronchodilation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite past limitations in clinical application, the development of long-acting VIP analogues and innovative delivery methods holds promise for effectively treating PAH, asthma, and COPD. This review explores the physiological role of VIP in the cardiopulmonary system and its potential as a therapeutic target for pulmonary diseases.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3090995/.Ā
Mathioudakis A, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou V, Evangelopoulou E, Mathioudakis G. Vasoactive intestinal Peptide inhaled agonists: potential role in respiratory therapeutics. Hippokratia. 2013;17(1):12-16.
Vasoactive intestinal Peptide inhaled agonists: potential role in respiratory therapeutics
This review explores the potential therapeutic role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in respiratory diseases, focusing on its diverse effects on inflammation, immunity, and neurotransmission. VIP, expressed by lymphoid and neural cells, exhibits bronchodilatory, vasodilatory, and mucus secretion-inducing properties, alongside immunomodulatory functions such as suppressing humoral immune response and inhibiting vascular and bronchial remodeling. Recent studies suggest VIP agonists could be beneficial in treating various lung diseases like asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension, supported by ongoing research and limited clinical trials. Challenges remain in translating these findings into effective respiratory therapeutics, particularly in developing stabilized inhaled VIP agonists and drug delivery systems with minimized side effects. Ongoing research aims to elucidate VIP’s immunomodulatory effects and validate its therapeutic potential in respiratory medicine.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738270/.Ā
Wu D, Lee D, Sung YK. Prospect of vasoactive intestinal peptide therapy for COPD/PAH and asthma: a review. Respir Res. 2011;12(1):45. Published 2011 Apr 11. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-12-45.
Prospect of vasoactive intestinal peptide therapy for COPD/PAH and asthma: a review
Emerging evidence suggests that pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share common pathological features such as inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and remodeling. Currently, no single drug addresses both vascular and bronchial constriction along with inflammation. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), widely distributed in the cardiopulmonary system, exhibits potent vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects, improves circulation to the heart and lungs, and modulates airway secretions, making it a promising candidate for treating PAH, asthma, and COPD. However, clinical use of VIP has been limited due to its short plasma half-life and challenges in administration routes. The development of long-acting VIP analogues, coupled with appropriate drug delivery systems, holds promise for addressing these limitations and offering effective treatments for cardiopulmonary disorders. This article discusses the physiological importance of VIP in the cardiopulmonary system and explores the therapeutic potential of VIP-based agents in pulmonary diseases.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3090995/.Ā
Ao X, Fang F, Xu F. Vasoactive intestinal peptide protects alveolar epithelial cells against hyperoxia via promoting the activation of STAT3. RegulPept. 2011 Jun 7;168(1-3):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.02.006. Epub 2011 Feb 18. PMID: 21334383.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide protects alveolar epithelial cells against hyperoxia via promoting the activation of STAT3
Oxidative stress-induced damage and cell death in alveolar epithelial cells are key factors in the development of lung impairment caused by prolonged hyperoxia exposure. Reduced survival of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) contributes to impaired repair processes and the onset of acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) regulates cell proliferation and survival through the STAT3 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the impact of VIP and STAT3 on AECIIs under hyperoxic conditions. Treatment with VIP enhanced cell proliferation, maintained mitochondrial function, and reduced apoptosis and necrosis in AECIIs exposed to hyperoxia. These protective effects were attenuated when STAT3 expression was inhibited using siRNA. Overall, VIP intervention mitigated hyperoxia-induced cell injury and death in AECIIs, potentially through STAT3 activation.
You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167011511000358?via%3Dihub.Ā
Petkov V, Mosgoeller W, Ziesche R, Raderer M, Stiebellehner L, Vonbank K, Funk GC, Hamilton G, Novotny C, Burian B, Block LH. Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(9):1339-46. doi: 10.1172/JCI17500. PMID: 12727925; PMCID: PMC154449.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension
This study explores a novel treatment for primary pulmonary hypertension using vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a potent vasodilator. Researchers found a deficiency of VIP in patients and demonstrated that its supplementation improved hemodynamic parameters without side effects, warranting further investigation.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12727925/.Ā
Youssef JG, Lavin P, Schoenfeld DA, Lee RA, Lenhardt R, Park DJ, Fernandez JP, Morganroth ML, Javitt JC, Jayaweera D. The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial. Crit Care Med. 2022 Nov 1;50(11):1545-1554. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005660. Epub 2022 Aug 29. PMID: 36044317; PMCID: PMC9555831.
The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial
A multicenter trial on 196 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure found that while Aviptadil (synthetic VIP) did not significantly improve the primary endpoint (alive and free from respiratory failure at day 60), it doubled the odds of survival (p = 0.035) and showed benefits in respiratory distress and cytokine reduction. The drug demonstrated a favorable safety profile, suggesting a potential survival benefit in critical cases.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36044317/.Ā
Leuchte HH, Baezner C, Baumgartner RA, Bevec D, Bacher G, Neurohr C, Behr J. Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2008 Nov;32(5):1289-94. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00050008. PMID: 18978135.
Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension
A single inhaled dose of aviptadil caused modest, short-lived pulmonary vasodilation, improved stroke volume, and reduced right ventricular workload in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension without affecting systemic blood pressure. It was well tolerated, with a trend toward improved oxygenation in those with significant lung disease, warranting further study for therapeutic potential.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978135/.Ā Ā
Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension
A single inhaled dose of aviptadil caused modest, short-lived pulmonary vasodilation, improved stroke volume, and reduced right ventricular workload in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension without affecting systemic blood pressure. It was well tolerated, with a trend toward improved oxygenation in those with significant lung disease, warranting further study for therapeutic potential.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18978135/.Ā Ā
Enhancement of extended lung preservation with a vasoactive intestinal peptide-enriched University of Wisconsin solution
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) improves lung preservation by maintaining functional capacity during reperfusion. Adding VIP to the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution extended lung preservation to 24 hours, preventing early failure and preserving key lung functions.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7762057/.Ā
Zhong HL, Li PZ, Li D, Guan CX, Zhou Y. The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary diseases. Life Sci. 2023 Nov 1;332:122121. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122121. Epub 2023 Sep 22. PMID: 37742737.
The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary diseases
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neurotransmitter abundant in the lungs, has gained renewed interest for its potential in COVID-19 treatment. This review explores VIP’s role in various lung diseases and discusses its therapeutic limitations, extended-release formulations, and analogues.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37742737/.Ā
Alessandrini F, Thakkar M, Foda HD, Said SI, Lodi R, Pakbaz H, Schraufnagel DE. Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances lung preservation. Transplantation. 1993 Oct;56(4):964-73. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199310000-00036. PMID: 8212221.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances lung preservation
Adding vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to pneumoplegic solutions improved the ultrastructure of rat lungs stored for 24 hours, reducing mitochondrial damage and vascular edema. This suggests VIP could enhance lung preservation for transplantation.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8212221/.Ā
Guan CX, Zhang M, Qin XQ, Cui YR, Luo ZQ, Bai HB, Fang X. Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances wound healing and proliferation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Peptides. 2006 Dec;27(12):3107-14. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.004. Epub 2006 Sep 11. PMID: 16965837.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances wound healing and proliferation of human bronchial epithelial cells
In this study, we examined the influence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the wound healing process in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). We observed the healing of mechanically damaged HBEC in the presence or absence of VIP and evaluated its effects on chemotactic migration and cell proliferation. Chemotaxis was assessed using the blind well chamber technique, cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry, and cell proliferation was measured by Ki67 expression. Additionally, we investigated the impact of VIP on E-cadherin protein and mRNA levels through immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that VIP accelerated wound area recovery in HBEC, enhanced cell migration and proliferation, and upregulated E-cadherin expression. Moreover, these effects were blocked by a VPAC1 receptor antagonist, suggesting that VIP’s protective role in wound healing may involve VPAC1 activation and increased E-cadherin expression.
You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196978106003718?via%3Dihub.Ā
Tuncel N, Yildirim N, Gurer F, Basmak H, Uzuner K, Sahinturk V, Gursoy H. Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the wound healing of alkali-burned corneas. Int J Ophthalmol. 2016 Feb 18;9(2):204-10. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2016.02.04. PMID: 26949636; PMCID: PMC4761728.
Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the wound healing of alkali-burned corneas
In this study, we investigated the impact of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on wound healing in experimental alkali burns of the cornea using twenty-seven albino rabbits. The rabbits were divided into five groups, including a control group receiving no treatment, and VIP or saline administered either subconjunctivally or into the anterior chamber. Treatment protocols involved VIP eye drops every two hours for one week. Histopathological analysis on day 30 revealed improved wound healing in VIP-treated groups compared to the untreated control group, with reduced polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) infiltration and loss of amorphous substrate. These findings suggest that VIP may inhibit PMNL migration to the cornea, potentially through immunomodulation, thereby aiding in corneal wound healing following alkali burns.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4761728/.Ā
Wang Y, Chen Z, Luo G, He W, Xu K, Xu R, Lei Q, Tan J, Wu J, Xing M. In-Situ-Generated Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Loaded Microspheres in Mussel-Inspired PolycaprolactoneNanosheets Creating Spatiotemporal Releasing Microenvironment to Promote Wound Healing and Angiogenesis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016 Mar 23;8(11):7411-21. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b11332. Epub 2016 Mar 14. PMID: 26914154.
In-Situ-Generated Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Loaded Microspheres in Mussel-Inspired PolycaprolactoneNanosheets Creating Spatiotemporal Releasing Microenvironment to Promote Wound Healing and Angiogenesis
We present a novel method for producing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) loaded microspheres within polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous membranes, offering a convenient approach for wound dressing substrates. By coating nanofibers with mussel-inspired dopamine (DA) followed by absorption of the functional peptide, we achieved VIP encapsulation efficiency of (31.8 ± 2.2)% and loading capacity of (1.71 ± 0.16)%, with sustained release profiles. Cell adhesion and proliferation were enhanced, as confirmed by laser scanning confocal microscope, scanning electron microscope, and cell counting kit-8 assays. In vivo implantation in full-thickness defect wounds of BALB/c mice demonstrated significant promotion of wound healing, attributed to enhanced granulation tissue growth and angiogenesis. While wound re-epithelialization was not significantly improved, our VIP-DA-coated PCL (PCL-DA-VIP) nanosheets hold promise for wound treatment and vascular tissue engineering applications, offering spatiotemporal delivery of VIP.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.5b11332.Ā
Zhang Y, Gao N, Wu L, Lee PSY, Me R, Dai C, Xie L, Yu FX. Role of VIP and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathways in Mediating Epithelial Wound Healing, Sensory Nerve Regeneration, and Their Defects in Diabetic Corneas. Diabetes. 2020 Jul;69(7):1549-1561. doi: 10.2337/db19-0870. Epub 2020 Apr 28. PMID: 32345752; PMCID: PMC7306128.
Role of VIP and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathways in Mediating Epithelial Wound Healing, Sensory Nerve Regeneration, and Their Defects in Diabetic Corneas
We investigated the role of neuropeptides in diabetic keratopathy, a corneal disease associated with delayed wound healing and sensory nerve neuropathy. Denervation with resiniferatoxin impaired wound healing and upregulated proinflammatory genes, effects partially reversed by neuropeptides CGRP, SP, and VIP, particularly inducing interleukin-10 expression. VIP and VIPR1 expression increased after injury in normal corneas but not in diabetic corneas. VIPR1 targeting in normal corneas attenuated wound healing and exacerbated inflammation, while VIP had opposite effects in diabetic corneas. Wounding and diabetes altered Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) expression in a VIP-dependent manner, influencing wound healing rates. Inhibition of Shh signaling dampened VIP-promoted wound healing. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for VIP and Shh in diabetic keratopathy.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306128/.Ā
Satitpitakul V, Sun Z, Suri K, Amouzegar A, Katikireddy KR, Jurkunas UV, Kheirkhah A, Dana R. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Promotes Corneal Allograft Survival. Am J Pathol. 2018 Sep;188(9):2016-2024. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.010. Epub 2018 Aug 7. PMID: 30097165; PMCID: PMC6593256.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Promotes Corneal Allograft Survival
Corneal transplantation is a common tissue transplantation procedure, with corneal endothelial cells (CEnCs) crucial for graft success. Despite various strategies to enhance CEnC survival, their density often declines post-transplantation. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has shown promise in maintaining CEnC integrity and protecting against apoptosis. Our study reveals that VIP accelerates endothelial wound closure, mitigates cytokine-induced apoptosis, and enhances CEnC density in mouse models of both syngeneic and allogeneic corneal transplantation, suggesting its potential therapeutic value in improving corneal transplant outcomes.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593256/.Ā
Sun X, Huang Y, Zhang YL, Qiao D, Dai YC. Research advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis by regulating interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2020 Dec 28;26(48):7593-7602. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i48.7593. PMID: 33505138; PMCID: PMC7789055.
Research advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis by regulating interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal disease with unclear pathophysiology, but research highlights the interaction between the enteric nervous and immune systems. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) regulates intestinal immunity, influencing regulatory B cells (Bregs) that produce IL-10 to modulate immune responses, offering a potential strategy for UC treatment.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33505138/.Ā
Lindblom L, Cassuto J, YregƄrd L, Tarnow P, RƤntfors J, Lƶwhagen HendƩn P. Importance of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the regulation of burn perfusion. Burns. 2000 Aug;26(5):435-42. doi: 10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00178-3. PMID: 10812264.
Importance of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the regulation of burn perfusion
VIP, a potent vasodilator, was studied in burned and nonburned rats to assess its effects on skin perfusion and ischemia. While VIP lowered blood pressure and heart rate, it unexpectedly impaired skin perfusion, likely due to redistributing blood flow to vital organs like the brain and heart, inducing skin vasoconstriction.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10812264/.Ā
Guan CX, Cui YR, Zhang M, Bai HB, Khunkhun R, Fang X. Intracellular signaling molecules involved in vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated wound healing in human bronchial epithelial cells. Peptides. 2007 Sep;28(9):1667-73. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.027. Epub 2007 Aug 1. PMID: 17826179.
Intracellular signaling molecules involved in vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated wound healing in human bronchial epithelial cells
VIP promotes wound healing in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) through intracellular signaling involving PKA, PKC, ERK, and calmodulin. Inhibitors of these pathways partially blocked VIP-induced cell migration, proliferation, and E-cadherin expression, highlighting their role in the healing process.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17826179/Ā
Guan CX, Cui YR, Sun GY, Yu F, Tang CY, Li YC, Liu HJ, Fang X. Role of CREB in vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated wound healing in human bronchial epithelial cells. Regul Pept. 2009 Feb 25;153(1-3):64-9. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.12.003. Epub 2008 Dec 24. PMID: 19136032.
Role of CREB in vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated wound healing in human bronchial epithelial cells
VIP promotes wound healing and proliferation in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) through CREB activation, which is mediated by PKA and ERK pathways. CREB inhibition reduces VIPās protective effects, highlighting its role in HBEC repair.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19136032/.Ā
Shi L, Liu Y, Yang Z, Wu T, Lo HT, Xu J, Zhang J, Lin W, Zhang J, Feng L, Li G. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Promotes Fracture Healing in Sympathectomized Mice. Calcif Tissue Int. 2021 Jul;109(1):55-65. doi: 10.1007/s00223-021-00820-9. Epub 2021 May 17. PMID: 33999216.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Promotes Fracture Healing in Sympathectomized Mice
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays a crucial role in bone homeostasis and fracture healing. In a sympathectomy-induced mouse model, VIP treatment counteracted sympathetic inhibition, improving bone quality, mechanical properties, and osteogenesis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for fracture healing.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33999216/.Ā
Gao XP, Noda Y, Rubinstein I, Paul S. Vasoactive intestinal peptide encapsulated in liposomes: effects on systemic arterial blood pressure. Life Sci. 1994;54(15):PL247-52. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00425-0. PMID: 8152324.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide encapsulated in liposomes: effects on systemic arterial blood pressure
This study aimed to assess whether encapsulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in liposomes enhances its vasoactive properties. Liposomes containing VIP were formed and showed minimal leakage of the peptide over several days. Encapsulated VIP resisted breakdown by trypsin. Administering increasing concentrations of liposome-encapsulated VIP intravenously in hamsters led to a concentration-dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, with a significantly greater and longer-lasting hypotensive effect compared to unencapsulated VIP. Empty liposomes had no significant effect on blood pressure. This suggests that encapsulating VIP in liposomes enhances its ability to lower blood pressure.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0024320594004250.Ā
Eriksson LS, Hagenfeldt L, Mutt V, Wahren J. Influence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on splanchnic and central hemodynamics in healthy subjects. Peptides. 1989 Mar-Apr;10(2):481-4. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(89)90062-4. PMID: 2666962.
Influence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on splanchnic and central hemodynamics in healthy subjects
The impact of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a potent vasodilator, on central hemodynamics, splanchnic blood flow, and glucose metabolism was investigated in six healthy subjects. VIP infusion at 5 ng/kg/min increased cardiac output (55%) and heart rate (25%), while reducing mean systemic arterial pressure (15%) and vascular resistance (45%). Higher VIP infusion rates showed a tendency for further heart rate elevation without affecting cardiac output or arterial pressure. Splanchnic blood flow and hepatic venous pressure remained unchanged. Although arterial glucose, FFA, insulin, and glucagon levels increased during VIP infusion, net splanchnic glucose output did not change. VIP’s vasodilatory effect led to increased cardiac output and decreased systemic blood pressure and vascular resistance, with glucose levels remaining elevated even after VIP infusion cessation.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0196978189900624?via%3Dihub.Ā
Eklund S, Jodal M, Lundgren O, Sjƶqvist A. Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on blood flow, motility and fluid transport in the gastrointestinal tract of the cat. ActaPhysiol Scand. 1979 Apr;105(4):461-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1979.tb00111.x. PMID: 452923.
Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on blood flow, motility and fluid transport in the gastrointestinal tract of the cat
In a study conducted on cats, the effects of close intraarterial infusions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on gastric motility, intestinal fluid transport, and colonic motility were investigated, along with monitoring regional blood flow. VIP induced gastric relaxation and increased blood flow in the stomach, mimicking the response of the vago-vagal reflex relaxation triggered by esophageal distension. In the small intestine, VIP caused hyperemia and reduced net water uptake, with larger doses inducing a transient secretory state. Colon infusion of VIP led to immediate hyperemia followed by colonic contraction. Atropine administration did not significantly alter VIP-induced responses, suggesting VIP’s potential role as a neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract.
You can read the full article at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1979.tb00111.x.Ā
Xiao D, Kang J, Hu X. [The relationship of vasoactive intestinal peptide, other substances and the changes of nocturnal blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2000 Jun;23(6):351-4. Chinese. PMID: 11778517.
[The relationship of vasoactive intestinal peptide, other substances and the changes of nocturnal blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]
The study examined plasma levels of VIP, NO, and ET in different sleep stages and their relationship with nocturnal blood pressure in OSAS patients. Results suggest endothelial dysfunction due to NO reduction and a potential role of VIP in BP regulation.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11778517/.Ā
Hoover DB. Effects of guinea pig vasoactive intestinal peptide on the isolated perfused guinea pig heart. Peptides. 1989 Mar-Apr;10(2):343-7. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(89)90041-7. PMID: 2755874.
Effects of guinea pig vasoactive intestinal peptide on the isolated perfused guinea pig heart. Peptides
VIP induced dose-dependent tachycardia and reduced ventricular contraction amplitude in isolated guinea pig hearts, unaffected by atenolol. It also lowered perfusion pressure, especially after vasopressin-induced coronary tone elevation, suggesting a role in heart rate and coronary blood flow regulation.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2755874/.Ā
Porter JP, Thrasher TN, Said SI, Ganong WF. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the regulation of renin secretion. Am J Physiol. 1985 Jul;249(1 Pt 2):F84-9. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1985.249.1.F84. PMID: 3893159.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the regulation of renin secretion. Am J Physiol
VIP stimulates renin secretion, but this effect is not mediated by renal nerve release. Instead, increased circulating VIP can elevate plasma renin activity, though its role in renin elevation from a low-salt diet or hemorrhage appears unlikely.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3893159/.Ā
Koyama S, Fujita T, Shibamoto T, Matsuda Y, Uematsu H, Jones RO. Contribution of baroreceptor reflexes to blood pressure and sympathetic responses to cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in anesthetized dogs. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jan 17;175(3):245-51. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90561-j. PMID: 2323348.
Contribution of baroreceptor reflexes to blood pressure and sympathetic responses to cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in anesthetized dogs
VIP lowers blood pressure and increases renal nerve activity, effects that persist after vagotomy but disappear after complete denervation, suggesting baroreceptor involvement. CCK lowers blood pressure and renal nerve activity via vagal afferents, but after full denervation, it raises both, indicating a central nervous system effect.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2323348/.Ā
Frase LL, Gaffney FA, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Said SI, Blomqvist CG, Krejs GJ. Cardiovascular effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Dec 1;60(16):1356-61. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90619-9. PMID: 3687785.
Cardiovascular effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in healthy subjects
VIP infusion causes sustained vasodilation, reducing total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure while initially increasing heart rate and cardiac output. Later, cardiac output decreases due to reduced stroke volume, likely from intravascular volume loss, with tachycardia compensating to maintain blood pressure, explaining similar cardiovascular effects in pancreatic cholera syndrome.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3687785/.Ā
Henning RJ, Sawmiller DR. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects. Cardiovasc Res. 2001 Jan;49(1):27-37. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00229-7. PMID: 11121793.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) acts as a neurotransmitter and vasodilator in the nervous and cardiovascular systems, significantly affecting coronary blood flow, heart rate, and cardiac contraction. It enhances vascular function through nitric oxide and cyclic GMP pathways, and its release is stimulated by nerve activity and various agonists, suggesting a crucial role in cardiovascular regulation.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11121793/.Ā
Bains M, Laney C, Wolfe AE, Orr M, Waschek JA, Ericsson AC, Dorsam GP. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Deficiency Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota Communities in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice. Front Microbiol. 2019 Dec 2;10:2689. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02689. PMID: 31849864; PMCID: PMC6900961.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Deficiency Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota Communities in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is essential for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health, maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and acting as a potent anti-inflammatory mediator. Given its critical role, we hypothesized that VIP deficiency would impact gut microbial ecology. Fecal samples from VIP+/+, VIP+/-, and VIP-/- littermates were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, revealing significant changes in bacterial composition, biodiversity, and weight loss in VIP-/- mice compared to VIP+/+ and VIP+/- littermates, regardless of sex. The compositional changes resembled those seen in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and predicted functional alterations indicated an energy surplus within the VIP-/- microbiota. These findings underscore VIP’s importance in microbiota balance, biodiversity, and GIT function, with its genetic absence leading to significant gut microbiota restructuring and weight loss.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6900961/.Ā
Vu JP, Larauche M, Flores M, Luong L, Norris J, Oh S, Liang LJ, Waschek J, Pisegna JR, Germano PM. Regulation of Appetite, Body Composition, and Metabolic Hormones by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP). J MolNeurosci. 2015 Jun;56(2):377-87. doi: 10.1007/s12031-015-0556-z. Epub 2015 Apr 23. PMID: 25904310; PMCID: PMC4458420.
Regulation of Appetite, Body Composition, and Metabolic Hormones by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide abundantly expressed in the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, regulates feeding behavior in various vertebrate species. This study aimed to explore VIP’s role in appetite regulation, metabolic hormones, and body composition. VIP-deficient (VIP -/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were monitored weekly from 5 to 22 weeks. VIP -/- mice showed reduced body weight and fat mass, increased lean mass, and disrupted circadian feeding patterns. Alterations in adiponectin, GLP-1, leptin, PYY, and insulin secretion were observed in VIP -/- mice. These findings highlight VIP’s involvement in appetite control, body composition, and metabolic hormone secretion, suggesting its potential as a target for obesity treatment.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458420/.Ā
Zimmerman RP, Gates TS, Mantyh CR, Vigna SR, Welton ML, Passaro EP Jr, Mantyh PW. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding sites in the human gastrointestinal tract: localization by autoradiography. Neuroscience. 1989;31(3):771-83. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90440-5. PMID: 2556662.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding sites in the human gastrointestinal tract: localization by autoradiography
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) acts as a neurotransmitter in both central and peripheral tissues. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography on histologically normal human surgical specimens, we identified and quantified the distribution of [125I]VIP receptor binding sites in various gastrointestinal segments. VIP binding sites were found in mucosal layers, muscularis mucosa, submucosal arterioles, smooth muscle layers, myenteric plexus, and lymph nodules. The highest density of receptors was observed in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa. These findings suggest that VIP plays a role in regulating various gastrointestinal functions, including mucosal ion transport, gastric secretion, hemodynamic regulation, motility, neuronal excitability, and immune modulation.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://www.ibroneuroscience.org/article/0306-4522(89)90440-5/abstract.Ā
Said SI. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the gut. Physiology and pathology. ActaGastroenterol Belg. 1982 Jul-Aug;45(7-8):310-3. PMID: 6301189.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the gut. Physiology and pathology
No abstract available
You can read the abstract of the article atĀ
Seo S, Miyake H, Alganabi M, Janssen Lok M, O’Connell JS, Lee C, Li B, Pierro A. Vasoactive intestinal peptide decreases inflammation and tight junction disruption in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Dec;54(12):2520-2523. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.08.038. Epub 2019 Aug 30. PMID: 31668399.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide decreases inflammation and tight junction disruption in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis
In necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), excessive inflammatory cell infiltration in the intestinal mucosa disrupts the barrier integrity. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties and regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function. We previously observed decreased VIP-ergic neuron expression in experimental NEC, suggesting a potential link with inflammation and barrier compromise. To test this hypothesis, we induced NEC in C57BL/6 mice and administered exogenous VIP. Compared to NEC alone, NEC mice treated with VIP showed reduced severity of NEC, decreased intestinal inflammation (IL-6 and TNFα), and improved tight junction expression (Claudin-3) in the terminal ileum. These findings suggest that VIP administration has a therapeutic benefit in NEC by mitigating inflammation and preserving tight junction integrity.
You can read the full article at https://www.jpedsurg.org/article/S0022-3468(19)30578-0/abstract.Ā
Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in inflammation and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2005 Nov;6(11):1116-23. PMID: 16312132.
Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in inflammation and autoimmunity
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), synthesized by immune cells, modulates immune homeostasis by exerting potent anti-inflammatory effects in both innate and adaptive immunity. In innate immunity, VIP inhibits inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production from macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells, while reducing antigen-presenting cell activation. In adaptive immunity, VIP promotes Th2-type responses and suppresses Th1-type inflammation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are well-documented, suggesting VIP and its analogs as promising therapeutic options for acute and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of VIP’s role in immune regulation, highlighting its potential for therapeutic intervention and drug development.
You can read the full article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16312132/#:~:text=In%20the%20last%20decade%2C%20VIP,macrophages%2C%20microglia%20and%20dendritic%20cells..Ā
Delgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D. The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Jun;56(2):249-90. doi: 10.1124/pr.56.2.7. PMID: 15169929.
The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation
Evidence supporting the influence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on immune function stems from studies revealing VIP-containing nerves in lymphoid organs, the presence of VIP receptors, and functional studies demonstrating VIP’s impact on immune responses. Anatomical investigations suggest potential target cells for VIP, while the autocrine function of VIP in immune cells further supports its regulatory role. Despite complexities in VIP-mediated immune regulation, studies indicate its involvement in coordinating various immune events, such as lymphoid compartment activities and vascular circulation modulation. While the exact pathways and intracellular mechanisms remain unclear, VIP has been shown to modulate effector cell function, T cell recognition, antibody production, and cell maturation in tissue-specific and microenvironment-dependent manners. Moreover, VIP’s effects on immune function may be influenced by other signaling molecules and the activational state of target cells. Importantly, disruptions in VIP signaling have been implicated in various disease states, suggesting its therapeutic potential in conditions ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to neuroendocrine disorders. Synthetic VIP-like agents hold promise for mimicking VIP’s protective effects and treating associated pathological conditions.
You can read the abstract of the article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8790778/#:~:text=The%20functional%20significance%20of%20VIP,musculature%20and%20intramural%20blood%20circulation.Ā
Bednarska O, Walter SA, Casado-Bedmar M, Ström M, Salvo-Romero E, Vicario M, Mayer EA, Keita à V. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Mast Cells Regulate Increased Passage of Colonic Bacteria in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2017 Oct;153(4):948-960.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.051. Epub 2017 Jul 13. PMID: 28711627; PMCID: PMC5623149.
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Mast Cells Regulate Increased Passage of Colonic Bacteria in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Patients with IBS exhibit increased bacterial translocation through the colonic epithelium compared to healthy controls. Mast cells and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) play key roles in regulating this permeability.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28711627/.Ā
Yu HB, Yang H, Allaire JM, Ma C, Graef FA, Mortha A, Liang Q, Bosman ES, Reid GS, Waschek JA, Osborne LC, Sokol H, Vallance BA, Jacobson K. Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes host defense against enteric pathogens by modulating the recruitment of group 3 innate lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Oct 12;118(41):e2106634118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2106634118. PMID: 34625492; PMCID: PMC8521691.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes host defense against enteric pathogens by modulating the recruitment of group 3 innate lymphoid cell
VIP regulates intestinal ILC3 recruitment and lymphoid tissue formation via VPAC1, independent of microbiota or adaptive immunity. Deficiency in VIP or VPAC1 reduces ILC3s and IL-22 production, increasing susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium, which can be mitigated by RA supplementation, ILC3 transfer, or IL-22.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34625492/.
Zhongkai L, Jianxin Y, Weichang C. Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes gut barrier function against severe acute pancreatitis. Mol Biol Rep. 2012 Apr;39(4):3557-63. doi: 10.1007/s11033-011-1129-z. Epub 2011 Jul 3. PMID: 21725849.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes gut barrier function against severe acute pancreatitis
You can read the abstract of the article at
Bai X, De Palma G, Boschetti E, Nishiharo Y, Lu J, Shimbori C, Costanzini A, Saqib Z, Kraimi N, Sidani S, Hapfelmeier S, Macpherson AJ, Verdu EF, De Giorgio R, Collins SM, Bercik P. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Plays a Key Role in the Microbial-Neuroimmune Control of Intestinal Motility. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;17(3):383-398. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.11.012. Epub 2023 Dec 5. PMID: 38061549; PMCID: PMC10825443.
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Plays a Key Role in the Microbial-Neuroimmune Control of Intestinal Motility
The study explores how gut microbiota influences gastrointestinal motility through region-specific and bacteria-dependent mechanisms. It identifies vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) as a key mediator in this process, interacting with cholinergic nerves via innate immune signaling, offering a potential therapeutic target for motility disorders.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38061549/.Ā
Agibalova T, Hempel A, Maurer HC, Ragab M, Ermolova A, Wieland J, Waldherr Ćvila de Melo C, Heindl F, Giller M, Fischer JC, Tschurtschenthaler M, Kohnke-Ertel B, Ćllinger R, Steiger K, Demir IE, Saur D, Quante M, Schmid RM, Middelhoff M. Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes secretory differentiation and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Oct 8;15(1):348. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-03958-z. PMID: 39380035; PMCID: PMC11462795.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes secretory differentiation and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury
VIP regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis by promoting progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, primarily via the p38 MAPK pathway. It also enhances intestinal regeneration and mitigates radiation-induced injury in both in vitro and in vivo models.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380035/.Ā
Wu X, Conlin VS, Morampudi V, Ryz NR, Nasser Y, Bhinder G, Bergstrom KS, Yu HB, Waterhouse CC, Buchan AM, Popescu OE, Gibson WT, Waschek JA, Vallance BA, Jacobson K. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide promotes intestinal barrier homeostasis and protection against colitis in mice. PLoS One. 2015 May 1;10(5):e0125225. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125225. PMID: 25932952; PMCID: PMC4416880.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide promotes intestinal barrier homeostasis and protection against colitis in mice
You can read the abstract of the article at
Cochaud S, Chevrier L, Meunier AC, Brillet T, ChadƩneau C, Muller JM. The vasoactive intestinal peptide-receptor system is involved in human glioblastoma cell migration. Neuropeptides. 2010 Oct;44(5):373-83. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.06.003. Epub 2010 Jul 17. PMID: 20638719.
The vasoactive intestinal peptide-receptor system is involved in human glioblastoma cell migration
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) presents as an aggressive brain tumor in adults with a limited median survival rate. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes in the nervous system, yet its involvement in GBM remains unclear. In this study, the impact of VIP and its receptors on GBM cell behavior was investigated. Results showed that while the VIP-receptor system did not influence proliferation, it significantly modulated cell migration in two human GBM cell lines. Interestingly, cells expressing components of the VIP receptor system exhibited enhanced migration when treated with VIP receptor antagonists, whereas those with lower receptor expression showed decreased migration upon VIP and PACAP agonist treatment. These findings suggest a potential anti-oncogenic role of the VIP-receptor system by negatively regulating GBM cell migration.
You can read the full article at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143417910000673?via%3Dihub.Ā
Jaggi M, Prasad S, Singh AT, Praveen R, Dutt S, Mathur A, Sharma R, Gupta N, Ahuja R, Mukherjee R, Burman AC. Anticancer activity of a peptide combination in gastrointestinal cancers targeting multiple neuropeptide receptors. Invest New Drugs. 2008 Dec;26(6):489-504. doi: 10.1007/s10637-008-9117-4. Epub 2008 Jan 24. PMID: 18217205.
Anticancer activity of a peptide combination in gastrointestinal cancers targeting multiple neuropeptide receptors
A potent anticancer peptide combination, named DRF7295, comprising synthetic neuropeptide analogs of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), Bombesin, Substance P, and Somatostatin, has demonstrated significant efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. The receptors for these neuropeptides are often overexpressed in various cancers, including human colon adenocarcinomas, where native neuropeptides were found in tumor cell culture supernatants. These tumor cells not only synthesize and secrete the four peptide hormones but also possess specific high-affinity receptors on their surface. Through screening analogs of these peptides, four cytotoxic analogs were identified and combined to form DRF7295. In vitro studies showed DRF7295’s strongest activity against gastrointestinal tumor cells, particularly those of the colon, pancreas, and duodenum, with moderate activity observed in other cancers like glioblastoma, prostate, leukemia, and oral cancer cells. Efficacy studies in xenograft models of colon and duodenum cancers demonstrated strong tumor regression potential, with T/C% values indicating significant efficacy. Moreover, acute and long-term toxicity studies and safety pharmacology assessments revealed the drug’s safety profile upon systemic administration, with no significant adverse effects noted.
You can read the full article at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10637-008-9117-4.Ā
Said SI. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the gut. Physiology and pathology. ActaGastroenterol Belg. 1982 Jul-Aug;45(7-8):310-3. PMID: 6301189.Moody TW, Mantey SA, Fuselier JA, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-camptothecin conjugates inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Peptides. 2007 Sep;28(9):1883-90. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.04.017. Epub 2007 May 6. PMID: 17580098; PMCID: PMC2742204.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide-camptothecin conjugates inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells
The study investigated the effects of VIP-CPT conjugates on breast cancer cells and transfected cells. The (A-NL-K)VIP-L2-CPT compound acted as a VPAC(1)-R agonist, exhibiting cytotoxicity against MCF7 breast cancer cells and influencing receptor binding and cAMP levels.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17580098/.Ā
Iwasaki M, Akiba Y, Kaunitz JD. Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system. F1000Res. 2019 Sep 12;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-1629. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.18039.1. PMID: 31559013; PMCID: PMC6743256.
Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system
Originally identified as a vasodilator in 1970, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has since been recognized for its diverse physiological and pathological effects on various bodily functions. These effects span development, growth, and the regulation of neuronal, epithelial, and endocrine cell activities, ultimately impacting processes such as ion secretion, nutrient absorption, gut motility, glycemic control, carcinogenesis, immune responses, and circadian rhythms. Recent research, including studies involving genetic ablation of VIP and its receptors in mice, sheds light on the role of VIP in physiological signaling and the pathogenesis of related diseases. In this context, we explore the influence of VIP on gastrointestinal function and diseases, while also considering its potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6743256/.Ā
Xu CL, Guo Y, Qiao L, Ma L, Cheng YY. Recombinant expressed vasoactive intestinal peptide analogue ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2018 Feb 14;24(6):706-715. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i6.706. PMID: 29456409; PMCID: PMC5807673.
Recombinant expressed vasoactive intestinal peptide analogue ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in rats
This study investigated the effects of a recombinant vasoactive intestinal peptide analogue (rVIPa) on TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Results showed that 2 nmol rVIPa reduced inflammation, improved intestinal barrier integrity, and modulated the TLR4/NF-ĪŗB signaling pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapy for intestinal inflammatory disorders.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456409/.Ā
Li GH, Qian W, Song GQ, Hou XH. Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Aug;22(8):1328-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04947.x. Epub 2007 Jun 7. PMID: 17559364.
Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol
VIP mRNA expression is increased, while VIP receptor mRNA expression is decreased in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues. VIP may inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation through autocrine regulation by downregulating c-myc and ODC mRNA expressions.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17559364/.Ā
Gelber E, Granoth R, Fridkin M, Dreznik Z, Brenneman DE, Moody TW, Gozes I. A lipophilic vasoactive intestinal peptide analog enhances the antiproliferative effect of chemotherapeutic agents on cancer cell lines. Cancer. 2001 Oct 15;92(8):2172-80. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011015)92:8<2172::aid-cncr1560>3.0.co;2-4. PMID: 11596035.
A lipophilic vasoactive intestinal peptide analog enhances the antiproliferative effect of chemotherapeutic agents on cancer cell lines
A lipophilic VIP analog (SNH) enhanced the antiproliferative effects of various chemotherapeutic agents in lung and colon carcinoma cell lines, showing at least additive and sometimes synergistic effects. Combining SNH with chemotherapy may improve response rates and reduce toxicity in treating advanced solid tumors.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11596035/.Ā
Hara M, Takeba Y, Iiri T, Ohta Y, Ootaki M, Watanabe M, Watanabe D, Koizumi S, Otsubo T, Matsumoto N. Vasoactive intestinal peptide increases apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the cAMP/Bcl-xL pathway. Cancer Sci. 2019 Jan;110(1):235-244. doi: 10.1111/cas.13861. Epub 2018 Dec 4. PMID: 30390393; PMCID: PMC6317926.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide increases apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the cAMP/Bcl-xL pathway
VIP and its receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2) were found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and Huh7 cells. VIP suppressed Huh7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis through the cAMP/Bcl-xL pathway, independent of PKA signaling.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30390393/.Ā
Smalley SG, Barrow PA, Foster N. Immunomodulation of innate immune responses by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): its therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease. ClinExpImmunol. 2009;157(2):225-234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03956.x.
Immunomodulation of innate immune responses by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): its therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease
Research on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in inflammation and immunity has been ongoing since the late 1970s, revealing its profound impact on immune cell activation and function. Animal studies suggest VIP holds promise for therapeutic and preventive interventions in various diseases. This review will specifically examine VIP’s effects on innate immune cell function and explore its therapeutic applications in human inflammatory conditions.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730848/.Ā
Gonzalez-Rey E, Anderson P, Delgado M. Emerging roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide: a new approach for autoimmune therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66Suppl 3(Suppl 3):iii70-iii76. doi:10.1136/ard.2007.078519.
Emerging roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide: a new approach for autoimmune therapy
Understanding the mechanisms governing immune tolerance and managing inflammatory conditions is pivotal for advancing treatments for autoimmune diseases. Certain neuropeptides and hormones have emerged as intrinsic regulators of self-tolerance processes, with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) standing out as a well-established anti-inflammatory neuropeptide with therapeutic promise across various immune disorders. Recent research highlights VIP’s role in maintaining immune tolerance through dual mechanisms: balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and promoting the generation of regulatory T cells that suppress autoreactive T cell responses.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095290/.Ā
Li JM, Darlak KA, Southerland L, Hossain MS, Jaye DL, Josephson CD, Rosenthal H, Waller EK. VIPhyb, an antagonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor, enhances cellular antiviral immunity in murine cytomegalovirus infected mice. PLoS One. 2013 May 27;8(5):e63381. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063381. PMID: 23723978; PMCID: PMC3664580.
VIPhyb, an antagonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor, enhances cellular antiviral immunity in murine cytomegalovirus infected mice
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide hormone known for its role in suppressing Th1-mediated cellular immunity. Previous studies have shown that VIP-knockout (VIP-KO) mice exhibit heightened cellular immune responses and increased survival following murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection. In this investigation, the efficacy of a VIP receptor antagonistic peptide, VIPhyb, was evaluated in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice infected with mCMV. Daily subcutaneous injections of VIPhyb for one week were well-tolerated and did not alter immune cell subset frequencies in non-infected mice. Treatment with VIPhyb significantly improved survival rates, facilitated viral clearance, and reduced liver and lung pathology in mCMV-infected mice compared to controls receiving saline. VIPhyb administration also led to increased numbers of effector/memory CD8+ T-cells and mature NK cells. Pharmacological or genetic blockade of VIP signaling prevented the up-regulation of immune checkpoint molecules and enhanced antigen-presenting cell activation in infected mice. Additionally, VIPhyb treatment augmented type-I IFN synthesis, cytokine production by NK cells and T-cells, and the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, VIPhyb treatment reduced Treg cell percentages and serum VEGF levels in infected mice. These findings suggest that short-term administration of a VIP receptor antagonist holds promise for enhancing innate and adaptive cellular immunity in murine CMV infection models.
You can read the full article at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664580/.Ā
Song X, Pi S, Gao Y, Zhou F, Yan S, Chen Y, Qiao L, Dou X, Shao D, Xu C. The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Mast Cells in the Regulatory Effect of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 on Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier. Front Immunol. 2021 Nov 25;12:723173. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723173. PMID: 34899686; PMCID: PMC8657605.
The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Mast Cells in the Regulatory Effect of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 on Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier. Front Immunol
This study investigates how Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 protects against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-induced intestinal mucosal immune barrier injury, focusing on the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and mast cells (MCs). The results suggest that VIP mediates the probioticās protective effects by regulating MC activation, inflammatory cytokines, and gut microbiota.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34899686/.Ā
Wang Y, Mei Y, Bao S, Xu L. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide enhances oral tolerance by regulating both cellular and humoral immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007 Apr;148(1):178-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03322.x. PMID: 17349016; PMCID: PMC1868860.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide enhances oral tolerance by regulating both cellular and humoral immune responses
VIP enhances oral tolerance by regulating cellular and humoral responses, reducing inflammation, and suppressing immune reactions in an OVA-induced model, potentially via the VPAC2 receptor.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17349016/.Ā
Pascal M, Kazakov A, Chevalier G, Dubrule L, Deyrat J, Dupin A, Saha S, Jagot F, Sailor K, Dulauroy S, Moigneu C, Belkaid Y, Lepousez G, Lledo PM, Wilhelm C, Eberl G. The neuropeptide VIP potentiates intestinal innate type 2 and type 3 immunity in response to feeding. Mucosal Immunol. 2022 Apr;15(4):629-641. doi: 10.1038/s41385-022-00516-9. Epub 2022 May 2. PMID: 35501356.
The neuropeptide VIP potentiates intestinal innate type 2 and type 3 immunity in response to feeding. Mucosal Immunol
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), released by the nervous system during feeding, enhances cytokine production in intestinal innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s and ILC3s), boosting immune response via cAMP and glycolysis. This neuro-immune interaction strengthens resistance to intestinal infections, highlighting a protective mechanism linked to food intake.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35501356/.Ā
Guan L, Yu D, Wu GH, Ning HJ, He SD, Li SS, Hu TY, Yang G, Liu ZQ, Yu HQ, Sun XZ, Liu ZG, Yang PC. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is required in the maintenance of immune regulatory competency of immune regulatory monocytes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2019 May;196(2):276-286. doi: 10.1111/cei.13259. Epub 2019 Jan 30. PMID: 30636174; PMCID: PMC6468183.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide is required in the maintenance of immune regulatory competency of immune regulatory monocytes
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays a crucial role in maintaining the immune regulatory function of monocytes (RegMos) by preserving IL-10 expression. RA patients have lower VIP levels, leading to impaired RegMo function, while VIP administration restores IL-10 expression and alleviates experimental RA, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30636174/.Ā
Sun X, Huang Y, Zhang YL, Qiao D, Dai YC. Research advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis by regulating interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2020 Dec 28;26(48):7593-7602. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i48.7593. PMID: 33505138; PMCID: PMC7789055.
Research advances of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis by regulating interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal disease with unclear pathophysiology, but research highlights the interaction between the enteric nervous and immune systems. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and regulatory B cells (Bregs) play key roles in immune modulation, with Bregs regulating immune tolerance via IL-10. Understanding VIPās influence on Bregs in UC could offer new therapeutic strategies.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33505138/.Ā
Yadav M, Goetzl EJ. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated Th17 differentiation: an expanding spectrum of vasoactive intestinal peptide effects in immunity and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Nov;1144:83-9. doi: 10.1196/annals.1418.020. PMID: 19076367.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated Th17 differentiation: an expanding spectrum of vasoactive intestinal peptide effects in immunity and autoimmunity
Neural and immune systems interact to regulate immune responses, with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) playing a key role in modulating T cell and macrophage activity through VPAC receptors. VIP’s influence on Th17 cell differentiation via VPAC(1) sheds new light on its immune functions and therapeutic potential in immune disorders.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19076367/.Ā
intestinal peptide (VIP): its therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Aug;157(2):225-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03956.x. PMID: 19604262; PMCID: PMC2730848.
Immunomodulation of innate immune responses by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): its therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease
Since the late 1970s, research has shown that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays a key role in immune cell activation and function, with significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases. This review explores VIPās effects on innate immunity and its clinical implications.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2730848/.Ā
Voice JK, Grinninger C, Kong Y, Bangale Y, Paul S, Goetzl EJ. Roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the expression of different immune phenotypes by wild-type mice and T cell-targeted type II VIP receptor transgenic mice. J Immunol. 2003 Jan 1;170(1):308-14. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.308. PMID: 12496414.
Roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the expression of different immune phenotypes by wild-type mice and T cell-targeted type II VIP receptor transgenic mice
VIP and its receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, play a crucial role in immune regulation. Transgenic mice overexpressing VPAC2 in CD4 T cells show a Th2-skewed immune response, while VPAC2-null mice exhibit a Th1 shift, highlighting VIP’s influence on T cell differentiation and immune function.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496414/.Ā
Sun X, Guo C, Zhao F, Zhu J, Xu Y, Liu ZQ, Yang G, Zhang YY, Gu X, Xiao L, Liu Z, Yang PC. Vasoactive intestinal peptide stabilizes intestinal immune homeostasis through maintaining interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells. Theranostics. 2019 Apr 13;9(10):2800-2811. doi: 10.7150/thno.34414. PMID: 31244924; PMCID: PMC6568172.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide stabilizes intestinal immune homeostasis through maintaining interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells
This study explores the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in regulating regulatory B cell (Breg) function in ulcerative colitis (UC). Findings suggest that insufficient VIP levels lead to impaired Breg function by accelerating IL-10 mRNA decay, while VIP administration can inhibit experimental colitis, highlighting its therapeutic potential for IgE+ UC.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31244924/.Ā
Delgado M, Abad C, Martinez C, Juarranz MG, Arranz A, Gomariz RP, Leceta J. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the immune system: potential therapeutic role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J Mol Med (Berl). 2002 Jan;80(1):16-24. doi: 10.1007/s00109-001-0291-5. Epub 2001 Oct 17. PMID: 11862320.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the immune system: potential therapeutic role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide with potent immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, influencing immune homeostasis through various receptors. It has shown promise as a potential treatment for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including septic shock, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohnās disease.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11862320/.Ā
White CM, Ji S, Cai H, Maudsley S, Martin B. Therapeutic potential of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its receptors in neurological disorders. CNS NeurolDisord Drug Targets. 2010;9(5):661-666. doi:10.2174/187152710793361595.
Therapeutic potential of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its receptors in neurological disorders
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid peptide that binds to class II GPCRs and regulates various biological functions. This review explores its altered signaling in neurological disorders and its potential as a therapeutic target for conditions like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Autism Spectrum Disorders.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20632962/.Ā
Deng G, Jin L. The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Res. 2017 Jan;39(1):65-72. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1250458. Epub 2016 Oct 27. PMID: 27786097.
The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodegenerative disorders
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) supports neuronal survival and inhibits neurodegeneration in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) by promoting neurotrophic factors and reducing inflammation. Enhancing VIPās structure and efficiency could improve its therapeutic potential for NDDs.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27786097/.Ā
Korkmaz OT, Ay H, Aytan N, Carreras I, Kowall NW, Dedeoglu A, Tuncel N. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Decreases β-Amyloid Accumulation and Prevents Brain Atrophy in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Mol Neurosci. 2019 Jul;68(3):389-396. doi: 10.1007/s12031-018-1226-8. Epub 2018 Nov 29. PMID: 30498985.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Decreases β-Amyloid Accumulation and Prevents Brain Atrophy in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
This study investigated the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using 5xFAD transgenic mice. Chronic VIP treatment significantly reduced β-amyloid plaques and helped preserve brain regions affected by AD-related atrophy.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30498985/.Ā
Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide prevents activated microglia-induced neurodegeneration under inflammatory conditions: potential therapeutic role in brain trauma. FASEB J. 2003 Oct;17(13):1922-4. doi: 10.1096/fj.02-1029fje. Epub 2003 Aug 15. PMID: 12923064.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide prevents activated microglia-induced neurodegeneration under inflammatory conditions: potential therapeutic role in brain trauma
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, inhibiting microglia-derived proinflammatory factors and reducing neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative conditions like multiple sclerosis, Parkinsonās, and Alzheimerās disease. This study highlights VIPās potential as a therapeutic agent for CNS disorders involving inflammation-induced neurodegeneration.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12923064/.Ā
Korkmaz OT, TunƧel N. Advantages of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide for the Future Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24(39):4693-4701. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666190111150953. PMID: 30636594.
Advantages of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide for the Future Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinsonās disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor impairments. While its exact pathogenesis remains unclear, targeting inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synucleinopathies may offer therapeutic potential, with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) showing promise due to its neuroprotective properties.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30636594/.Ā
Hill JM. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodevelopmental disorders: therapeutic potential. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(11):1079-89. doi: 10.2174/138161207780618975. PMID: 17430171.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodevelopmental disorders: therapeutic potential
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment by promoting neuronogenesis, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, and neuronal survival while also modulating immune responses. Dysregulation of VIP during embryogenesis may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders like autism, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17430171/.Ā
simon RA, Barazanji N, Jones MP, Bednarska O, Icenhour A, Engström M, Hamilton JP, Keita à V, Walter S. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide plasma levels associated with affective symptoms and brain structure and function in healthy females. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 14;11(1):1406. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80873-2. PMID: 33446759; PMCID: PMC7809454.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide plasma levels associated with affective symptoms and brain structure and function in healthy females
Plasma VIP levels were negatively correlated with anxiety and depression symptoms and positively associated with brain volume and functional connectivity in regions linked to emotional regulation. These results suggest a potential role of VIP in mental health and brain structure-function relationships.
You can read the abstract of the article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33446759/.
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