GENEMEDICS APP

GENEMEDICS NUTRITION

HEALTH LIBRARY

Vitamin D

Free Consultation

Health Library Single Page
Sending

Vitamin D, also known as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2), or the sunshine vitamin, is one of the 24 micronutrients critical for human survival. In spite of the name, vitamin D is often referred to as a pro-hormone because the body is capable of producing its own vitamin D through mild sun exposure, while vitamins are nutrients that cannot be produced by the body and must be acquired by eating vitamin-rich foods or taking supplements.

Overall Health Benefits of Vitamin D

  • Cancer prevention [1-20]
  • Immune system support [21-31]
  • Improvement of cognitive function [32-60]
  • Improvement of mood and energy levels [61-79]
  • Improvement of muscle mass and strength [80-90]
  • Improvement of sleep quality [91-105]
  • Improvement of sexual function [106-116]
  • Maintenance of bone and teeth health [117-134]
  • Maintenance of healthy pregnancy [135-145]
  • Maintenance of heart health [146-161]
  • Maintenance of lung health [162-178]
  • Maintenance of normal blood pressure [179-191]
  • Modulation of the inflammatory process [192-208]
  • Reduction of cholesterol levels [209-217]
  • Regulation of blood sugar levels [218-229]
  • Regulation of kidney function [230-236]
  • Weight loss [237-251]

Vitamin D Deficiency

It is estimated that sensible sun exposure on bare skin for 5-10 minutes twice or thrice a week allows the body to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D. However, this vitamin has a half-life of only 2 weeks, meaning that vitamin D stores can be depleted. Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency affects almost 50% of adults and children worldwide. [252] Because of the extensive benefits of vitamin D for human health, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recently increased the recommended daily allowance for vitamin D for adults and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children get adequate vitamin D.

The following are the recommended intakes of vitamin D throughout life: [253]

  • Infants 0-12 months – 400 IU (10 mcg)
  • Children 1-18 years – 600 IU (15 mcg)
  • Adults to age 70 – 600 IU (15 mcg)
  • Adults over 70 – 800 IU (20 mcg)
  • Pregnant or lactating women – 600 IU (15 mcg)

Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency

There are certain medical conditions and factors that can cause a deficiency in vitamin D. These include the following:

  • Kidney and liver diseases: These medical conditions decrease the production of an enzyme needed to convert vitamin D to its useable form.
  • Cystic fibrosis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease: These diseases prevent the intestines from absorbing adequate amounts of vitamin D.
  • Gastric bypass surgery: This medical procedure involves removal of a part of the stomach and/or the intestines in order to reduce food intake and achieve significant weight loss. However, this weight-loss surgery impairs vitamin D absorption.
  • Obesity: High amounts of fat hold onto the vitamin D, preventing it from being released into the bloodstream.
  • Age: With advancing age, the skin’s ability to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D lessens.
  • Skin color: People with dark-colored skin produce lesser amounts of vitamin D than those with fair-colored skin.
  • Certain medications: Laxatives, steroids, seizure medications, weight-loss drugs, and cholesterol-lowering drugs decrease vitamin D levels in the body as a side effect.

Symptoms of Vitamin D Deficiency

In men and women with vitamin D deficiency, the symptoms are generally subtle so they may not notice them easily, even if it’s having a significant impact in their quality of life. The common signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are the following:

  • Anxiety
  • Bone loss
  • Chronic pain
  • Depression
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Extreme fatigue
  • Getting sick or infected often
  • Hair loss
  • High blood pressure
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Inflammation and swelling
  • Joint and muscle pain
  • Reduced libido
  • Sleeping difficulties

If you are suffering from symptoms of vitamin D deficiency, it is recommended to consult immediately with your doctor to get your vitamin D levels checked. A detailed physical examination will also help rule out any medical conditions, risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, and other factors that may affect vitamin D levels. If left untreated, severely low levels of vitamin D can lead to osteomalacia in adults, and rickets in children. Both of these diseases can lead to soft and weak bones, bone and muscle pain, and higher incidence of fractures.

Vitamin D Food Sources

Sunlight is the most cost effective way of boosting vitamin D stores. However, for people living in northern latitudes and for dark-skinned people, getting adequate amounts of vitamin D through sun exposure can be a problem. Fortunately, they can still load up on this vitamin by consuming the following foods:

  • Beef liver
  • Cheese
  • Cod liver oil
  • Egg
  • Fortified skim milk
  • Herring
  • Raw maitake mushrooms
  • Salmon
  • Sardines
  • Swordfish
  • Tuna
  • Yogurt

Proven Health Benefits of Vitamin D

Aside from diet and sun exposure, vitamin D supplements in the form of capsules, tablets, and intramuscular injections may be necessary for older people, those living in northern latitudes, dark-skinned people, obese individuals, post bariatric surgery patients, people on vitamin D-depleting medications, and those with medical conditions that affect vitamin D levels. In fact, there is a great body of clinical evidence that shows the diverse health benefits of vitamin D in both men and women:

Fights Cancer

Vitamin D is extremely important for regulating the growth of billions of cells, enhancing their communication, and modulating general cellular function. Aside from these roles, vitamin D also has potent anti-cancer properties that can help eradicate malignant cells in the body. There is very strong clinical evidence that vitamin D supplementation may help protect against various types of cancers in both men and women:

  1. Majority of studies found a protective relationship between higher levels of vitamin D and lower risk of colorectal cancer. [254-275]
  2. On the other hand, lower vitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of cancers of the colon, breast and prostate as well as other cancers. [276-279]
  3. Adequate vitamin D levels can reduce bladder cancer risk and related death by 25%. [280-281]
  4. Higher vitamin D levels also correlate with lower lung cancer risk and better prognosis.    [282-287]
  5. Higher vitamin D levels are also associated with lower risk of skin cancer. [288-289]
  6. Sunlight exposure has been found to significantly reduce the likelihood of various types of cancers (bladder, brain, breast, colon, cervical, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreas, pleura, prostate, rectal, and thyroid cancer as well as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma). [290-304]
  7. In human cancer cell lines, vitamin D administration prevents cancer cell progression by inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis). [305-314]
  8. Vitamin D has chemopreventive mechanism which can help eradicate cancer cells. [315]
  9. In patients with lung cancer, vitamin D inhibits signaling pathways that promote spread of cancer cells (metastasis) and cell division. [316-319]
  10. Vitamin D inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, which in turn prevents growth and reproduction of tumor cells. [320]
  11. Vitamin D inhibits tumor angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), thereby preventing its progression. [321-326]
  12. In palliative cancer patients, vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective in improving pain management (1 month after treatment) and decreasing infections (3 months after treatment). [327]
  13. In postmenopausal women with breast cancer, vitamin D supplementation counters the detrimental effects of chemotherapeutics on bone health. [328-330]
  14. In patients with leukemia and lymphoma, vitamin D replacement therapy improves survival. [331-335]
  15. In men with low-risk prostate cancer, daily supplementation with 4000 IU of vitamin D for 1 year decreases the number of biopsy-positive cores (predictor of clinical outcome in prostate cancer). [336]
  16. In men with prostate cancer, oral vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 40 000 IU reduces cancer cell proliferation marker Ki67. [337]
  17. In patients with advanced breast and colorectal cancer, administration of the vitamin D analogue EB 1089 stabilizes the disease. [338]
  18. In patients with advanced solid tumors, oral administration of the vitamin D3 analogue ILX23-7553 is associated with tumor growth inhibition. [339]
  19. In breast cancer patients with bone metastases, high-dose (10,000 IU/day) vitamin D supplementation significantly decreases the number of pain sites over time. [340]
  20. In women with breast and ovarian cancer, vitamin D supplementation could help maintain bone health and enhance cancer survival rate. [341]
  21. Preliminary results from an ongoing clinical trial, the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL, show that vitamin D supplementation may help improve cancer symptoms and survival rate. [342]

Strengthens the Immune System

Vitamin D plays a major role in the regulation of the immune function by turning on or off genes and processes necessary for optimum health. In fact, vitamin D is touted as a “miracle nutrient” for the immune system as it enables the body to produce hundreds of antimicrobial peptides, which helps ward off various infections and diseases. An overwhelming body of clinical evidence supports the immune-modulating properties of vitamin D:

  1. In patients with asthma, daily vitamin D doses of 7.5–30 mcg (300–1,200 IU) decreases asthma attacks. [343-344]
  2. Lower levels of vitamin D are strongly linked with increased risk of respiratory tract infections. [345-347]
  3. Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces the risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). [348-350]
  4. Vitamin D strengthens the immune system by boosting mucosal defenses and preventing excessive inflammation. [351]
  5. Vitamin D has strong antimicrobial activity that is effective against a broad range of bacteria and viruses, including M. tuberculosis and influenza-virus. [352-356]
  6. In older adults with infections, high-dose vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces antibiotic use by as much as 50%. [357-358]
  7. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), high doses of vitamin D improve lung function, rates of exacerbation, morbidity and mortality. [359]
  8. In adults with cystic fibrosis and worsening of pulmonary symptoms, a single 250,000 IU dose of vitamin D significantly increases hospital-free days. [360-361]
  9. Vitamin D supplementation is associated with a 13% decreased risk of repeat pneumonia. [362]
  10. In patients with tuberculosis, vitamin D supplementation decreases markers of the disease and improves clinical outcome. [363-375]
  11. In patients with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, higher vitamin D levels appear to slow disease activity. [376-379]
  12. Vitamin D affects T cell maturation and facilitates the induction of T regulatory cells. [380-384]
  13. Vitamin D also has effects on monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) of the immune system. [385-388]
  14. In patients with active lupus, vitamin D significantly decreases both spontaneous and stimulated immunoglobulin production from B cells, interferon (IFN), and other immune cells, thus preventing excessive immune response. [389-394]
  15. In patients with multiple sclerosis, vitamin D inhibits excessive production of CD4 cells. [395]
  16. Vitamin D can also prevent food allergy by suppressing excessive immune response. [396-398]

Boosts Cognitive Function

Cognitive dysfunction can lead to confusion, memory problems, and difficulty concentrating.  Interestingly, scientists found that vitamin D can function as a neurosteroid or “cognitive enhancer”, thus preventing age-related cognitive decline and improving overall mental health. A growing body of scientific evidence supports the brain-boosting properties of vitamin D:

  1. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with worse cognitive performance and impairment.              [399-412]
  2. In older adults, 16 months of 800 IU/day vitamin D3 supplementation improves cognitive performance. [413]
  3. Vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. [414]
  4. In younger individuals, vitamin D supplementation improves executive functioning and mental health. [415]
  5. In individuals with inadequate baseline vitamin D levels, higher doses of vitamin D supplementation improve nonverbal (visual) memory. [416]
  6. In frail elder adults, vitamin D supplementation improves cognition. [417]
  7. In Alzheimer’s patients over the age of 60 years, vitamin D supplementation decreases plaque build-up in the brain. [418]
  8. In patients with severe vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation improves learning and memory. [419]
  9. In older adults, vitamin D deficiency is associated with dementia and that vitamin D supplementation might have a protective effect. [420-423]

Improves Muscle Mass and Strength

Muscle mass and strength tend to decrease with advancing age, primarily as a result of reduced physical activity. This loss of muscle mass, medically known as sarcopenia, has negative impact on one’s ability to perform activities of daily living. Fortunately, vitamin D supplementation may be an effective method of countering age-related muscle wasting and those caused by chronic medical conditions. There is an overwhelming body of clinical research supporting the muscle-enhancing properties of vitamin D:

  1. In patients on hemodialysis, vitamin D treatment is associated with greater muscle size and strength. [424]
  2. In patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), vitamin D treatment improves muscle function. [425-428]
  3. In vitamin D deficient patients, vitamin D supplementation restores muscle mass and strength. [429-431]
  4. In patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), vitamin D supplementation improves scores in a series of tests assessing muscle function. [432]
  5. In women, higher blood levels of vitamin D are associated with better results in musculoskeletal function. [433]
  6. In patients aged 65 years and above, higher vitamin D levels are associated with increased handgrip strength. [434]
  7. In people aged 70 years and above, a weekly dose of 8400 IU vitamin D3 improves postural stability, muscle strength and safety. [435]
  8. In professional male and female elite ballet dancers, 4 months 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 administration improves muscle strength. [436]
  9. In athletes, vitamin D enhances the recovery of muscles shortly after intense exercise. [437]
  10. In professional soccer players, vitamin D3 supplementation improves musculoskeletal performance measures such as sprint times and vertical jump height. [438-439]
  11. In elite ballet dancers, vitamin D supplementation significantly increases muscle strength and musculoskeletal performance. [440]
  12. In patients with sarcopenia, vitamin D supplementation improves muscle strength, muscle size and neuromuscular performance. [441-443]
  13. Patients with higher vitamin D blood levels have better muscle performances of the lower extremities than patients with lower levels. [444-445]
  14. In healthy males who underwent muscle damage through eccentric quad exercises, 4000 IU vitamin D administration improves muscle recovery and strength. [446]
  15. In overweight and obese adults, vitamin D supplementation during resistance training induces an early improvement in peak power (measure of muscle strength). [447]

Improves Bone Health

Vitamin D plays a major role in improving bone strength and quality. Without the “sunshine vitamin”, our bodies cannot effectively absorb calcium and phosphorus – two key nutrients in bone growth and development. There is increasing evidence that vitamin D supplementation may help improve bone health in the older population as well as those with medical conditions affecting the bones:

  1. Studies show that people with low blood levels of vitamin D tend to suffer from more bone loss as evidenced by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD).                               [448-480]
  2. In women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, vitamin D replacement therapy is necessary to maximize the response to medications that prevent bone breakdown. [481-487]
  3. Research shows that taking vitamin D supplements may lower the risk of bone fractures by 22-33%. [488-489]
  4. In elderly or postmenopausal women, vitamin D supplementation significantly prevents fractures and improves fracture healing. [490-491]
  5. In the elderly, vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces the risk of falls. [492-495]
  6. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, two years of 1,000 IU of vitamin D2 may help prevent hip fractures and preserve BMD. [496]
  7. When combined with calcium, vitamin D supplementation significantly lowers the risk of fractures. [497-500]
  8. In patients with osteoporosis, vitamin D replacement therapy significantly increases BMD at different skeletal sites. [501-517]

Wards off Depression

A healthy brain is the first line of defense against mental health problems including depression. Since vitamin D plays major role in brain health throughout all stages of life, boosting its levels may help increase energy levels and improve overall mood. Several lines of evidence support the antidepressant effect of vitamin D:

  1. Vitamin D increases the amount of serotonin, a brain chemical that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness. [518-519]
  2. Low blood levels of vitamin D are associated with increased risk of depression and low mood. [520-546]
  3. In healthy individuals, vitamin D3 at a dose of 400-800 IU per day is associated with more positive emotions. [547]
  4. In women with lower blood levels of vitamin D, supplementation improves scores in the Beck Depression Inventory-II test. [548-549]
  5. In patients with seasonal affective disorder (depression associated with late autumn and winter), vitamin D supplementation improves all outcome measures. [550]
  6. In vitamin D-deficient patients with depression, vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective in reducing depressive symptoms when given as an adjunctive treatment. [551]
  7. In adolescent girls, high dose vitamin d supplementation is associated with a reduction in depression score. [552]
  8. In depressed adolescents, vitamin D3 supplementation over 3 months ameliorates depressive symptoms. [553]
  9. In patients with clinically significant depression, vitamin D supplementation effectively reduces depressive symptoms. [554]
  10. In patients with major depressive disorder, vitamin D supplementation improves scores in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). [555]
  11. In depressed patients with vitamin D deficiency, single injection of high dose of vitamin D significantly improves depressive symptoms. [556]
  12. In overweight and obese men and women, supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to ameliorate depressive symptoms. [557]
  13. In adults, vitamin D supplementation significantly improves well-being without any adverse side effects. [558]
  14. In women with type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation improves mood and health status. [559]
  15. In people with depression, vitamin D replacement therapy could improve health outcomes and quality of life. [560]
  16. In patients with significant depressive symptoms or depressive disorder, vitamin D supplementation dramatically reduces symptoms. [561]

Improves Blood Sugar Levels

Vitamin D is believed to help lower blood sugar levels as well as diabetes risk by improving the body’s response to the effects of insulin – the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Of further interest, vitamin D status is associated with blood sugar levels, suggesting that restoration of vitamin D to healthy levels may have beneficial effects. An overwhelming body of clinical research supports the anti-diabetic properties of vitamin D:

  1. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes and higher blood sugar levels. [562-581]
  2. Vitamin D may help protect against type 2 diabetes by preventing insulin resistance, increasing insulin sensitivity (body’s response to the effects of insulin), and enhancing the function of the cells responsible for producing insulin. [582-584]
  3. In patients with type 2 diabetes, vitamin D3 supplementation increases insulin secretion by 34.3%. [585]
  4. In adults at risk for type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation improves insulin secretion and reduces HbA1c, a three-month average measure of blood sugar levels. [586]
  5. In African American diabetics, vitamin D supplementation reduces the rate of insulin sensitivity impairment by improving pancreatic insulin secretion. [587]
  6. In subjects with vitamin D deficiency and impaired fasting glucose, supplementation with 10,000 IU of vitamin D daily for 4 weeks is associated with an increase in insulin sensitivity. [588]
  7. In adults with type 2 diabetes, vitamin D treatment is associated with a modest reduction of HbA1C. [589]
  8. In patients with type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation has beneficial effects on blood sugar balance and insulin sensitivity. [590]
  9. In patients with gestational diabetes, vitamin D supplementation improves blood sugar metabolism. [591]
  10. In vitamin D-deficient or non-obese type 2 diabetes patients, vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective at improving blood sugar control. [592]
  11. In pregnant women with gestational diabetes, vitamin D supplementation significantly decreases blood sugar levels. [593]
  12. Vitamin D appears to have a “balancing effect” on blood sugar levels. [594]
  13. In prediabetic individuals, vitamin D supplementation improves blood sugar measures and insulin sensitivity. [595]
  14. In patients with type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation decreases high blood sugar levels by improving beta cell secretion and insulin sensitivity. [596]
  15. In patients with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetics, vitamin D supplementation lowers fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c. [597]
  16. In obese hypertensive patients, vitamin D supplementation reduces HbA1c levels. [598]
  17. In adults who are at high risk for diabetes type 2, vitamin D supplementation improves blood sugar control. [599]
  18. In patients with type 2 diabetes, daily consumption of vitamin D- or vitamin D + calcium-fortified yogurt drink improves blood sugar levels. [600]
  19. When combined with calcium, vitamin D may help improve blood sugar metabolism and significantly lower the risk of diabetes. [601-603]
  20. Vitamin D lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating blood sugar transportation into different organs and regulating insulin receptor genes and insulin secretion. [604-605]

Improves Blood Pressure

High blood pressure, medically known as hypertension, can significantly increase one’s risk of developing chronic, debilitating medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and other fatal diseases. By reducing blood pressure, the risk of getting these diseases also decreases. There is strong scientific evidence that vitamin D has potent anti-hypertensive properties that can help ward off diseases associated with high blood pressure:

  1. Low levels of vitamin D are strongly linked with hypertension. [606-626]
  2. One study found that for every increase in vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D levels in the body, systolic blood pressure declined. [627]
  3. In people who have low levels of vitamin D, supplementation appears to be more effective in lowering blood pressure. [628]
  4. In hypertensive patients, vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 25,000 IU per week for 8 weeks reduces the risk of hypertension. [629]
  5. Higher levels of vitamin D are associated with a significant reduction in blood pressure.    [630-634]
  6. In patients with type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation reduces blood pressure by improving blood vessel function. [635]
  7. In patients with vitamin D insufficiency, supplementation significantly reduces central systolic blood pressure. [636]
  8. In African-American hypertensive patients, vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 200,000 IU weekly for 3 weeks decreases systolic blood pressure by 9%. [637]
  9. The use of active vitamin D compounds in hypertensive patients is associated with a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure. [638]
  10. In patients with high blood pressure, oral vitamin D supplementation causes a reduction in systolic blood pressure. [639-640]
  11. In patients with high calcium levels, treatment of 1 µg alphacalcidol, a synthetic analogue of active vitamin D, for 6 months reduces diastolic blood pressure. [641-642]
  12. In patients with untreated mild hypertension, vitamin D treatment through short-term ultraviolet B exposure leads to lower blood pressure. [643-644]
  13. In elderly women, vitamin D3 supplementation improves blood pressure. [645]
  14. In men, vitamin D supplementation helps keep blood pressure within normal range. [646]
  15. In patients with vitamin D deficiency, weekly administration of 50 000 IU of oral vitamin D for 8 weeks as an adjunct supplement of antihypertensive drugs significantly reduces blood pressure. [647]
  16. In an elderly community-based population, intramuscular injections of 100,000 IU of vitamin D significantly lower blood pressure by improving arterial stiffness. [648]
  17. In dark-skinned patients, vitamin D supplementation appears to reduce systolic blood pressure. [649]
  18. High dose of vitamin D3 (two capsules of 20,000IU/week) appears to have a more potent blood pressure-lowering effect. [650-653]
  19. In adults with vitamin D deficiency, high‐dose, 1‐year vitamin D supplementation appears to improve central blood pressure parameters. [654]
  20. Short-term, high dose vitamin D administration for 1 year in hypertensive patients reduces blood pressure by improving blood vessel stiffness. [655-656]
  21. In healthy subjects and hypertensive patients, daily vitamin D3 therapy at a dose of >800 IU/day for <6 months significantly reduces systolic blood pressure. [657]
  22. In hypertensive subjects, vitamin D supplementation significantly lowers systolic blood pressure (an average of 6.1 mmHg) without any adverse side effects. [658-659]
  23. One of the mechanisms by which vitamin D lowers blood pressure is by decreasing the concentrations of renin, aldosterone, and angiotensin – all of which constrict the blood vessels. [660]
  24. Vitamin D also lowers blood pressure by reducing parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. [661]

Improves Cholesterol Levels

Just like hypertension and high blood sugar, elevated cholesterol levels can significantly increase one’s risk of developing fatal medical conditions. Fortunately, sun exposure and a high vitamin D diet can be a cost-effective way to bring down cholesterol levels within normal range. In fact, several lines of evidence support the cholesterol-lowering effect of vitamin D:

  1. Low levels of vitamin D are strongly linked with abnormal cholesterol levels. [662-671]
  2. In professional rowers, vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 5,000 IU per day lowers blood cholesterol levels. [672]
  3. In school-aged patients, vitamin D supplementation increases the level of high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol). [673]
  4. In postmenopausal women, vitamin D supplementation significantly decreases the level of low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol). [674]
  5. In statin-treated patients, vitamin D supplementation lowers cholesterol levels by improving its absorption. [675]
  6. In overweight patients, vitamin D supplementation significantly decreases LDL cholesterol. [676]
  7. In vitamin D-deficient men, increasing vitamin D concentrations through sunlight exposure significantly reduces triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels. [677]
  8. Vitamin D receptors help increase cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, which in turn improves cholesterol metabolism. [678]
  9. In type 2 diabetic patients, administration of 2,000 IU daily of vitamin D3 for 18 months is associated with a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. [679]
  10. Vitamin D lowers cholesterol levels by improving the production of apolipoprotein A1. [680-681]

Helps Lose Weight

Vitamin D is also known as an anti-obesity nutrient, which is essential in maintaining a healthy weight. Several research studies found that the sunshine vitamin can help overweight and obese people lose weight safely and effectively:

  1. Lower levels of vitamin D are stongly linked with obesity and higher body mass index (BMI). [682-706]
  2. In overweight and obese women, 1000 IU of vitamin D daily significantly reduces body fat mass. [707]
  3. In overweight and obese women, 200 IU of vitamin D daily for 15 weeks significantly reduces fat mass and waist circumference. [708]
  4. Research suggests that vitamin D inhibits key molecules needed for the production of fat cells (adipocytes). [709-719]
  5. In overweight subjects, vitamin D supplementation improves weight loss without any adverse side effects. [720]
  6. In postmenopausal women, 2000 IU per day of oral vitamin D3 is associated with 5% to 10% reduction in body weight. [721]
  7. In healthy overweight and obese women, vitamin D supplementation significantly decreases body fat mass. [722]
  8. In obese children, vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 1200 IU for 26 weeks is associated with significant reduction in BMI and body composition. [723]
  9. In healthy subjects with obesity, vitamin D supplementation at 25,000 IU per week or for 3 months significantly decreases body weight. [724]
  10. In older women, vitamin D supplementation augments the effect of weight loss. [725]
  11. In overweight and obese individuals on a weight-reducing program, vitamin D supplementation improves outcome measure. [726]
  12. In obese patients, long-term vitamin D supplementation enhances weight reduction. [727]

Maintains a Healthy Heart

Vitamin D can also help reverse heart damage and protect against cardiovascular diseases. Because it has beneficial effects on various cardiovascular parameters such as blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels, vitamin D can be an important nutrient for the maintenance of a healthy heart. A growing number of studies support the cardiovascular effects of vitamin D:

  1. Vitamin D deficiency significantly increases one’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease and related deaths. [728-747]
  2. In adults with cardiovascular disease, very modest amount of vitamin D (500 IU) is associated with 8% reduction in all-cause mortality. [748-749]
  3. Vitamin D helps improve recovery of the cells of the heart (cardiomyocytes) after an injury, suggesting that it can help reverse damage. [750]
  4. In patients with heart failure, vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces inflammatory cytokines (involved in the development of heart disease). [751-754]
  5. In patients with chronic heart failure, one year of 4,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 is associated with 6.1% improvement in ejection fraction (percentage of blood leaving the heart during each contraction). [755]
  6. Vitamin D prevents cardiovascular disease by inhibiting plaque formation in the heart. [756]
  7. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of growth and reproduction of smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. [757-759]
  8. In frail elderly patients, vitamin D supplementation is associated with 7% significant mortality reduction. [760]
  9. In hemodialysis patients and those with heart failure, vitamin D supplementation reduces natriuretic peptide (a diagnostic marker of heart failure) and left ventricular mass, as well as improves left ventricular function. [761-767]
  10. In patients with heart failure, vitamin D supplementation decreases disease severity as evidenced by significant reduction in natriuretic peptide levels and an increase in walking distance. [768]
  11. In hemodialysis patients, vitamin D supplementation reduces important surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk such as systemic inflammation and left ventricular hypertrophy.
  12. Early intervention with vitamin D supplementation is an ideal approach towards preventing childhood cardiovascular disease. [770]
  13. Vitamin D3 prevents heart disease by regulating the inflammatory response in human coronary arterial endothelial cells. [771]
  14. In patients with heart disease and elderly people, vitamin D administration is associated with a statistically significant reduction in mortality and cardiovascular risk. [772-777]
  15. In elderly population, restoration of vitamin D levels to normal significantly improves heart muscle contractility and walking capacity. [778]
  16. In patients suffering from heart failure, vitamin D supplementation improves functional activity and severity of congestive heart failure. [779]

Improves Sleep Quality

Vitamin D levels are directly related to sleep quantity and quality. Therefore, boosting vitamin D levels through sun exposure, diet and supplements may have benefical effects on sleep. In fact, several high quality studies suggest that vitamin D has positive effects on age-related sleeping difficulties as well as sleeping disorders:

  1. Vitamin D deficiency is strongly linked with poor sleep quality and various sleeping disorders. [780-795]
  2. A large body of preclinical studies found that vitamin D receptors are present in specific areas of the brain that are involved in sleep regulation. [796-800]
  3. In patients with sleeping problems, higher levels of supplemental vitamin D are associated with significant improvement in sleep quality. [801]
  4. In 20-50 year-old people with sleep disorders, vitamin D supplementation improves sleep quality, reduces sleep latency, raises sleep duration and improves subjective sleep quality. [802]
  5. In veterans with multiple areas of chronic pain, standardized vitamin D supplementation improves sleep and quality of life by reducing pain levels. [803]
  6. In symptomatic menopausal women with sleep alterations, vitamin D supplementation (1 tablet per day for 24 weeks) improves sleep by reducing menopausal symptoms. [804]

Keeps Kidneys Healthy

There is a fascinating relationship between vitamin D and the kidneys. Whether from supplements or from the sun, the kidneys help convert vitamin D into its active form so that it can be effectively used by the body. Newer research shows that vitamin D may play a protective role against kidney disorders and keeping the kidneys working at optimum levels:

  1. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have abnormally low levels of vitamin D, suggesting that vitamin D replacement therapy may have benefical effect. [805-812]
  2. In patients with CKD, vitamin D replacement therapy prevents complications by decreasing excess levels of parathyroid hormone (causes cardiovascular and bone complications). [813-824]
  3. In patients with CKD who are on dialysis, vitamin D therapy improves survival rate.           [825-836]
  4. In animal models of glomerulonephritis (acute inflammation of the kidney), vitamin D therapy slows the progression of kidney disease. [837-843]
  5. In patients with CKD, supplementation with vitamin D is recommended at the early stage of the disease. [844]
  6. In patients with CKD and those undergoing hemodialysis, activated vitamin D treatment reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates. [845-848]
  7. In patients with CKD, vitamin D supplementation improves glomerular filtration rate, a measure of kidney function. [849-850]
  8. In patients on dialysis, vitamin D supplementation lowers the rate of kidney complications by preventing calcium build-up in the blood vessels. [851-860]
  9. In patients with CKD, vitamin D supplementation prevents the leakage of protein into the urine. [861-863]
  10. In animal models, vitamin D prevents kidney enlargement and scarring. [864-867]
  11. In hemodialysis patients, vitamin D supplementation improves kidney function by reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF. [868]
  12. In patients with CKD, vitamin D supplementation improves blood flow to the kidney. [869]

Improves Sexual Function

With advancing age, sexual dysfunction occurs, resulting in decreased self-confidence and quality of life. Fortunately, vitamin D supplementation is one of the most cost-effective ways of ramping up sexual power in both men and women. There is accumulating evidence that vitamin D can help increase libido and restore sexual function while improving overall health:

  1. Low vitamin D status is strongly linked with low libido in both men and women, the severity of which depends on the degree of vitamin D deficiency. [870-871]
  2. In men, vitamin D deficiency contributes to erectile dysfunction. [872-874]
  3. Vitamin D may help improve erectile dysfunction by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. [875-883]
  4. In young women with low vitamin D status, vitamin D treatment improves sexual desire, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction. [884]
  5. In men aged 20-49 years, vitamin D supplementation improves sexual function by increasing the levels of testosterone, the key male sex hormone that regulates libido. [885-886]
  6. Vitamin D can cause harder penile erections by increasing the levels of nitric oxide.  [887-889]

Improves Fertility

Vitamin D also plays an integral part in reproduction. In women, vitamin D supplementation can drastically increase pregnancy sucesss rate. In men, loading up on vitamin D has beneficial effects on sperm quality and quantity. A growing body of clinical evidence supports the many benefits of vitamin D on various fertility markers:

  1. Several high quality studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is strongly linked with infertility in both men and women. [890-910]
  2. Vitamin D deficiency also increases the risk of serious pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia (characterized by hypertension, protein in the urine, and swelling), miscarriage, and preterm birth. [911-912]
  3. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), vitamin D supplementation normalizes ovulation by increasing sensitivity to follicle-stimulating hormone, which promotes the formation of egg or sperm. [913]
  4. In women with vitamin D deficiency, supplementation improves the ovarian reserve and delays the onset of menopause. [914]
  5. Patients with high initial vitamin D levels have better chance for successful in vitro fertilization (IVF) compared to those with low vitamin D levels. [915-920]
  6. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy is associated with increased mean birth weight and reduced risk of small for gestational age birth. [921-922]
  7. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy improves maternal and fetal outcomes. [923-924]
  8. In pregnant women, vitamin D supplementation helps maintain a healthy pregnancy by reducing the risk of preeclampsia. [925]
  9. Vitamin D improves female fertility by aiding in the development of the uterus and implantation. [926-933]
  10. Vitamin D supplementation in men is associated with increased sperm survival. [934-935]
  11. In men, vitamin D supplementation improves sperm motility (ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract to reach the egg). [936]
  12. In men with low sperm count, vitamin D supplementation signifcanlty increases the chance of getting their partners pregnant by improving semen quality and quantity.   [937-940]

Prevents Hair Loss

Hair loss is inevitable and occurs with advancing age or it can be caused by other medical conditions. Aside from having a negative physical impact, hair loss often comes with devastating psychological consequences. Recently, medical professionals found a long-term, cost-effective solution to hair loss, thus eliminating the need for expensive medications and hair transplantation. Studies show that vitamin D supplementation alone can help fight hair loss:

  1. Poor vitamin D intake and low blood levels of vitamin D are associated with higher prevalence of hair loss in both men and women. [941-960]
  2. Vitamin D is crucial for hair follicle integrity. [961-963]
  3. In patients with single bald patch, three months of topical vitamin D therapy (applied on the scalp) is associated with better hair regrowth. [964-965]
  4. Vitamin D supplementation is effective in treating chemotherapy-induced hair loss.  [966-968]
  5. Treatment with vitamin D analogs is associated with natural hair follicle formation and increased production of keratin, a protein that forms the main structural constituent of hair. [969-972]
  6. Nutritional supplementation of vitamin D or topical vitamin D analogues improves hair loss in patients with alopecia areata (a disease that causes hair to fall out in small patches). [973]

References:

  1. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, et al. The Role of Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96(2):252-261. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260.
  2. Grant WB. A critical review of Vitamin D and Cancer: A report of the IARC Working Group. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009;1(1):25-33.
  3. Keum N, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D supplements and cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Cancer. 2014;111(5):976-980. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.294.
  4. Kennel KA, Drake MT. Vitamin D in the cancer patient. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care. 2013;7(3):272-277. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e3283640f74.
  5. Fleet JC, DeSmet M, Johnson R, Li Y. Vitamin D and Cancer: A review of molecular mechanisms. The Biochemical journal. 2012;441(1):61-76. doi:10.1042/BJ20110744.
  6. Vuolo L, Di Somma C, Faggiano A, Colao A. Vitamin D and Cancer. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2012;3:58. doi:10.3389/fendo.2012.00058.
  7. Atoum M, Alzoughool F. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer: Latest Evidence and Future Steps. Breast Cancer : Basic and Clinical Research. 2017;11:1178223417749816. doi:10.1177/1178223417749816.
  8. Grant WB, Boucher BJ. Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D and cancer incidence: A modeling study. Slominski AT, ed. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0176448. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176448.
  9. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/vitamin-d-fact-sheet.
  10. Grant WB. A Review of the Evidence Supporting the Vitamin D-Cancer Prevention Hypothesis in 2017. Anticancer research. 2018; 38(2):1121-1136.
  11. Vaughan-Shaw PG, O’Sullivan F, Farrington SM, et al. The impact of vitamin D pathway genetic variation and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D on cancer outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of cancer. 2017; 1111111111111116(8):1092-1110.
  12. Shekarriz-Foumani R, Khodaie F. The Correlation of Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency With Risk of Breast Neoplasms: A Systematic Review. Iranian journal of cancer prevention. 2016; 9(3):e4469.
  13. Dimitrakopoulou VI, Tsilidis KK, Haycock PC, et al. Circulating vitamin D concentration and risk of seven cancers: Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2017; 359:j4761.
  14. McDonnell SL, Baggerly C, French CB, et al. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations ≥40 ng/ml Are Associated with >65% Lower Cancer Risk: Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trial and Prospective Cohort Study. PloS one. 2016; 11(4):e0152441.
  15. Lappe J, Watson P, Travers-Gustafson D, et al. Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Cancer Incidence in Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017; 317(12):1234-1243.
  16. Braillon A. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer Survival: The Good and the Bad. JAMA oncology. 2017; 3(8):1138-1139.
  17. Baumann M, Dani SU, Dietrich D, et al. Vitamin D levels in Swiss breast cancer survivors. Swiss medical weekly. 2018; 148:w14576.
  18. Chlebowski RT. Vitamin D and breast cancer: interpreting current evidence. Breast Cancer Research : BCR. 2011;13(4):217. doi:10.1186/bcr2846.
  19. Lu D, Jing L, Zhang S. Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphism and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine. 2016; 95(18):e3535.
  20. de Sousa Almeida-Filho B, De Luca Vespoli H, Pessoa EC, Machado M, Nahas-Neto J, Nahas EAP. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor breast cancer prognostic features in postmenopausal women. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2017; 174:284-289.
  21. Prietl B, Treiber G, Pieber TR, Amrein K. Vitamin D and Immune Function. Nutrients. 2013;5(7):2502-2521. doi:10.3390/nu5072502.
  22. Hewison M. Vitamin D and immune function: an overview. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2012; 71(1):50-61.
  23. Aranow C. Vitamin D and the immune system. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2011; 59(6):881-6.
  24. Chun RF, Liu PT, Modlin RL, Adams JS, Hewison M. Impact of vitamin D on immune function: lessons learned from genome-wide analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2014;5:151. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00151.
  25. Cantorna MT, Zhu Y, Froicu M, Wittke A. Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004; 80(6 Suppl):1717S-20S.
  26. Pandolfi F, Franza L, Mandolini C, Conti P. Immune Modulation by Vitamin D: Special Emphasis on Its Role in Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Clinical therapeutics. 2017; 39(5):884-893.
  27. Aranow C. Vitamin D and the Immune System. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2011;59(6):881-886. doi:10.231/JIM.0b013e31821b8755.
  28. Djukic M, Onken ML, Schütze S, et al. Vitamin d deficiency reduces the immune response, phagocytosis rate, and intracellular killing rate of microglial cells. Infection and immunity. 2014; 82(6):2585-94.
  29. Adamczak DM. The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases-A Review. International journal of molecular sciences. 2017; 18(11).
  30. Endocrine Society. “Vitamin D deficiency may compromise immune function.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 February 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140225134233.htm>.
  31. Soni M, Kos K, Lang IA, Jones K, Melzer D, Llewellyn DJ. Vitamin D and cognitive function. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum. 2012; 243:79-82.
  32. Soni M, Kos K, Lang IA, Jones K, Melzer D, Llewellyn DJ. Vitamin D and cognitive function. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum. 2012; 243:79-82.
  33. Maddock J, Zhou A, Cavadino A, et al. Vitamin D and cognitive function: A Mendelian randomisation study. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:13230. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13189-3.
  34. Anastasiou CA, Yannakoulia M, Scarmeas N. Vitamin D and cognition: an update of the current evidence. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD. 2014; 42 Suppl 3:S71-80.
  35. Miller JW, Harvey DJ, Beckett LA, et al. Vitamin D Status and Rates of Cognitive Decline in a Multiethnic Cohort of Older Adults. JAMA neurology. 2015; 72(11):1295-303.
  36. Kent ST, Kabagambe EK, Wadley VG, Howard VJ, Crosson WL, Al-Hamdan MZ, Judd SE, Peace F, McClure LA. The relationship between long-term sunlight radiation and cognitive decline in the REGARDS cohort study. Int J Biometeorol. 2014 Apr;58(3):361-70.
  37. Goodwill AM, Szoeke C. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of The Effect of Low Vitamin D on Cognition. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2017.
  38. Feart, C. et al. Associations of lower vitamin D concentrations with cognitive decline and long-term risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in older adults. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 2017.
  39. Matchar DB, Chei CL, Yin ZX, Koh V, Chakraborty B, Shi XM, Zeng Y. Vitamin D Levels and the Risk of Cognitive Decline in Chinese Elderly People: the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. The Gerontological Society of America, 2016.
  40. Moon J., et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Clinical Endocrinology, 2015.
  41. Karakis, I. et al. Association of Serum Vitamin D with the Risk of Incident Dementia and Subclinical Indices of Brain Aging: The Framingham Heart Study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2015.
  42. Pettersen, J. et al. The Effects of Vitamin D Insufficiency and Seasonal Decrease on Cognition. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2014.
  43. Balion C, Griffith LE, Stifler L, et al. Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. September 25, 2012.
  44. Miller JW, Harvey DJ, Beckett LA, Green R, Farias ST, Reed BR, Olichney JM, Mungas DM, DeCarli C. Vitamin D Status and Rates of Cognitive Decline in a Multiethnic Cohort of Older Adults. JAMA Neurol. 2015.
  45. Bjorn, G. et al. Linking vitamin D status, executive functioning and self-perceived mental health in adolescents through multivariate analysis: A randomized double-blind placebo control trial. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2017.
  46. Pettersen, J. Does high dose vitamin D supplementation enhance cognition?: A randomized trial in healthy adults. Experimental Gerontology, 2017.
  47. G Hajiluian, G Nameni, P Shahabi, M Mesgari-Abbasi, S Sadigh-Eteghad, M A Farhangi, Vitamin D administration, cognitive function, BBB permeability and neuro-inflammatory factors in high-fat diet induced obese rats, International  Journal  of  Obesity, 2017.
  48. Sakiko Abe, Osamu Ezaki, and Motohisa Suzuki. Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Combination with Leucine and Vitamin D Benefit Cognition in Frail Elderly Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 133 J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 2017
  49. Pettersen JA. Vitamin D and executive functioning: Are higher levels better? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015 Dec 27:1-11.
  50. Miller Bj, Whisner Cm, Johnston Cs. Vitamin D Supplementation Appears To Increase Plasma Aβ40 In Vitamin D Insufficient Older Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016 Mar 31.
  51. Latimer, C. et al. Vitamin D prevents cognitive decline and enhances hippocampal synaptic function in aging rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014.
  52. Durk, M. et al. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Reduces Cerebral Amyloid-β Accumulation and Improves Cognition in Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2014.
  53. Available at https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/vitamin-d-and-its-association-with-memory-and-learning-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis.pdf.
  54. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/850943.
  55. Balion C, Griffith LE, Strifler L, et al. Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2012;79(13):1397-1405. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826c197f.
  56. Kuźma E, Soni M, Littlejohns TJ, et al. Vitamin D and memory decline: Two population-based prospective studies. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease : JAD. 2016;50(4):1099-1108. doi:10.3233/JAD-150811.
  57. Annweiler C, Dursun E, Féron F, et al. ‘Vitamin D and cognition in older adults’: updated international recommendations. Journal of internal medicine. 2015; 277(1):45-57.
  58. Liu GL, Pi HC, Hao L, Li DD, Wu YG, Dong J. Vitamin D Status Is an Independent Risk Factor for Global Cognitive Impairment in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. PloS one. 2015; 10(12):e0143782.
  59. Di Somma C, Scarano E, Barrea L, et al. Vitamin D and Neurological Diseases: An Endocrine View. International journal of molecular sciences. 2017; 18(11).
  60. Lerner PP, Sharony L, Miodownik C. Association between mental disorders, cognitive disturbances and vitamin D serum level: Current state. Clinical nutrition ESPEN. 2018; 23:89-102.
  61. Kimball SM, Mirhosseini N, Rucklidge J. Database Analysis of Depression and Anxiety in a Community Sample-Response to a Micronutrient Intervention. Nutrients. 2018; 10(2).
  62. Spedding S. Vitamin D and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Studies with and without Biological Flaws. Nutrients. 2014;6(4):1501-1518. doi:10.3390/nu6041501.
  63. Parker GB, Brotchie H, Graham RK. Vitamin D and depression. Journal of affective disorders. 2017; 208:56-61.
  64. Penckofer S, Kouba J, Byrn M, Ferrans CE. Vitamin D and Depression: Where is all the Sunshine? Issues in mental health nursing. 2010;31(6):385-393. doi:10.3109/01612840903437657.
  65. Penckofer S, Byrn M, Adams W, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Mood in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017;2017:8232863. doi:10.1155/2017/8232863.
  66. Li G, Mbuagbaw L, Samaan Z, et al. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in depression in adults: a systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews. 2013;2:64. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-2-64.
  67. Available at http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/depression-and-vitamin-d-deficiency-causality-assessment-and-clinical-practice-implications.pdf.
  68. Bahrami A, Mazloum SR, Maghsoudi S, et al. High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Is Associated With a Reduction in Depression Score Among Adolescent Girls: A Nine-Week Follow-Up Study. Journal of dietary supplements. 2018; 15(2):173-182.
  69. Aucoin M, Cooley K, Anand L, et al. Adjunctive Vitamin D in the treatment of non-remitted depression: Lessons from a failed clinical trial. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2018; 36:38-45.
  70. Available from http://jrehabilhealth.com/en/articles/21499.html
  71. Murphy PK, Wagner CL. Vitamin D and mood disorders among women: an integrative review. Journal of midwifery & women’s health. ; 53(5):440-6.
  72. Available at http://www.isom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Effectiveness-of-Vitamin-D-in-the-Treatment-of-Mood-Disorders-A-Literature-Review-26.3.pdf.
  73. Jhee JH, Kim H, Park S, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with depression in patients with chronic kidney disease. PloS one. 2017; 12(2):e0171009.
  74. Available at https://www.fasebj.org/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb310.
  75. Bertone-Johnson ER. Vitamin D and the Occurrence of Depression: Causal Association or Circumstantial Evidence? Nutrition reviews. 2009;67(8):481-492. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00220.x.
  76. Nadkarni PS, Odejayi G. Vitamin D and depression: A case series. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports. 2014;2:2050313X14561570. doi:10.1177/2050313X14561570.
  77. Berridge MJ. Vitamin D and Depression: Cellular and Regulatory Mechanisms. Pharmacological reviews. 2017; 69(2):80-92.
  78. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324505110_Low_serum_levels_of_Vitamin_D_are_associated_with_anxiety_in_children_and_adolescents_with_dialysis.
  79. Gowda U, Mutowo MP, Smith BJ, Wluka AE, Renzaho AM. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2015; 31(3):421-9.
  80. Available at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2014.00145/full.
  81. Marantes I, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S, Melton LJ, Amin S. Is Vitamin D a Determinant of Muscle Mass and Strength? Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2011;26(12):2860-2871. doi:10.1002/jbmr.510.
  82. Marantes I, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S, Melton LJ, Amin S. Is vitamin D a determinant of muscle mass and strength? Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2011; 26(12):2860-71.
  83. Rosendahl‐Riise H, Spielau U, Ranhoff AH, Gudbrandsen OA, Dierkes J. Vitamin D supplementation and its influence on muscle strength and mobility in community‐dwelling older persons: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2017;30(1):3-15. doi:10.1111/jhn.12394.
  84. Halfon M, Phan O, Teta D. Vitamin D: A Review on Its Effects on Muscle Strength, the Risk of Fall, and Frailty. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:953241. doi:10.1155/2015/953241.
  85. Available at https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/95/4/1595/2596584.
  86. Bruyère O, Cavalier E, Reginster JY. Vitamin D and osteosarcopenia: an update from epidemiological studies. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 2017; 20(6):498-503.
  87. Rejnmark L. Effects of Vitamin D on Muscle Function and Performance: A Review of Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 2011;2(1):25-37. doi:10.1177/2040622310381934.
  88. Dhesi JK, Jackson SH, Bearne LM, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age and ageing. 2004; 33(6):589-95.
  89. Available at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee8f/09b9ef8394823ea14adf55e8cac19bc6d4b9.pdf.
  90. Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, et al. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2014; 99(11):4336-45.
  91. Jung YS, Chae CH, Kim YO, et al. The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep quality in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea. Annals of occupational and environmental medicine. 2017; 29:25.01
  92. Majid MS, Ahmad HS, Bizhan H, Mohammad Hosein HZ, Mohammad A. The effect of vitamin D supplement on the score and quality of sleep in 20-50 year-old people with sleep disorders compared with control group. Nutritional neuroscience. 2017.
  93. Song EK, Wu JR. Associations of Vitamin D Intake and Sleep Quality With Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults With Heart Failure. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing. ; 33(4):392-399.
  94. Han B, Zhu F-X, Shi C, Wu H-L, Gu X-H. Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Sleep Disturbance in Hemodialysis Patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(2):139. doi:10.3390/nu9020139.
  95. Cheng TS, Loy SL, Cheung YB, et al. Plasma Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality and Night-Time Eating at Mid-Pregnancy in Singapore. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):340. doi:10.3390/nu9040340.
  96. Evatt ML. Vitamin D Associations and Sleep Physiology—Promising Rays of Information. Sleep. 2015;38(2):171-172. doi:10.5665/sleep.4386.
  97. Gominak S.C., Stumpf W.E. The world epidemic of sleep disorders is linked to vitamin D deficiency. Med. Hypotheses. 2012;79:132–135. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.031.
  98. Huang W., Shah S., Long Q., Crankshaw A.K., Tangpricha V. Improvement of pain, sleep, and quality of life in chronic pain patients with vitamin D supplementation. Clin. J. Pain. 2013;29:341–347. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318255655d.
  99. Çakır T, Doğan G, Subaşı V, et al. An evaluation of sleep quality and the prevalence of restless leg syndrome in vitamin D deficiency. Acta neurologica Belgica. 2015; 115(4):623-7.
  100. Jung YS, Chae CH, Kim YO, et al. The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep quality in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2017;29:25. doi:10.1186/s40557-017-0187-7.
  101. de Oliveira DL, Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML. The interfaces between vitamin D, sleep and pain. The Journal of endocrinology. 2017; 234(1):R23-R36.
  102. Majid MS, Ahmad HS, Bizhan H, Mohammad Hosein HZ, Mohammad A. The effect of vitamin D supplement on the score and quality of sleep in 20-50 year-old people with sleep disorders compared with control group. Nutritional neuroscience. 2017.
  103. Piovezan RD, Hirotsu C, Feres MC, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and objective short sleep duration are independently associated with the risk of serum vitamin D deficiency. PloS one. 2017; 12(7):e0180901.
  104. Kerley CP, Hutchinson K, Bolger K, McGowan A, Faul J, Cormican L. Serum Vitamin D Is Significantly Inversely Associated with Disease Severity in Caucasian Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Sleep. 2016; 39(2):293-300.
  105. Ji X, Grandner MA, Liu J. The relationship between micronutrient status and sleep patterns: a systematic review. Public health nutrition. 2017; 20(4):687-701.
  106. Zhao D, Ouyang P, De boer IH, et al. Serum vitamin D and sex hormones levels in men and women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Maturitas. 2017;96:95-102.
  107. Lerchbaum E, Pilz S, Trummer C, et al. Vitamin D and Testosterone in Healthy Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(11):4292-4302.
  108. Talib RA, Khalafalla K, Cangüven Ö. The role of vitamin D supplementation on erectile function. Turkish Journal of Urology. 2017;43(2):105-111. doi:10.5152/tud.2017.76032.
  109. Mason C, De Dieu Tapsoba J, Duggan C, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation during weight loss on sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Menopause (New York, NY). 2016;23(6):645-652. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000600.
  110. Thomas ML, Armbrecht HJ, Forte LR. Effects of long-term vitamin D deficiency and response to vitamin D repletion in the mature and aging male and female rat. Mech Ageing Dev. 1984;25(1-2):161-75.
  111. Canat M, Canat L, Öztürk FY, Eroğlu H, Atalay HA, Altuntaş Y. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with female sexual dysfunction in premenopausal women. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(11):1789-1795.
  112. Krysiak R, Szwajkosz A, Marek B, Okopień B. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on sexual functioning and depressive symptoms in young women with low vitamin D status. Endokrynol Pol. 2018.
  113. Krysiak R, Gilowska M, Okopień B. Sexual function and depressive symptoms in young women with low vitamin D status: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;204:108-12.
  114. Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43(3):223-5.
  115. Föcker M, Antel J, Grasemann C, et al. Effect of an vitamin D deficiency on depressive symptoms in child and adolescent psychiatric patients – a randomized controlled trial: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):57.
  116. Black LJ, Jacoby P, Allen KL, et al. Low vitamin D levels are associated with symptoms of depression in young adult males. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(5):464-71.
  117. Stein SH, Tipton DA. Vitamin D and its impact on oral health–an update. The Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association. 2011; 91(2):30-3; quiz 34-5.
  118. Martelli FS, Martelli M, Rosati C, Fanti E. Vitamin D: relevance in dental practice. Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism. 2014;11(1):15-19.
  119. Anand N, Chandrasekaran SC, Rajput NS. Vitamin D and periodontal health: Current concepts. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2013;17(3):302-308. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.115645.
  120. Uwitonze AM, Murererehe J, Ineza MC, et al. Effects of vitamin D status on oral health. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2018; 175:190-194.
  121. Laird E, Ward M, McSorley E, Strain JJ, Wallace J. Vitamin D and Bone Health; Potential Mechanisms. Nutrients. 2010;2(7):693-724. doi:10.3390/nu2070693.
  122. Holick MF. Vitamin D and bone health. The Journal of nutrition. 1996; 126(4 Suppl):1159S-64S.
  123. Turner AG, Anderson PH, Morris HA. Vitamin D and bone health. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum. 2012; 243:65-72.
  124. Lips P, van Schoor NM. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2011; 25(4):585-91.
  125. Ebeling PR. Vitamin D and bone health: Epidemiologic studies. BoneKEy Reports. 2014;3:511. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2014.6.
  126. Hill TR, Aspray TJ. The role of vitamin D in maintaining bone health in older people. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 2017;9(4):89-95. doi:10.1177/1759720X17692502.
  127. Sunyecz JA. The use of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2008;4(4):827-836.
  128. Cranney A, Horsley T, O’Donnell S, et al. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment. 2007;(158):1-235.
  129. Malabanan AO, Holick MF. Vitamin D and bone health in postmenopausal women. Journal of women’s health (2002). 2003; 12(2):151-6.
  130. Available at http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012664/full.
  131. Winzenberg T, Lamberg-Allardt C, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, et al. Does vitamin D supplementation improve bone density in vitamin D-deficient children? Protocol for an individual patient data meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2018; 8(1):e019584.
  132. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7254.
  133. Stechschulte SA, Kirsner RS, Federman DG. Vitamin D: bone and beyond, rationale and recommendations for supplementation. The American journal of medicine. 2009; 122(9):793-802.
  134. Brännström A, Yu JG, Jonsson P, Åkerfeldt T, Stridsberg M, Svensson M. Vitamin D in relation to bone health and muscle function in young female soccer players. European journal of sport science. 2017; 17(2):249-256.
  135. Kiely M, Hemmingway A, O’Callaghan KM. Vitamin D in pregnancy: current perspectives and future directions. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 2017;9(6):145-154. doi:10.1177/1759720X17706453.
  136. Harvey NC, Holroyd C, Ntani G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2014; 18(45):1-190.
  137. Mithal A, Kalra S. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014;18(5):593-596. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.139204.
  138. Urrutia RP, Thorp JM. Vitamin D in Pregnancy: Current Concepts. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology. 2012;24(2):57-64. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3283505ab3.
  139. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. New insights into the vitamin D requirements during pregnancy. Bone Research. 2017;5:17030-. doi:10.1038/boneres.2017.30.
  140. Agarwal S, Kovilam O, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D and its impact on maternal-fetal outcomes in pregnancy: A critical review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2018; 58(5):755-769.
  141. Wei SQ. Vitamin D and pregnancy outcomes. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology. 2014; 26(6):438-47.
  142. Bi WG, Nuyt AM, Weiler H, Leduc L, Santamaria C, Wei SQ. Association Between Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy and Offspring Growth, Morbidity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA pediatrics. 2018.
  143. Available at https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Vitamin-D-Screening-and-Supplementation-During-Pregnancy.
  144. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5237.
  145. Urrutia-Pereira M, Solé D. [Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and its impact on the fetus, the newborn and in childhood]. Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo. ; 33(1):104-13.
  146. Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease. The American journal of the medical sciences. 2009;338(1):40-44. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91.
  147. Romero DC, Manson J. Vitamin D and Your Heart. Circulation. 2015;132(25):e391-e392. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019080.
  148. Danik JS, Manson JE. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine. 2012;14(4):414-424. doi:10.1007/s11936-012-0183-8.
  149. Skaaby T, Thuesen BH, Linneberg A. Vitamin D, Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017; 996:221-230.
  150. Al Mheid I, Patel RS, Tangpricha V, Quyyumi AA. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: is the evidence solid? European heart journal. 2013; 34(48):3691-8.
  151. Welles CC, Whooley MA, Karumanchi SA, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study. American journal of epidemiology. 2014; 179(11):1279-87.
  152. Available at http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/22/2404.
  153. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008; 117(4):503-11.
  154. Zittermann A, Pilz S. Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. JAMA cardiology. 2017; 2(11):1280-1281.
  155. Khan A, Dawoud H, Malinski T. Nanomedical studies of the restoration of nitric oxide/peroxynitrite balance in dysfunctional endothelium by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D – clinical implications for cardiovascular diseases. International journal of nanomedicine. 2018; 13:455-466.
  156. Harikrishnan S, Sanjay G. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease – Have we found the answers? Indian Heart Journal. 2015;67(1):11-13. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2015.02.016.
  157. Available at http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/06/08/12/06/vitamin-d-and-cardiovascular-disease-where-we-currently-are.
  158. Ruwanpathirana T, Reid CM, Owen AJ, Fong DPS, Gowda U, Renzaho AMN. Assessment of vitamin D and its association with cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult migrant population: an audit of patient records at a Community Health Centre in Kensington, Melbourne, Australia. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2014;14:157. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-157.
  159. Schnatz PF, Manson JE. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: an appraisal of the evidence. Clinical chemistry. 2014; 60(4):600-9.
  160. Veloudi P, Jones G, Sharman JE. Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation for Cardiovascular Health Outcomes. Pulse. 2017;4(4):193-207. doi:10.1159/000452742.
  161. Carvalho LS, Sposito AC. Vitamin D for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Are we ready for that?. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):729-40.
  162. Hughes DA, Norton R. Vitamin D and respiratory health. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2009;158(1):20-25. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04001.x.
  163. Sluyter JD, Camargo CA, Waayer D, et al. Effect of Monthly, High-Dose, Long-Term Vitamin D on Lung Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2017; 9(12).
  164. Hejazi ME, Modarresi-Ghazani F, Entezari-Maleki T. A review of Vitamin D effects on common respiratory diseases: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and tuberculosis. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice. 2016;5(1):7-15. doi:10.4103/2279-042X.176542.
  165. Gilbert CR, Arum SM, Smith CM. Vitamin D deficiency and chronic lung disease. Canadian Respiratory Journal : Journal of the Canadian Thoracic Society. 2009;16(3):75-80.
  166. Herr C, Greulich T, Koczulla RA, et al. The role of vitamin D in pulmonary disease: COPD, asthma, infection, and cancer. Respiratory Research. 2011;12(1):31. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-12-31.
  167. Sundar IK, Rahman I. Vitamin d and susceptibility of chronic lung diseases: role of epigenetics. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2011; 2:50.
  168. Available at https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141202082539.htm.
  169. Available at http://thorax.bmj.com/content/67/11/1018.
  170. Afzal S, Lange P, Bojesen SE, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, lung function and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2014; 69(1):24-31.
  171. Upham JW, Sly PD. Vitamin D in Asthma. Is the Golden Bullet Losing Its Luster? American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2016; 193(6):598-600.
  172. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03474-6.
  173. Lange NE, Sparrow D, Vokonas P, Litonjua AA. Vitamin D Deficiency, Smoking, and Lung Function in the Normative Aging Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012;186(7):616-621. doi:10.1164/rccm.201110-1868OC.
  174. Available at https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(16)30675-4/fulltext.
  175. Available at http://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/8808/html.
  176. Weinstein SJ, Yu K, Horst RL, Parisi D, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Lung Cancer in Male Smokers: A Nested Case-Control Study. Song Y, ed. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(6):e20796. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020796.
  177. Larose TL, Brumpton BM, Langhammer A, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, smoking and lung function in adults: the HUNT Study. The European respiratory journal. 2015; 46(2):355-63.
  178. Feng Q, Zhang H, Dong Z, Zhou Y, Ma J. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lung cancer risk and survival: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine. 2017; 96(45):e8613.
  179. Ke L, Mason RS, Kariuki M, Mpofu E, Brock KE. Vitamin D status and hypertension: a review. Integrated Blood Pressure Control. 2015;8:13-35. doi:10.2147/IBPC.S49958.
  180. Mehta V, Agarwal S. Does Vitamin D Deficiency Lead to Hypertension? Muacevic A, Adler JR, eds. Cureus. 2017;9(2):e1038. doi:10.7759/cureus.1038.
  181. Akbari R, Adelani B, Ghadimi R. Serum vitamin D in hypertensive patients versus healthy controls is there an association? Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2016;7(3):168-172.
  182. Caro Y, Negrón V, Palacios C. Association between Vitamin D Levels and Blood Pressure in a Group of Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rico health sciences journal. 2012;31(3):123-129.
  183. Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009;27(10):1948-54.
  184. Pilz S, Gaksch M, Kienreich K, et al. Effects of vitamin D on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2015;65(6):1195-201.
  185. Available at http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/56/5/774.
  186. Scragg R, Slow S, Stewart AW, et al. Long-term high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and blood pressure in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertension. 2014;64(4):725-30.
  187. Arora P, Wang TJ. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness and Central Blood Pressure Indexes: Demystifying the Evidence. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10)
  188. Sluyter JD, Camargo CA, Stewart AW, et al. Effect of Monthly, High-Dose, Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Central Blood Pressure Parameters: A Randomized Controlled Trial Substudy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10)
  189. Rostand SG. Vitamin D, blood pressure, and African Americans: toward a unifying hypothesis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(9):1697-703.
  190. Amarasekera AT, Assadi-khansari B, Liu S, et al. Vitamin D supplementation lowers thrombospondin-1 levels and blood pressure in healthy adults. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0174435.
  191. Geleijnse JM. Vitamin D and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the current evidence. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(3):253-62.
  192. Yin K, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research. 2014;7:69-87. doi:10.2147/JIR.S63898.
  193. Hoe E, Nathanielsz J, Toh ZQ, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vitamin D on Human Immune Cells in the Context of Bacterial Infection. Nutrients. 2016;8(12):806. doi:10.3390/nu8120806.
  194. Mousa A, Misso M, Teede H, Scragg R, de Courten B. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2016;6(4):e010804. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010804.
  195. Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Johnson J, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation and nuclear factor kappa-B activity in overweight/obese adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):15154.
  196. Umar M, Sastry KS, Al ali F, Al-khulaifi M, Wang E, Chouchane AI. Vitamin D and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2018;31(2):74-86.
  197. Available at https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(13)01737-0/pdf?code=yjcgh-site.
  198. De Oliveira C, Biddulph JP, Hirani V, Schneider IJC. Vitamin D and inflammatory markers: cross-sectional analyses using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Journal of Nutritional Science. 2017;6:e1. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.37.
  199. Del pinto R, Ferri C, Cominelli F. Vitamin D Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Role, Current Uses and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(11)
  200. Holmoy T, Torkildsen Ø. Can vitamin D reduce inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16(3):233-5.
  201. Narula N, Marshall JK. Management of inflammatory bowel disease with vitamin D: beyond bone health. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(4):397-404.
  202. Mansouri L, Lundwall K, Moshfegh A, Jacobson SH, Lundahl J, Spaak J. Vitamin D receptor activation reduces inflammatory cytokines and plasma MicroRNAs in moderate chronic kidney disease – a randomized trial. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):161.
  203. Adegoke SA, Smith OS, Adekile AD, Figueiredo MS. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and inflammatory cytokines in paediatric sickle cell disease. Cytokine. 2017;96:87-93.
  204. Nolan VG, Nottage KA, Cole EW, Hankins JS, Gurney JG. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review. Asnani MR, ed. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0119908. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119908.
  205. Boettger PC, Knupp CL, Liles DK, Walker K. Vitamin D Deficiency in Adult Sickle Cell Patients. J Natl Med Assoc. 2017;109(1):36-43.
  206. Ananthakrishnan AN. Vitamin D and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2016;12(8):513-515.
  207. Van harten-gerritsen AS, Balvers MG, Witkamp RF, Kampman E, Van duijnhoven FJ. Vitamin D, Inflammation, and Colorectal Cancer Progression: A Review of Mechanistic Studies and Future Directions for Epidemiological Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015;24(12):1820-8.
  208. Reich KM, Fedorak RN, Madsen K, Kroeker KI. Vitamin D improves inflammatory bowel disease outcomes: basic science and clinical review. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(17):4934-47.
  209. Li S, He Y, Lin S, et al. Increase of circulating cholesterol in vitamin D deficiency is linked to reduced vitamin D receptor activity via the Insig-2/SREBP-2 pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016;60(4):798-809.
  210. Rosenheim O, Webster TA. The Relation of Cholesterol to Vitamin D. Biochemical Journal. 1927;21(1):127-129.
  211. Zhang MC, Li HX, Liu HM, et al. Serum Vitamin D is Llow and Inversely Associated with LDL Cholesterol in the Kazak Ethnic Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2014;20:1274-1283. doi:10.12659/MSM.890930.
  212. Dalderup LM. Vitamin D, cholesterol, and calcium. Lancet. 1968;1(7543):645-6.
  213. Wang H, Xia N, Yang Y, Peng D-Q. Influence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2012;11:42. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-11-42.
  214. Lindén V, Lindén V. Vitamin D and serum cholesterol. Scand J Soc Med. 1975;3(2):83-5.
  215. Wang Y, Si S, Liu J, et al. The Associations of Serum Lipids with Vitamin D Status. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0165157.
  216. Kane L, Moore K, Lütjohann D, Bikle D, Schwartz JB. Vitamin D3 effects on lipids differ in statin and non-statin-treated humans: superiority of free 25-OH D levels in detecting relationships. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):4400-9.
  217. Tavakoli F, Namakin K, Zardast M. Vitamin D Supplementation and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Study in Healthy School Children. Iran J Pediatr. 2016;26(4):e3311.
  218. Al-Shoumer KA, Al-Essa TM. Is there a relationship between vitamin D with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus? World Journal of Diabetes. 2015;6(8):1057-1064. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i8.1057.
  219. Alvarez JA, Ashraf A. Role of vitamin d in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol. 2010;2010:351385.
  220. Fondjo LA, Owiredu WKBA, Sakyi SA, et al. Vitamin D status and its association with insulin resistance among type 2 diabetics: A case -control study in Ghana. Hu C, ed. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0175388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175388.
  221. Gulseth HL, Wium C, Angel K, Eriksen EF, Birkeland KI. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(7):872-878.
  222. Zhang J, Ye J, Guo G, et al. Vitamin D Status Is Negatively Correlated with Insulin Resistance in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2016;2016:1794894. doi:10.1155/2016/1794894.
  223. Benetti E, Mastrocola R, Chiazza F, et al. Effects of vitamin D on insulin resistance and myosteatosis in diet-induced obese mice. Aguila MB, ed. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0189707. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189707.
  224. Hoseini SA, Aminorroaya A, Iraj B, Amini M. The effects of oral vitamin D on insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;18(1):47-51.
  225. Benetti E, Mastrocola R, Chiazza F, et al. Effects of vitamin D on insulin resistance and myosteatosis in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0189707.
  226. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:634195.
  227. Jamka M, Woźniewicz M, Jeszka J, Mardas M, Bogdański P, Stelmach-mardas M. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese individuals: systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16142.
  228. Talaei A, Mohamadi M, Adgi Z. The effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013;5(1):8.
  229. Talaei A, Mohamadi M, Adgi Z. The effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013;5(1):8.
  230. Williams S, Malatesta K, Norris K. Vitamin D and Chronic Kidney Disease. Ethnicity & disease. 2009;19(4 Suppl 5):S5-8-11.
  231. Patel T, Singh AK. Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease. Seminars in nephrology. 2009;29(2):113-121. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.01.004.
  232. Kim CS, Kim SW. Vitamin D and chronic kidney disease. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 2014;29(4):416-427. doi:10.3904/kjim.2014.29.4.416.
  233. Nakashima A, Yokoyama K, Yokoo T, Urashima M. Role of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. World Journal of Diabetes. 2016;7(5):89-100. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i5.89.
  234. Kandula P, Dobre M, Schold JD, Schreiber MJ, Mehrotra R, Navaneethan SD. Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2011;6(1):50-62. doi:10.2215/CJN.03940510.
  235. Jean G, Souberbielle JC, Chazot C. Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):328. doi:10.3390/nu9040328.
  236. Parikh A, Chase HS, Vernocchi L, Stern L. Vitamin D resistance in chronic kidney disease (CKD). BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:47.
  237. Mallard SR, Howe AS, Houghton LA. Vitamin D status and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(4):1151-1159.
  238. Mason C, Xiao L, Imayama I, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(5):1015-25.
  239. Mason C, De Dieu Tapsoba J, Duggan C, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation during weight loss on sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Menopause (New York, NY). 2016;23(6):645-652. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000600.
  240. Vanlint S. Vitamin D and Obesity. Nutrients. 2013;5(3):949-956. doi:10.3390/nu5030949.
  241. Mason C, De dieu tapsoba J, Duggan C, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation during weight loss on sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2016;23(6):645-52.
  242. Mason C, Xiao L, Imayama I, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;99(5):1015-1025. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.073734.
  243. Tzotzas T, Papadopoulou FG, Tziomalos K, et al. Rising serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels after weight loss in obese women correlate with improvement in insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4251-7.
  244. Soskić S, Stokić E, Isenović ER. The relationship between vitamin D and obesity. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(6):1197-9.
  245. Mai S, Walker GE, Vietti R, et al. Acute Vitamin D₃ Supplementation in Severe Obesity: Evaluation of Multimeric Adiponectin. Nutrients. 2017;9(5)
  246. Jamka M, Woźniewicz M, Walkowiak J, Bogdański P, Jeszka J, Stelmach-mardas M. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in obese and overweight subjects: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(6):2163-76.
  247. Available at https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/the-effect-of-vitamin-d-supplementation-on-the-treatment-of-overweight-and-obesity-a-systematic-review-of-randomized-controlled-tr-IXyj.pdf.
  248. Kabadi SM, Lee BK, Liu L. Joint effects of obesity and vitamin D insufficiency on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: results from the NHANES 2001-2006. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(10):2048-54.
  249. Mason C, Wang L, Duggan C, et al. Gene expression in breast and adipose tissue after 12 months of weight loss and vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2017;3:15.
  250. Koszowska AU, Nowak J, Dittfeld A, Brończyk-Puzoń A, Kulpok A, Zubelewicz-Szkodzińska B. Obesity, adipose tissue function and the role of vitamin D. Central-European Journal of Immunology. 2014;39(2):260-264. doi:10.5114/ceji.2014.43732.
  251. Chang E, Kim Y. Vitamin D Insufficiency Exacerbates Adipose Tissue Macrophage Infiltration and Decreases AMPK/SIRT1 Activity in Obese Rats. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):338. doi:10.3390/nu9040338.
  252. Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin. Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 2012;3(2):118-126. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.95506
  253. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56070/ doi: 10.17226/13050.
  254. Van der rhee H, Coebergh JW, De vries E. Sunlight, vitamin D and the prevention of cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2009;18(6):458-75.
  255. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(2):252-61.
  256. Garland C, Comstock G, Garland F, Helsing K, Shaw E, Gorham E. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: eight-year prospective study. Lancet. 1989;2:1176–1178.
  257. Tangrea J, Helzlsouer K, Pietinen P, et al. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and the subsequent risk of colon and rectal cancer in Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8(4): 615–625.
  258. Feskanich D, Ma J, Fuchs CS, et al. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(9): 1502–1508.
  259. Garland C, Shekelle RB, Barrett-Connor E, Criqui MH, Rossof AH, Paul O. Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: a 19-year prospective study in men. Lancet. 1985; 1(8424):307–309.
  260. Ferraroni M, La Vecchia C, D’Avanzo B, Negri E, Franceschi S, Decarli A. Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1994; 70(6):1150–1155.
  261. Braun MM, Helzlsouer KJ, Hollis BW, Comstock GW. Colon cancer and serum vitamin D metabolite levels 10–17 years prior to diagnosis. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(6):608–611.
  262. Martinez ME, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer among women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88(19):1375–1382.
  263. Pritchard RS, Baron JA, Gerhardsson de Verdier M. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the risk of colorectal cancer in Stockholm, Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(11): 897–900.
  264. Kearney J, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy foods and the occurrence of colon cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1996; 143(9):907–917.
  265. La Vecchia C, Braga C, Negri E, et al. Intake of selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997;73:525–530.
  266. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14(1): 1–12.
  267. Platz EA, Hankinson SE, Hollis BW, et al. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adenomatous polyps of the distal colorectum. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(10): 1059–1065.
  268. Peters U, McGlynn KA, Chatterjee N, et al. Vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin D receptor polymorphism in colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(12):1267–1274.
  269. Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, et al. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(23):1765–1771.
  270. Lieberman D, Prindiville S, Weiss D, Willett W. Risk factors for advanced colonic neoplasia and hyperplastic polyps in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA. 2003;290(22):2959–2967.
  271. Bostick RM, Potter JD, Sellers TA, McKenzie DR, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to incidence of colon cancer among older women. The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137(12):1302–1317.
  272. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, et al. A prospective cohort study of intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other micronutrients in relation to incidence of rectal cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7(3):221–225.
  273. Marcus PM, Newcomb PA. The association of calcium and vitamin D, and colon and rectal cancer in Wisconsin women. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27(5): 788–793.
  274. Pritchard RS, Baron JA, Gerhardsson de Verdier M. Dietary calcium, vitamin D and the risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997;73:525–530.
  275. Grant WB. Ecologic studies of solar UV-B radiation and cancer mortality rates. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003;164:371–377.
  276. Garland CF, Comstock GW, Garland FC, Helsing KJ, Shaw EK, Gorham ED. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: eight-year prospective study. Lancet. 1989;2:1176–1178.
  277. Engel P, Fagherazzi G, Boutten A, Dupre T, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D and risk of breast cancer: a nested case-control study from the French E3N cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:2341–2350.
  278. Ahonen MH, Tenkanen L, Teppo L, Hakama M, Tuohimaa P. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland) Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:847–852.
  279. Tretli S, Hernes E, Berg JP, Hestvik UE, Robsahm TE. Association between serum 25(OH)D and death from prostate cancer. Br.J Cancer. 2009;100:450–454.
  280. Liao Y, Huang JL, Qiu MX, Ma ZW. Impact of serum vitamin D level on risk of bladder cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(3):1567-72.
  281. Available at https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0044/ea0044p129.
  282. Liu J, Dong Y, Lu C, et al. Meta-analysis of the correlation between vitamin D and lung cancer risk and outcomes. Oncotarget. 2017;8(46):81040-81051. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18766.
  283. Zhang L, Wang S, Che X, Li X. Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;36:299–305. doi: 10.1159/000374072.
  284. Chen GC, Zhang ZL, Wan Z, Wang L, Weber P, Eggersdorfer M, Qin LQ, Zhang W. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:1719–28. doi: 10.1007/s10552-015-0665-6.
  285. Chen GC, Zhang ZL, Wan Z, et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26(12):1719-28.
  286. Feng Q, Zhang H, Dong Z, Zhou Y, Ma J. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lung cancer risk and survival: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(45):e8613.
  287. Zhang L, Wang S, Che X, Li X. Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;36(1):299-305.
  288. Nurnberg B, Graber S, Gartner B, et al. Reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in stage IV melanoma patients. Anticancer Res. 2009;29:3669–3674.
  289. Liang G, Nan H, Qureshi AA, Han J. Prediagnostic plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in women. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35211.
  290. Garland C, Garland F. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer? Int J Epidemiol. 1980;9: 227–231.
  291. Gorham E, Garland C, Garland F. Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer in 20 Canadian cities. Can J Public Health. 1989;80:96–100.
  292. Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E. Sunlight, sulfur dioxide and breast and colon cancer in Italy. Abstract presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; February 15–20, 1990; New Orleans, La.
  293. Freedman D, Dosemeci M, McGlynn K. Sunlight and mortality from breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, and nonmelanoma skin cancer: a composite death certificate based case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 2002;59: 257–262.
  294. Mizoue T. Ecological studies of solar radiation and cancer mortality in Japan. Health Phys. 2004;87(5): 532–538.
  295. Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Hughes AM, Goumas C, Smedby KE, Zheng T, Spinelli JJ, De Sanjose S, Hartge P, Melbye M, Willett EV, Becker N, Chiu BC, et al. Personal sun exposure and risk of non Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis from the Interlymph Consortium. Int J Cancer. 2008;122:144–54. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23003.
  296. Grant WB. Ecological studies of the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis. Anticancer Res. 2012;32:223–36.
  297. Knight JA, Lesosky M, Barnett H, Raboud JM, Vieth R. Vitamin D and reduced risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16:422–9. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0865.
  298. Moon SJ, Fryer AA, Strange RC. Ultraviolet radiation: effects on risks of prostate cancer and other internal cancers. Mutat Res. 2005;571:207–19. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.09.015.
  299. Garland CF, Garland FC. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer? Int.J.Epidemiol. 1980;9:227–231.
  300. Grant WB, Mohr SB. Ecological studies of ultraviolet B, vitamin D and cancer since 2000. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19:446–454.
  301. Fleischer AB, Fleischer SE. Solar radiation and the incidence and mortality of leading invasive cancers in the United States. Dermatoendocrinol. 2016;8(1):e1162366.
  302. Zamoiski RD, Freedman DM, Linet MS, Kitahara CM, Liu W, Cahoon EK. Prospective study of ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of breast cancer in the United States. Environ Res. 2016;151:419-427.
  303. Lin SW, Wheeler DC, Park Y, et al. Prospective study of ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of cancer in the United States. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(6):E1015-23.
  304. VoPham T, Bertrand KA, Yuan J-M, Tamimi RM, Hart JE, Laden F. Ambient ultraviolet radiation exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States. Environmental Health. 2017;16:89. doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0299-0.
  305. Simboli-campbell M, Narvaez CJ, Van weelden K, Tenniswood M, Welsh J. Comparative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and EB1089 on cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997;42(1):31-41.
  306. Chen TC, Schwartz GG, Burnstein KL, Lokeshwar BL, Holick MF. The in vitro evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 19-nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 as therapeutic agents for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(3):901-8.
  307. Krishnan AV, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by vitamin D: Regulation of target gene expression. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88(2):363-71.
  308. Deeb KK, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7(9):684-700.
  309. Kizildag S, Ates H, Kizildag S. Treatment of K562 cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces distinct alterations in the expression of apoptosis-related genes BCL2, BAX, BCLXL, and p21. Ann Hematol. 2010;89(1):1-7.
  310. Hsu JW, Yasmin-karim S, King MR, et al. Suppression of prostate cancer cell rolling and adhesion to endothelium by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(2):872-80.
  311. Hansdottir S, Monick MM, Hinde SL, Lovan N, Look DC, Hunninghake GW. Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense. J Immunol. 2008;181:7090–9.
  312. Nakagawa K, Kawaura A, Kato S, Takeda E, Okano T. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 is a preventive factor in the metastasis of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:429–40. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgh332.
  313. Nakagawa K, Sasaki Y, Kato S, Kubodera N, Okano T. 22-Oxa-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:1044–54. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgi049.
  314. Simboli-Campbell M, Narvaez CJ, Tenniswood M, Welsh J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces morphological and biochemical markers of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1996;58:367–76.
  315. Ting HJ, Yasmin-karim S, Yan SJ, et al. A positive feedback signaling loop between ATM and the vitamin D receptor is critical for cancer chemoprevention by vitamin D. Cancer Res. 2012;72(4):958-68.
  316. Deeb KK, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:684–700. doi: 10.1038/nrc2196.
  317. Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. Lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1367–80. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0802714.
  318. Hershberger PA, Modzelewski RA, Shurin ZR, Rueger RM, Trump DL, Johnson CS. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-D3) inhibits the growth of squamous cell carcinoma and down-modulates p21(Waf1/Cip1) in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 1999;59:2644–9.
  319. Zhou W, Suk R, Liu G, Park S, Neuberg DS, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, Giovannucci E, Christiani DC. Vitamin D is associated with improved survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:2303–9. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0335.
  320. Krishnan AV, Swami S, Peng L, Wang J, Moreno J, Feldman D. Tissue-selective regulation of aromatase expression by calcitriol: implications for breast cancer therapy. Endocrinology. 2010;151:32–42. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-0855.
  321. Iseki K, Tatsuta M, Uehara H, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis as a mechanism for inhibition by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats. Int J Cancer. 1999;81(5):730–733.
  322. Majewski S, Skopinska M, Marczak M, Szmurlo A, Bollag W, Jablonska S. Vitamin D3 is a potent inhibitor of tumor cell-induced angiogenesis. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1996;1(1): 97–101.
  323. Shokravi MT, Marcus DM, Alroy J, Egan K, Saornil MA, Albert DM. Vitamin D inhibits angiogenesis in transgenic murine retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36(1):83–87.
  324. Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, Mawer EB, Canfield AE. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Circ Res. 2000;87(3):214–220.
  325. Palmer HG, Gonzalez-Sancho JM, Espada J, et al. Vitamin D(3) promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling. J Cell Biol. 2001;154(2):369–387.
  326. Fujioka T, Suzuki Y, Okamoto T, Mastushita N, Hasegawa M, Omori S. Prevention of renal cell carcinoma by active vitamin D3. World J Surg. 2000; 24(10):1205–1210.
  327. Helde-Frankling M, Höijer J, Bergqvist J, Björkhem-Bergman L. Vitamin D supplementation to palliative cancer patients shows positive effects on pain and infections—Results from a matched case-control study. Campbell M, ed. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0184208. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184208.
  328. Cheung AM, Tile L, Cardew S, et al. Bone density and structure in healthy postmenopausal women treated with exemestane for the primary prevention of breast cancer: a nested substudy of the MAP. 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:275–284. This study highlights that vitamin D and calcium supplementation alone are not enough to limit the substantial bone loss that occurs with aromatase inhibitor therapy.
  329. Prieto-Alhambra D, Servitja S, Javaid MK, et al. Vitamin D threshold to prevent aromatase inhibitor-related bone loss: the B-ABLE prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133:1159–1167. This study suggests a 25(OH)D threshold of at least 40 ng/ml attenuates aroma-tase inhibitor-associated bone loss.
  330. Hadji P, Aapro MS, Body JJ, et al. Management of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: practical guidance for prevention and treatment. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:2546–2555.
  331. Shanafelt TD, Drake MT, Maurer MJ, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2011;117:1492–1498.
  332. Drake MT, Maurer MJ, Link BK, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and prognosis in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4191–4198.
  333. Kelly JL, Drake MT, Fredericksen ZS, et al. Early life sun exposure, vitamin D-related gene variants, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:1017–1029.
  334. Ng AC, Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Drake MT. Impact of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical presentation and prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2009;84:397–400.
  335. Badros A, Goloubeva O, Terpos E, et al. Prevalence and significance of vitamin D deficiency in multiple myeloma patients. Br J Haematol. 2008;142:492–494.
  336. Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation at 4000 international units per day for one year results in a decrease of positive cores at repeat biopsy in subjects with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2315–2324.
  337. Wagner D, Trudel D, Van der Kwast T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of vitamin d3 doses on prostatic vitamin d metabolite levels and ki67 labeling in prostate cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:1498–1507.
  338. Gulliford T, English J, Colston KW, et al. A phase I study of the vitamin D analogue EB 1089 in patients with advanced breast and colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1998;78:6–13.
  339. Jain RK, Trump DL, Egorin MJ, et al. A phase I study of the vitamin D3 analogue ILX23-7553 administered orally to patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs. 2011;29:1420–1425.
  340. Amir E, Simmons CE, Freedman OC, Dranitsaris G, Cole DE, Vieth R, et al. (2010) A phase 2 trial exploring the effects of high-dose (10,000 IU/day) vitamin D(3) in breast cancer patients with bone metastases. Cancer 116: 284–291. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24749.
  1. Martin-herranz A, Salinas-hernández P. Vitamin D supplementation review and recommendations for women diagnosed with breast or ovary cancer in the context of bone health and cancer prognosis/risk. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2015;96(1):91-9.
  2. Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee I-M, et al. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): Rationale and Design of a Large Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2012;33(1):159-171. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2011.09.009.
  3. Riverin BD, Maguire JL, Li P. Vitamin D Supplementation for Childhood Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0136841.
  4. Pojsupap S, Iliriani K, Sampaio TZ, et al. Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D in pediatric asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma. 2015;52(4):382-90.
  5. Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA Jr (2009) Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 169: 384–390.
  6. Jolliffe DA, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR (2012) Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: Systematic review of clinical studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.
  7. Goldring ST, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR, et al. Prenatal vitamin d supplementation and child respiratory health: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66627.
  8. Bergman P, Lindh ÅU, Björkhem-Bergman L, Lindh JD. Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Gluud LL, ed. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065835.
  9. Kearns MD, Alvarez JA, Seidel N, Tangpricha V. The impact of vitamin D on infectious disease: a systematic review of controlled trials. The American journal of the medical sciences. 2015;349(3):245-262. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000360.
  10. Rehman PKM. Subclinical Rickets and Recurrent Infection. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1994;40(1):58–58.
  11. Pfeffer PE, Hawrylowicz CM (2012) Vitamin D and lung disease. Thorax 67: 1018–1020.
  12. Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP (2005) Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J 19: 1067–1077.
  13. Barlow PG, Svoboda P, Mackellar A, Nash AA, York IA, et al. (2011) Antiviral activity and increased host defense against influenza infection elicited by the human cathelicidin LL-37. PLoS One 6: e25333.
  14. Rivas-Santiago B, Rivas Santiago CE, Castaneda-Delgado JE, Leon-Contreras JC, Hancock RE, et al. (2012) Activity of LL-37, CRAMP and antimicrobial peptide-derived compounds E2, E6 and CP26 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents
  15. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, et al. (2006) Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311: 1770–1773.
  16. Liu PT, Stenger S, Tang DH, Modlin RL (2007) Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin. J Immunol 179: 2060–2063.
  17. Tran B, Armstrong BK, Ebeling PR, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on antibiotic use: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(1):156–61.
  18. Bergman P, Norlin AC, Hansen S, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and double-blind intervention study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(6).
  19. Lehouck A, Mathieu C, Carremans C, et al. High doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(2):105–14.
  20. Grossmann RE, Zughaier SM, Kumari M, et al. Pilot study of vitamin D supplementation in adults with cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation: A randomized, controlled trial. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012;4(2):191–7.
  21. Grossmann RE, Zughaier SM, Liu S, et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation on markers of inflammation in adults with cystic fibrosis hospitalized for a pulmonary exacerbation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(9):1072–4.
  22. Manaseki-Holland S, Qader G, Isaq Masher M, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(10):1148–55.
  23. Ganmaa D, Giovannucci E, Bloom BR, et al. Vitamin D, tuberculin skin test conversion, and latent tuberculosis in Mongolian school-age children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;96(2):391–396.
  24. Martineau AR, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, et al. A single dose of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(2):208–13.
  25. Morcos MM, Gabr AA, Samuel S, et al. Vitamin D administration to tuberculous children and its value. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137(5):157–64.
  26. Nursyam EW, Amin Z, Rumende CM. The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculous lesion. Acta Med Indones. 2006;38(1):3–5.
  27. Wejse C, Gomes VF, Rabna P, et al. Vitamin D as supplementary treatment for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(9):843–50.
  28. Kota SK, Jammula S, Kota SK, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in type 2 diabetes patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2011;5(2):85–9.
  29. Kota SK, Jammula S, Kota SK, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in type 2 diabetes patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2011;5(2):85–9.
  30. Martineau AR, Timms PM, Bothamley GH, et al. High-dose vitamin D(3) during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9761):242–50.
  31. Salahuddin N, Ali F, Hasan Z, et al. Vitamin D accelerates clinical recovery from tuberculosis: results of the SUCCINCT Study [Supplementary Cholecalciferol in recovery from tuberculosis]. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis’. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:22.
  32. Coussens AK, Wilkinson RJ, Hanifa Y, et al. Vitamin D accelerates resolution of inflammatory responses during tuberculosis treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(38):15449–54.
  33. Mily A, Rekha RS, Kamal SM, et al. Oral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3 upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages: a dose finding study for treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13:23.
  34. Ralph AP, Waramori G, Pontororing GJ, et al. L-arginine and vitamin D adjunctive therapies in pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70032.
  35. Benator D, Bhattacharya M, Bozeman L, et al. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9332):528–34.
  36. Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Gaitan MI. Immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 5):1146–60.
  37. Smolders J, et al. Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008;14(9):1220–4.
  38. Craig SM, et al. Vitamin D status and its associations with disease activity and severity in African Americans with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(2):275–81.
  39. Patel S, et al. Association between serum vitamin D metabolite levels and disease activity in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(7):2143–9.
  40. Bhalla AK, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits antigen-induced T cell activation. J Immunol. 1984;133(4):1748–54.
  41. Gregori S, et al. Regulatory T cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and mycophenolate mofetil treatment mediate transplantation tolerance. J Immunol. 2001;167(4):1945–53.
  42. Barrat FJ, et al. In vitro generation of interleukin 10-producing regulatory CD4(+) T cells is induced by immunosuppressive drugs and inhibited by T helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-inducing cytokines. J Exp Med. 2002;195(5):603–16.
  43. Gorman S, et al. Topically applied 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in the draining lymph nodes. J Immunol. 2007;179(9):6273–83.
  44. Penna G, et al. Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 on dendritic cells is dispensable for induction of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Blood. 2005;106(10):3490–7.
  45. Almerighi C, et al. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in human monocytes. Cytokine. 2009;45(3):190–7.
  46. Piemonti L, et al. Vitamin D3 affects differentiation, maturation, and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2000;164(9):4443–51.
  47. Griffin MD, et al. Dendritic cell modulation by 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: a vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(12):6800–5.
  48. Szeles L, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an autonomous regulator of the transcriptional changes leading to a tolerogenic dendritic cell phenotype. J Immunol. 2009;182(4):2074–83.
  49. Linker-Israeli M, et al. Vitamin D(3) and its synthetic analogs inhibit the spontaneous in vitro immunoglobulin production by SLE-derived PBMC. Clin Immunol. 2001;99(1):82–93.
  50. Ben-Zvi I, et al. The impact of vitamin D on dendritic cell function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One. 2010;5(2):e9193.
  51. Bennett L, et al. Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood. J Exp Med. 2003;197(6):711–23.
  52. Baechler EC, et al. Interferon-inducible gene expression signature in peripheral blood cells of patients with severe lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(5):2610–5.
  53. Kirou KA, et al. Activation of the interferon-alpha pathway identifies a subgroup of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with distinct serologic features and active disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(5):1491–503.
  54. Feng X, et al. Association of increased interferon-inducible gene expression with disease activity and lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(9):2951–62.
  55. Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Gaitan MI. Immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 5):1146–60.
  56. Ruiter B, Shreffler WG. The role of dendritic cells in food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(4):921-8.
  57. Heine G, Anton K, Henz BM, Worm M. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits anti-CD40 plus IL-4-mediated IgE production in vitro. Eur J Immunol. 2002;32(12):3395-404.
  58. Heine G, Niesner U, Chang HD, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) promotes IL-10 production in human B cells. Eur J Immunol. 2008;38(8):2210-8.
  59. Soni M, Kos K, Lang IA, Jones K, Melzer D, Llewellyn DJ. Vitamin D and cognitive function. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2012;243:79-82.
  60. Miller JW, Harvey DJ, Beckett LA, et al. Vitamin D Status and Rates of Cognitive Decline in a Multiethnic Cohort of Older Adults. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(11):1295-303.
  61. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/850943.
  62. Wilkins CH, Sheline YI, Roe CM, Birge SJ, Morris JC. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(12):1032-40.
  63. Wilkins CH, Birge SJ, Sheline YI, Morris JC. Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated With Worse Cognitive Performance and Lower Bone Density in Older African Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2009;101(4):349-354.
  64. Gurland BJ, Wilder DE, Lantigua R, et al. Rates of dementia in three ethnoracial groups. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:481–493.
  65. Tang M-X, Cross P, Andrews H, et al. Incidence of AD in African-Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Caucasians in northern Manhattan. Neurology. 2001;56:49–56.
  66. Maddock J, Zhou A, Cavadino A, et al. Vitamin D and cognitive function: A Mendelian randomisation study. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:13230. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13189-3.
  67. Balion C, et al. Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2012;79:1397–1405. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826c197f.
  68. Etgen T, Sander D, Bickel H, Sander K, Förstl H. Vitamin D deficiency, cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders. 2012;33:297–305. doi: 10.1159/000339702.
  69. Van der Schaft J, et al. The association between vitamin D and cognition: a systematic review. Ageing research reviews. 2013;12:1013–1023. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.004.
  70. Sommer I, et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC geriatrics. 2017;17:16. doi: 10.1186/s12877-016-0405-0.
  71. Annweiler C, et al. ‘Vitamin D and cognition in older adults’: updated international recommendations. Journal of internal medicine. 2015;277:45–57. doi: 10.1111/joim.12279.
  72. Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JAC, Timpson N, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Statistics in Medicine. 2008;27:1133–1163. doi: 10.1002/sim.3034.
  73. Annweiler C, Fantino B, Gautier J, Beaudenon M, Thiery S, Beauchet O. Cognitive effects of vitamin D supplementation in older outpatients visiting a memory clinic: a pre-post study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(4):793-5.
  74. Mokry LE, et al. Genetically decreased vitamin D and risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2016;87:2567–2574. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003430.
  75. Grung B, Sandvik AM, Hjelle K, et al. Linking vitamin D status, executive functioning and self-perceived mental health in adolescents through multivariate analysis: A randomized double-blind placebo control trial. Scand J Psychol. 2017;58(2):123-130.
  76. Pettersen JA. Does high dose vitamin D supplementation enhance cognition?: A randomized trial in healthy adults. Exp Gerontol. 2017;90:90-97.
  77. Available at https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv/63/2/63_133/_pdf.
  78. Miller BJ, Whisner CM, Johnston CS. Vitamin D Supplementation Appears to Increase Plasma Aβ40 in Vitamin D Insufficient Older Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;52(3):843-7.
  79. Available at https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/vitamin-d-and-its-association-with-memory-and-learning-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis.pdf.
  80. Annweiler, C.; Rolland, Y.; Schott, A.M.; Blain, H.; Vellas, B.; Herrmann, F.R.; Beauchet, O. Higher vitamin D dietary intake is associated with lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A 7-year follow-up. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012, 67, 1205–1211.
  81. Buell, J.S.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Scott, T.M.; Weiner, D.E.; Dallal, G.E.; Qui, W.Q.; Bergethon, P.; Rosenberg, I.H.; Folstein, M.F.; Patz, S.; et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, dementia, and cerebrovascular pathology in elders receiving home services. Neurology 2010, 74, 18–26.
  82. Annweiler, C.; Fantino, B.; le Gall, D.; Schott, A.M.; Berrut, G.; Beauchet, O. Severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with advanced-stage dementia in geriatric inpatients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2011, 59, 169–171.
  83. Annweiler, C.; Llewellyn, D.J.; Beauchet, O. Low serum vitamin D concentrations in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2013, 33, 659–674.
  84. Gordon PL, Sakkas GK, Doyle JW, Shubert T, Johansen KL. The Relationship between Vitamin D and Muscle Size and Strength in Patients on Hemodialysis. Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2007;17(6):397-407. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2007.06.001.
  85. Henderson RG, Ledingham JGG, Oliver DO, et al. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium absorption, muscle weakness and bone disease in chronic renal failure. Lancet. 1974:379–384.
  86. Wanic-Kossowska M, Grzegorzewska A, Plotast H, Bombicki K. Does calcitriol therapy improve muscle function in uremic patients? Perit Dial Int. 1996;16(Suppl 1):S305–S308.
  87. Gomez-Fernandez P, Sanches Agudo L, Calatrava JM. Chronic kidney insufficiency and respiratory muscle function. Changes induced by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. Medical Clinics (Barc) 1990;94:204–207.
  88. Bertoli M, Luisetto G, Arcuti V, Urso M. Uremic myopathy and calcitriol therapy in CAPD patients. ASAIO Trans. 1991;37:M397–398.
  89. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, et al. Hypovitaminosis D myopathy without biochemical signs of osteomalacic bone involvement. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;66:419–424.
  90. Verhaar HJJ, Samson MM, Jansen PAF, et al. Muscle strength, functional mobility and vitamin D in older women. Aging Clin Exper Res. 2000;12:455–460.
  91. Young A, Brenton DP, Edwards RHT. Analysis of muscle weakness in osteomalacia. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1978;54:31.
  92. Karam, C.; Barrett, M.J.; Imperato, T.; MacGowan, D.J.; Scelsa, S. Vitamin D deficiency and its supplementation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2013, 20, 1550–1553.
  93. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ et al. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 752-758.
  94. Houston DK, Cesari M, Ferrucci L et al. Association between vitamin D status and physical performance: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62: 440- 446.
  95. Lips P, Binkley N, Pfeifer M et al. Once-weekly dose of 8400 IU vitamin D(3) compared with placebo: effects on neuromuscular function and tolerability in older adults with vitamin D insufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 985-991.
  96. Wyon, MA, Koutedakis, Y, Wolman, R, Nevill, AM, and Allen, N. The influence of winter vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and injury occurrence in elite ballet dancers: A controlled study. J Sci Med Sport 17: 8–12, 2014.
  97. Barker, T, Schneider, ED, Dixon, BM, Henriksen, VT, and Weaver, LK. Supplemental vitamin D enhances the recovery in peak isometric force shortly after intense exercise. Nutr Metab (Lond) 10: 69, 2013.
  98. Close, GL, Leckey, J, Patterson, M, Bradley, W, Owens, DJ, Fraser, WD, and Morton, JP. The effects of vitamin D(3) supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: A randomised dose-response study. Br J Sports Med 47: 692–696, 2013.
  99. Close, GL, Russell, J, Cobley, JN, Owens, DJ, Wilson, G, Gregson, W, and Morton, JP. Assessment of vitamin D concentration in nonsupplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: Implications for skeletal muscle function. J Sports Sci 31: 344–353, 2012.
  100. Wyon, MA, Koutedakis, Y, Wolman, R, Nevill, AM, and Allen, N. The influence of winter vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and injury occurrence in elite ballet dancers: A controlled study. J Sci Med Sport 17: 8–12, 2014.
  101. Heath, K.M.; Elovic, E.P. Vitamin D deficiency—Implications in the rehabilitation setting. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. 2006, 85, 916–923.
  102. Knutsen, K.V.; Brekke, M.; Gjelstad, S.; Lagerlov, P. Vitamin D status in patients with musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and headache: A cross-sectional descriptive study in a multi-ethnic general practice in Norway. Scand. J. Prim. Health 2010, 28, 166–171.
  103. Shuler, F.D.; Wingate, M.K.; Moore, G.H.; Giangarra, C. Sports health benefits of vitamin D. Sports Health 2012, 4, 496–501.
  104. Ceglia, L. Vitamin D and its role in skeletal muscle. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 12, 628–633.
  105. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Staehelin, H.B.; Orav, J.E.; Stuck, A.E.; Theiler, R.; Wong, J.B.; Egli, A.; Kiel, D.P.; Henschkowski, J. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. Med. J. 2009, 339, 843–846.
  106. Owens DJ, Sharples AP, Polydorou I, et al. A systems-based investigation into vitamin D and skeletal muscle repair, regeneration, and hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015;309(12):E1019-31.
  107. Carrillo AE, Flynn MG, Pinkston C, et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adults. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(3):375-81.
  108. Sadat-Ali M, Al Elq AH, Al-Turki HA, Al-Mulhim FA, Al-Ali AK. Influence of vitamin D levels on bone mineral density and osteoporosis. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2011;31(6):602-608. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.87097.
  109. Seamans KM, Cashman KD. Existing and potentially novel functional markers of vitamin D status: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1997S–2008S.
  110. Al-Habdan IM, Sadat-Ali M, Al-Muhanna FA, Al-Elq AH, Al-Mulhim AA. Bone mass measurement using quantitative ultrasound in healthy Saudi women. A cross-sectional screening. Saudi Med J. 2009;30:1426–31.
  111. Ardawi MS, Maimany AA, Bahksh TM, Nasrat HA, Milaat WA, Al-Raddadi RM. Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudis. Osteoporosis Int. 2005;16:43–55.
  112. Lukert B, Higgins J, Stoskopf M. Menopausal bone loss is partially regulated by dietary intake of vitamin D. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992;51:173–9.
  113. Villareal DT, Civitelli R, Chines A, Avioli LV. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency in Postmenopausal women with low vertebral bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72:628–34.
  114. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study on younger and older adults. Am J Med. 2004;1:634–9.
  115. Fradinger EE, Zanchetta JR. Vitamin D and bone mineral density in ambulatory women living in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:24–7.
  116. Hannan MT, Litman HJ, Araujo AB, McLennan CE, McLean RR, McKinlay JB, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone mineral density in a racially and ethnically diverse group of men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:40–6.
  117. Kuchuk NO, Pluijm SM, van Schoor NM, Looman CW, Smit JH, Lips P. Relationships of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to bone mineral density and serum parathyroid hormone and markers of bone turnover in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:1244–50.
  118. Moreira ML, Neto LV, Madeira M, Lopes RF, Farias MLF. Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Influence on Bone Metabolism and Density in a Brazilian Population of Healthy Men. J Clin Densitom. 2018;21(1):91-97.
  119. Kota S, Jammula S, Kota S, Meher L, Modi K. Correlation of vitamin D, bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone levels in adults with low bone density. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2013;47(4):402-407. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.114932.
  120. Malhotra N, Mithal A. Osteoporosis in Indians. Indian J Med Res. 2008;127:263–8.
  121. Londhey V. Vitamin D deficiency: Indian scenario. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011;59:695–6.
  122. Ooms ME, Lips P, Roos JC, van der Vijgh WJ, Popp-Snijders C, Bezemer PD, et al. Vitamin D status and sex hormone binding globulin: Determinants of bone turnover and bone mineral density in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:1177–84.
  123. Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium, vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites. In: Papapoulos SE, Lips P, Pols HA, Johnston CC, Delmas PD, editors. Osteoporosis 1996: Proceedings of the 1996 World Congress on Osteoporosis. Excerpt Med Int Congr Ser 118. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier; 1996. pp. 299–303.
  124. Rahman SA, Chee WS, Yassin Z, Chan SP. Vitamin D status among postmenopausal Malaysian women. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13:255–60
  125. Wat WZ, Leung JY, Tam S, Kung AW. Prevalence and impact of vitamin D insufficiency in southern Chinese adults. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51:59–64.
  126. Nakamura K, Tsugawa N, Saito T, Ishikawa M, Tsuchiya Y, Hyodo K, et al. Vitamin D status, bone mass and bone metabolism in home-dwelling postmenopausal Japanese women: Yokogoshi Study. Bone. 2008;42:271–7.
  127. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7:439–43.
  128. Chailurkit LO, Kruavit A, Rajatanavin R. Vitamin D status and bone health in healthy Thai elderly women. Nutrition. 2011;27:160–4.
  129. Raso AA, Navarra SV, Li-Yu J, Torralba TP. Survey of vitamin D levels among postmenopausal Filipino women with osteoporosis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2009;12:225–9.
  130. Lips P, Duong T, Oleksik A, Black D, Cummings S, Cox D, et al. A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1212–21.
  131. Kuchuk NO, van Schoor NM, Pluijm SM, Chines A, Lips P. Vitamin D status, parathyroid function, bone turnover and BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Global perspective. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:693–701.
  132. Serhan E, Newton P, Ali HA, Walford S, Singh BM. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in Indo-Asian patients attending a rheumatology clinic. Bone. 1999;5:609–11.
  133. Walts NB. T-scores and Osteoporosis. Menopause Med. 2002;10:1–4.
  134. Chandran M, Hoeck HC, Wong HC, Zhang RF, Dimai HP. Vitamin D status and its relationship with bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone in Southeast Asian adults with low bone density. Endocr Pract. 2011;17:226–34.
  135. Francis RM, Peacock M, Barkworth SA. Renal impairment and its effects on calcium metabolism in elderly women. Age Ageing. 1984;13:14–20.
  136. Arya V, Bhambri R, Godbole MM, Mithal A. Vitamin D status and its relationship with bone mineral density in healthy Asian Indians. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15:56–61.
  137. Fuleihan GE, Deeb M. Hypovitaminosis D in a sunny country. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1840–1.
  138. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1807–20.
  139. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911–30.
  140. Harinarayan CV, Sachan A, Reddy PA, Satish KM, Prasad UV, Srivani P. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density in women of reproductive and postmenopausal age groups: A cross-sectional study from south India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011;59:698–704.
  141. Adami S, Giannini S, Bianchi G, et al. Vitamin D status and response to treatment in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(2):239-44.
  142. Storm T, Thamsborg G, Steiniche T, Genant HK, Sorensen OH. Effect of intermittent etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1265–1271.
  143. Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Nevitt DE, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet. 1996;348:1535–1541. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07088-2.
  144. Greenspan SL, Parker RA, Ferguson L, Rosen HN, Maitland-Ramsey L, Karpf DB. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover to predict the long term response to alendronate therapy in representative elderly women: A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13:1431–1438.
  145. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, for the FIT Research Group Alendronate reduces the risk of vertebral fractures in women without preexisting vertebral fractures: Results of the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2077–2082. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.24.2077.
  146. Lyritis GP, Tsakalakos N, Paspati I, Skarantavos G, Galanos A, Androulakis C. The effect of a modified etidronate cyclical regimen on postmenopausal osteoporosis: a four-year study. Clin Rheumatol. 1997;16:354–360.
  147. Wimalawansa SJ. A four year randomized controlled trial of hormone replacement and bisphosphonate, alone or in combination in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1998;104:219–226. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00029-1.
  148. Bischoff-ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293(18):2257-64.
  149. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326(7387):469.
  150. Rizzoli R, Boonen S, Brandi ML, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal women: a 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(4):305-13.
  151. Sprague S, Petrisor B, Scott T, et al. What Is the Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Acute Fracture Patients? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D and Supplementation Efficacy. J Orthop Trauma. 2016;30(2):53-63.
  152. Bischoff-ferrari HA, Dawson-hughes B, Staehelin HB, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009;339:b3692.
  153. Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff-ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DP. A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(2):234-9.
  154. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20(3):187-92.
  155. Bischoff-ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):551-61.
  156. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J. Risedronate and ergocalciferol prevent hip fracture in elderly men with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;68(12):911-5.
  157. Sunyecz JA. The use of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2008;4(4):827-836.
  158. Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis International. 2016;27:367-376. doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5.
  159. Evelien Gielen, Steven Boonen, Dirk Vanderschueren, et al., “Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in Men,” Journal of Osteoporosis, vol. 2011, Article ID 875249, 6 pages, 2011.
  160. Kärkkäinen M, Tuppurainen M, Salovaara K, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in women aged 65-71 years: a 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS). Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(12):2047-55.
  161. Lips P, Van schoor NM. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25(4):585-91.
  162. Reid IR. Should We Prescribe Calcium Supplements For Osteoporosis Prevention? Journal of Bone Metabolism. 2014;21(1):21-28. doi:10.11005/jbm.2014.21.1.21.
  163. Winzenberg T, Lamberg-allardt C, El-hajj fuleihan G, et al. Does vitamin D supplementation improve bone density in vitamin D-deficient children? Protocol for an individual patient data meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e019584.
  164. Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, et al. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;319(15):1600-1612.
  165. Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014;383(9912):146-55.
  166. Collins D, Jasani C, Fogelman I, Swaminathan R. Vitamin D and bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(2):110-4.
  167. Reid IR. Vitamin D Effect on Bone Mineral Density and Fractures. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):935-945.
  168. Ubesie AC, Heubi JE, Kocoshis SA, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Bone Mineral Density in Pediatric and Young Adult Intestinal Failure. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2013;57(3):372-376. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829c10eb.
  169. Grados F, Brazier M, Kamel S, et al. Effects on bone mineral density of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in elderly women with vitamin D deficiency. Joint Bone Spine. 2003;70(3):203-8.
  170. Karras SN, Anagnostis P, Beauchet O, Goulis DG, Annweiler C. Vitamin D supplements and bone mineral density. Lancet. 2014;383(9925):1292-3.
  171. Catalano A, Morabito N, Di stefano A, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density changes in postmenopausal women treated with strontium ranelate. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38(8):859-63.
  172. Kantorovich V, Gacad MA, Seeger LL, Adams JS. Bone mineral density increases with vitamin D repletion in patients with coexistent vitamin D insufficiency and primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(10):3541-3.
  173. Powe CE, Ricciardi C, Berg AH, et al. Vitamin D–Binding Protein Modifies the Vitamin D–Bone Mineral Density Relationship. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2011;26(7):1609-1616. doi:10.1002/jbmr.387.
  174. Heckman GA, Papaioannou A, Sebaldt RJ, et al. Effect of vitamin D on bone mineral density of elderly patients with osteoporosis responding poorly to bisphosphonates. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2002;3:6. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-3-6.
  175. Winzenberg TM, Powell S, Shaw KA, Jones G. Vitamin D supplementation for improving bone mineral density in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10):CD006944.
  176. Kirbas A, Kirbas S, Anlar O, Turkyilmaz AK, Cure MC, Efe H. Investigation of the relationship between vitamin D and bone mineral density in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Belg. 2013;113(1):43-7.
  177. Grimnes G, Joakimsen R, Figenschau Y, Torjesen PA, Almås B, Jorde R. The effect of high-dose vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass–a randomized controlled 1-year trial. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(1):201-11.
  178. Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, Hewison M, Mcgrath JJ. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat. 2005;29(1):21-30.
  179. Kjærgaard M, Waterloo K, Wang CE, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplement on depression scores in people with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: nested case-control study and randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201(5):360-8.
  180. Spedding S. Vitamin D and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Studies with and without Biological Flaws. Nutrients. 2014;6(4):1501-1518. doi:10.3390/nu6041501.
  181. Parker GB, Brotchie H, Graham RK. Vitamin D and depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:56-61.
  182. Bertone-Johnson ER. Vitamin D and the Occurrence of Depression: Causal Association or Circumstantial Evidence? Nutrition reviews. 2009;67(8):481-492. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00220.x.
  183. Available at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/presentation/ac8e/ef2188e3c8d0481c066854663388fa00e7ad.pdf.
  184. Available at http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/depression-and-vitamin-d-deficiency-causality-assessment-and-clinical-practice-implications-12051.html.
  185. Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations are related to depression in young adult US population: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int. Arch. Med 3(1), 29 (2010).
  186. Hoogendijk WJ, Lips P, Dik MG, et al. Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65(5), 508-512 (2008).
  187. Lee DM, Tajar A, O’Neill TW, et al. Lower vitamin D levels are associated with depression among community-dwelling European men. J. psychopharmacol 25(10), 1320-1328 (2011).
  188. May HT, Bair TL, Lappe DL, et al. Association of vitamin D levels with incident depression among a general cardiovascular population. Am. Heart. J 159(6), 1037-1043 (2010).
  189. Lapid MI, Cha SS, Takahashi PY. Vitamin D and depression in geriatric primary care patients. Clin. Interv. Aging 8(1), 509-514 (2013).
  190. Stewart R, Hirani V. Relationship between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms in older residents from a national survey population. Psychosom. Med 72(7), 608-612 (2010).
  191. Imai CM, Halldorsson TI, Eiriksdottir G, et al. Depression and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older adults living at northern latitudes – AGES-Reykjavik Study. J. Nutr. Sci 4(1), e37 (2015).
  192. Han B, Lyu Y, Sun H, et al. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post-stroke depression. Eur. J. Neurol 22(9), 1269-1274 (2015).
  193. Milaneschi Y, Hoogendijk W, Lips P, et al. The association between low vitamin D and depressive disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 19(4), 444-451 (2014).
  194. Wilkins CH, Sheline YI, Roe CM, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 14(12), 1032-1040 (2006).
  195. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand 67(6), 361-370 (1983).
  196. Armstrong DJ, Meenagh GK, Bickle I, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia. Clin. Rheumatol 26(4), 551-554 (2007).
  197. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4(1), 561-571 (1961).
  198. Jorde R, Waterloo K, Saleh F, et al. Neuropsychological function in relation to serum parathyroid hormone and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The Tromso study. J. Neurol 253(4), 464-470 (2006).
  199. Kerr DC, Zava DT, Piper WT, et al. Associations between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms in healthy young adult women. Psychiatry. Res 227(1), 46-51 (2015).
  200. Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N. Mental health in American colleges and universities: variation across student subgroups and across campuses. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis 201(1), 60-67 (2013).
  201. Norman AW. Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 67(6), 1108-1110 (1998).
  202. Robinson M, Whitehouse AJ, Newnham JP, et al. Low maternal serum vitamin D during pregnancy and the risk for postpartum depression symptoms. Arch. Womens. Ment. Health 17(3), 213-219 (2014).
  203. Murphy PK, Mueller M, Hulsey TC, et al. An exploratory study of postpartum depression and vitamin d. J. Am. Psychiatr. Nurses. Assoc 16(3), 170-177 (2010).
  204. Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Peters RM, Johnson DA, et al. Vitamin D nutritional status and antenatal depressive symptoms in African American women. J. Womens. Health. (Larchmt) 21(11), 1189-1195 (2012).
  205. Brandenbarg J, Vrijkotte TG, Goedhart G, et al. Maternal early-pregnancy vitamin D status is associated with maternal depressive symptoms in the Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development cohort. Psychosom. Med 74(7), 751-757 (2012).
  206. Gur EB, Gokduman A, Turan GA, et al. Mid-pregnancy vitamin D levels and postpartum depression. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol 179(1), 110-116 (2014).
  207. Lansdowne AT, Provost SC. Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology 135(4), 319-323 (1998).
  208. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation (1996).
  209. Sepehrmanesh Z, Kolahdooz F, Abedi F, Mazroii N, Assarian A, Asemi Z, et al. Vitamin D supplementation affects the beck depression inventory, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Nutr 2016;146:243-8.
  210. Gloth FM 3rd, Alam W, Hollis B. Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. J. Nutr. Health. Aging 3(1): 5-7 (1999).
  211. Grudet C, Malm J, Westrin A, Brundin L. Suicidal patients are deficient in Vitamin D, associated with a pro-inflammatory status in the blood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014;50:210-9.
  212. Bahrami A, Mazloum SR, Maghsoudi S, et al. High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Is Associated With a Reduction in Depression Score Among Adolescent Girls: A Nine-Week Follow-Up Study. J Diet Suppl. 2018;15(2):173-182.
  213. Högberg G, Gustafsson SA, Hällström T, Gustafsson T, Klawitter B, Petersson M. Depressed adolescents in a case-series were low in vitamin D and depression was ameliorated by vitamin D supplementation. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(7):779-83.
  214. Shaffer JA, Edmondson D, Wasson LT, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation for Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Psychosomatic medicine. 2014;76(3):190-196. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000044.
  215. Khoraminya N, Tehrani-Doost M, Jazayeri S, Hosseini A, Djazayery A. Therapeutic effects of vitamin D as adjunctive therapy to fluoxetine in patients with major depressive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47:271–5.
  216. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Nabizade L, Yassini-Ardakani SM, Hadinedoushan H, Barzegar K. The effect of 2 different single injections of high dose of vitamin d on improving the depression in depressed patients with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33:378–85.
  217. Jorde R, Sneve M, Figenschau Y, Svartberg J, Waterloo K. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. J Intern Med. 2008;264:599–609. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02008.x.
  218. Vieth R, Kimball S, Hu A, Walfish PG. Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients. Nutr J. 2004;3:8. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-3-8.
  219. Penckofer S, Byrn M, Adams W, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Mood in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2017;2017:8232863. doi:10.1155/2017/8232863.
  220. Penckofer S., Kouba J., Byrn M., Estwing Ferran C. Vitamin D and depression: where is all the sunshine? Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2010;31(6):385–393. doi: 10.3109/01612840903437657.
  221. Schaffer J. A., Edmondson D., Wasson L. T., et al. Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2014;76(3):190–196. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000044.
  222. Alhumaidi M, Agha A, Dewish M. Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Southern Region of Saudi Arabia. Mædica. 2013;8(3):231-236.
  223. Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB. Is Hypovitaminosis D Related to Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes and High Fasting Glucose Level in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2018;10(1)
  224. Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P, Gkountouvas A, Kaldrymides P. Vitamin D and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013;4(4):122-128. doi:10.1177/2042018813501189.
  225. Savastio S, Cadario F, Genoni G, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Glycemic Status in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0162554.
  226. Amraei M, Mohamadpour S, Sayehmiri K, Mousavi SF, Shirzadpour E, Moayeri A. Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency on Incidence Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:7.
  227. Qu G-B, Wang L-L, Tang X, Wu W, Sun Y-H. The association between vitamin D level and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology. 2017;9:25-31. doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2017.04.001.
  228. Berridge MJ. Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes. Biochem J. 2017;474(8):1321-1332.
  229. Luo BA, Gao F, Qin LL. The Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2017;9(3).
  230. Afzal S, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study and Meta-analysis. Clin Chem. 2012 11. [Epub ahead of print].
  231. Hurskainen A., Virtanen J., Tuomainen T., Nurmi T., Voutilainen S. (2012) Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with type 2 diabetes and markers of insulin resistance in a general older population in Finland. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28: 418–423
  232. Heaney R., French C., Nguyen S., Ferreira M., Baggerly L., Brunel L., et al. (2013) A novel approach localizes the association of vitamin d status with insulin resistance to one region of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D continuum. Adv Nutr 4: 303–310.
  233. Pittas A., Sun Q., Manson J., Dawson-Hughes B., Hu F. (2010) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 33: 2021–2023.
  234. Schöttker B., Herder C., Rothenbacher D., Perna L., Müller H., Brenner H. (2013) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and incident diabetes mellitus type 2: a competing risk analysis in a large population-based cohort of older adults. Eur J Epidemiol 28: 267–275.
  235. Liu S., Song Y., Ford E., Manson J., Buring J., Ridker P. (2005) Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care 28: 2926–2932.
  236. Pittas A., Dawson-Hughes B., Li T., Van Dam R., Willett W., Manson J., et al. (2006) Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 29: 650–656.
  237. Chiu K., Chu A., Go V., Saad M. (2004) Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 79: 820–825.
  238. Ford E., Ajani U., McGuire L., Liu S. (2005) Concentrations of serum vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 28: 1228–1230.
  239. Need A., O’Loughlin P., Horowitz M., Nordin B. (2005) Relationship between fasting serum glucose, age, body mass index and serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 62: 738–741.
  240. Lau S., Gunton J., Athayde N., Byth K., Cheung N. (2011) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and glycated haemoglobin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Med J Aust 194: 334–337.
  241. Bland R., Markovic D., Hills C., Hughes S., Chan S., Squires P., et al. (2004) Expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3–1alpha-hydroxylase in pancreatic islets. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89–90: 121–125.
  242. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):820-5.
  243. Gedik O, Akalin S. Effects of vitamin D deficiency and repletion on insulin and glucagon secretion in man. Diabetologia. 1986;29(3):142-5.
  244. Maestro B, Molero S, Bajo S, Dávila N, Calle C. Transcriptional activation of the human insulin receptor gene by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Cell Biochem Funct. 2002;20(3):227-32.
  245. Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirilov G, Dakovska L, Kovacheva R. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2003;57(4):258-61.
  246. Mitri J, Dawson-hughes B, Hu FB, Pittas AG. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic β cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):486-94.
  247. Harris SS, Pittas AG, Palermo NJ. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(9):789-94.
  248. Nazarian S, St peter JV, Boston RC, Jones SA, Mariash CN. Vitamin D3 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Transl Res. 2011;158(5):276-81.
  249. Lee CJ, Iyer G, Liu Y, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J Diabetes Complicat. 2017;31(7):1115-1126.
  250. Yousefi Rad E, Djalali M, Koohdani F, Et Al. The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Control and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Diabetes Type 2: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2014;43(12):1651-1656.
  1. Akbari M, Moosazaheh M, Lankarani KB, et al. The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipid Profiles in Patients with Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Horm Metab Res. 2017;49(9):647-653.
  2. Wu C – Metab Clin Exp (2017) Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients A systematic review and meta-analysis.pdf.
  3. Asemi Z, Hashemi T, Karamali M, Samimi M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism, lipid concentrations, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(6):1425-32.
  4. El-fakhri N, Mcdevitt H, Shaikh MG, Halsey C, Ahmed SF. Vitamin D and its effects on glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular function and immune function. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;81(6):363-78.
  5. Mirhosseini N, Vatanparast H, Mazidi M, Kimball SM. Vitamin D Supplementation, Glycemic Control, and Insulin Resistance in Prediabetics: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2018;2(7):687-709. doi:10.1210/js.2017-00472.
  6. Nigil haroon N, Anton A, John J, Mittal M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of interventional studies. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2015;14:3.
  7. Kuchay MS, Laway BA, Bashir MI, Wani AI, Misgar RA, Shah ZA. Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on glycemic parameters and progression of prediabetes to diabetes: A 1-year, open-label randomized study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(3):387-92.
  8. Grübler MR, Gaksch M, Kienreich K, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycated haemoglobin and fasting glucose levels in hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(10):1006-12.
  9. Pittas AG, Harris SS, Stark PC, Dawson-Hughes B. (2007). The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults. Diabetes Care, 30: 980– 6.
  10. Nikooyeh B, Neyestani TR, Farvid M, Alavi-Majd H, Houshiarrad A, Kalayi A, Shariatzadeh N, Gharavi A, Heravifard S, Tayebinejad N, Salekzamani S, Zahedirad M. ( 2011). Daily consumption of vitamin D- or vitamin D + calcium-fortified yogurt drink improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 93: 764– 71.
  11. Pittas AGHS, Harris SS, Stark PC, Dawson-Hughes B. The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(4):980–986.
  12. Pittas AGLJ, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2017–2029.
  13. Dutta D, Mondal SA, Choudhuri S, Maisnam I, Hasanoor Reza AH, Bhattacharya B, Chowdhury S, Mukhopadhyay S. Vitamin-D supplementation in prediabetes reduced progression to type 2 diabetes and was associated with decreased insulin resistance and systemic inflammation: an open label randomized prospective study from Eastern India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(3):e18–e23.
  14. Maestro B, Molero S, Bajo S, Dávila N, Calle C. Transcriptional activation of the human insulin receptor gene by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Cell Biochem Funct. 2002;20(3):227–232.
  15. Ojuka EO. Role of calcium and AMP kinase in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 levels in muscle. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004;63(2):275–278.
  16. Mehta V, Agarwal S. Does Vitamin D Deficiency Lead to Hypertension? Muacevic A, Adler JR, eds. Cureus. 2017;9(2):e1038. doi:10.7759/cureus.1038.
  17. Tamez H, Kalim S, Thadhani RI. Does Vitamin D Modulate Blood Pressure? Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. 2013;22(2):204-209. doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e32835d919b.
  18. Parikh S, Guo D-H, Pollock NK, et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are correlated with cardiometabolic risk among American black and white adolescents living in a year-round sunny climate. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jun;35(5):1133–1138.
  19. He JL, Scragg RK. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and blood pressure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Hypertens. 2011 Aug;24(8):911–917. Large cross-sectional population-based study with 7,561 patients from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) shows that low 25(OH)D levels (<13.2 ng/mL) are associated with higher systolic blood pressure.
  20. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Hypertens. 2007 Jul;20(7):713–719.
  21. Judd SE, Nanes MS, Ziegler TR, et al. Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;87(1):136–141.
  22. Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ, Berry DJ, Power C. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Diabetes. 2008 Mar;57(2):298–305.
  23. Hintzpeter B, Mensink GBM, Thierfelder W, et al. Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Sep;62(9):1079–1089.
  24. van Ballegooijen AJ, Snijder MB, Visser M, et al. Vitamin D in relation to myocardial structure and function after eight years of follow-up: the Hoorn study. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60(1):69–77. Longitudinal study from the Netherlands, which included 441 patients with up to 9 years of follow up, show that low 25(OH)D levels are associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
  25. Deo R, Katz R, Shlipak MG, et al. Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Sudden Cardiac Death: Results From the Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension. 2011 Nov 07; This study included 2,312 patients from the Cardiovascular Health Study showed lower prevalence of hypertension in patients with low 25(OH)D (<20 ng/mL) compared to patients with high 25(OH)D levels (≥20 ng/mL).
  26. Forman JP, Curhan GC, Taylor EN. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women. Hypertension. 2008 Nov;52(5):828–832.
  27. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension. 2007 Jun;49(5):1063–1069.
  28. Margolis KL, Martin LW, Ray RM, et al. A prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, blood pressure, and incident hypertension in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Feb 01;175(1):22–32. Analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative study including 4,863 women with 7 years of follow up found no association between 25(OH)D levels and blood pressure. However, it suggested that higher vitamin D levels may protect from developing hypertension.
  29. Griffin FC, Gadegbeku CA, Sowers MR. Vitamin D and subsequent systolic hypertension among women. Am J Hypertens. 2011 Apr;24(3):316–321.
  30. Jorde R, Figenschau Y, Emaus N, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are strongly related to systolic blood pressure but do not predict future hypertension. Hypertension. 2010 Apr;55(3):792–798.
  31. Burgaz A, Orsini N, Larsson SC, Wolk A (2011) Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens 29: 636–645.
  32. Sakamoto R, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Haddad E, Oda K, Fraser GE, Tonstad S (2013) Relationship of vitamin D levels to blood pressure in a biethnic population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 23: 776–784.
  33. van Ballegooijen AJ, Kestenbaum B, Sachs MC, de Boer IH, Siscovick DS, Hoofnagle AN, et al. (2014) Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone with incident hypertension: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 63: 1214–1222.
  34. Does vitamin d deficiency cause hypertension? Current evidence from clinical studies and potential mechanisms. Ullah MI, Uwaifo GI, Nicholas WC, Koch CA. Int J Endocrinol. 2010;2010:579640.
  35. Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants. Kunutsor SK, Apekey TA, Steur M. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28:205–221.
  36. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. J Hypertens. 2009;27:1948–1954.
  37. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Hypertension. 2007;49:1063–1069.
  38. Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation during winter months in patients with hypertension: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Larsen T, Mose FH, Bech JN, Hansen AB, Pedersen EB. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:1215–1222.
  39. Cholecalciferol administration blunts the systemic renin-angiotensin system in essential hypertensives with hypovitaminosis D. Carrara D, Bernini M, Bacca A, Rugani I, Duranti E, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S, Bernini G. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2014;15:82–87.
  40. Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino A, Berry DJ, et al, et al. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(9):719-29.
  41. Low vitamin D and hypertension: a causal association? Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:682–684.
  42. Burgaz A, Orsini N, Larsson SC, Wolk A. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2011 May;29(4):636–645. Meta-analysis that included 4 prospective and 14 cross-sectional studies found an inverse relationship between 25(OH)D and hypertension.
  43. Forman JP, Scott JB, Ng K, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure in African-Americans. Hypertension. 2013;61(4):779-785. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00659.
  44. Mozaffari-Khosravi H., Loloei S., Mirjalili M.R., Barzegar K. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in patients with elevated blood pressure and vitamin D deficiency: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Blood Press. Monit. 2015;20:83–91. doi: 10.1097/MBP.0000000000000091.
  45. Sugden JA, Davies JI, Witham MD, et al. Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabet Med. 2008 Apr;25(3):320–325.
  46. Larsen T, Mose FH, Bech JN, Hansen AB, Pedersen EB. Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation during winter months in patients with hypertension: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(11):1215-22.
  47. Judd SE, Raiser SN, Kumari M, Tangpricha V. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces systolic blood pressure in hypertensive adults: a pilot feasibility study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1–2):445–447.
  48. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Nov 06;376(9752):1543–1551.
  49. Wu SH, Ho SC, Zhong L. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure. South Med J. 2010 Aug;103(8):729–737.
  50. Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009 Oct;27(10):1948–1954.
  51. Lind L, Wengle B, Ljunghall S. Blood pressure is lowered by vitamin D (alphacalcidol) during long-term treatment of patients with intermittent hypercalcaemia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Med Scand. 1987;222:423–427.
  52. Lind L, Wengle B, Wide L, Sorensen OH, Ljunghall S. Hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism–reduction of blood pressure by long-term treatment with vitamin D(alphacalcidol). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Hypertens. 1988;1:397–402.
  53. Krause R, Buhring M, Hopfenmuller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet. 1998;352:709–710.
  54. Krause R, Bühring M, Hopfenmüller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet. 1998;352(9129):709-10.
  55. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1633–1637.
  56. Orwoll ES, Oviatt S. Relationship of mineral metabolism and long-term calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation to blood pressure in normotensive men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52:717–721.
  57. Mozaffari-khosravi H, Loloei S, Mirjalili MR, Barzegar K. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in patients with elevated blood pressure and vitamin D deficiency: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Blood Press Monit. 2015;20(2):83-91.
  58. McGreevy C., Barry M., Davenport C., Byrne B., Donaghy C., Collier G., Tormey W., Smith D., Bennett K., Williams D. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on arterial stiffness in an elderly community-based population. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 2015;9:176–183. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.12.019.
  59. Forman JP, Scott JB, Ng K, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in blacks. Hypertension. 2013;61(4):779-85.
  60. Schleithoff SS Zittermann A Tenderich G Berthold HK Stehle P Koerfer R. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:754–759.
  61. Margolis KL Ray RM Van Horn L Manson JE Allison MA Black HR Beresford SA Connelly SA Curb JD Grimm RHJr, Kotchen TA Kuller LH Wassertheil-Smoller S Thomson CA Torner JCWomen’s Health Initiative Investigators. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. Hypertension 2008;52:847–855.
  62. Zittermann A Frisch S Berthold HK Götting C Kuhn J Kleesiek K Stehle P Koertke H Koerfer R. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1321–1327.
  63. Jorde R Figenschau Y. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Eur J Nutr 2009;48:349–354.
  64. Sluyter JD, Camargo CA, Stewart AW, et al. Effect of Monthly, High-Dose, Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Central Blood Pressure Parameters: A Randomized Controlled Trial Substudy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10)
  65. Martins D, Meng Y-X, Tareen N, et al. The Effect of Short Term Vitamin D Supplementation on the Inflammatory and Oxidative Mediators of Arterial Stiffness. Health. 2014;6(12):1503-1511. doi:10.4236/health.2014.612185.
  66. Scragg R, Waayer D, Stewart AW, et al. The Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) Study: design of a randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory infection, falls and non-vertebral fractures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:318-325.
  67. Golzarand M, Shab-bidar S, Koochakpoor G, Speakman j R, Djafarian K. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on blood pressure in adults: An updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;26(8):663-73.
  68. Witham, M.D., Nadir, M.A., and Struthers, A.D. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009; 27: 1948–1954.
  69. Beveridge, L.A., Struthers, A.D., Khan, F., Jorde, R., Scragg, R., Macdonald, H.M. et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175: 745–754.
  70. Chen, W.R., Liu, Z.Y., Shi, Y., Yin da, W., Wang, H., Sha, Y. et al. Vitamin D and nifedipine in the treatment of Chinese patients with grades I-II essential hypertension: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2014; 235: 102–109.
  71. Larsen, T., Mose, F.H., Bech, J.N., Hansen, A.B., and Pedersen, E.B. Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation during winter months in patients with hypertension: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Hypertens. 2012; 25: 1215–1222.
  72. Li S, He Y, Lin S, et al. Increase of circulating cholesterol in vitamin D deficiency is linked to reduced vitamin D receptor activity via the Insig-2/SREBP-2 pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016;60(4):798-809.
  73. Zhang MC, Li HX, Liu HM, et al. Serum Vitamin D is Llow and Inversely Associated with LDL Cholesterol in the Kazak Ethnic Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2014;20:1274-1283. doi:10.12659/MSM.890930.
  74. Wang Y, Si S, Liu J, et al. The Associations of Serum Lipids with Vitamin D Status. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0165157.
  75. Filgueiras MS, Suhett LG, Silva MA, Rocha NP, Novaes JF. Lower vitamin D intake is associated with low HDL cholesterol and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in Brazilian children. Public Health Nutr. 2018;:1-9.
  76. Iqbal AM, Dahl AR, Lteif A, Kumar S. Vitamin D Deficiency: A Potential Modifiable Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Children with Severe Obesity. Children (Basel). 2017;4(9)
  77. Garcia-Bailo B, Da CL, Arora P, et al. Plasma vitamin D and biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk in adult Canadians, 2007–2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E91.
  78. Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Magliano DJ, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of the development of the metabolic syndrome at five years: results from a national, population-based prospective study (The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study: AusDiab) J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1953–61.
  79. Pacifico L, Anania C, Osborn JF, et al. Low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with total adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension in Caucasian children and adolescents. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165:603–11.
  80. Osmancevic A, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Larko O, Krogstad AL. Vitamin D status in psoriasis patients during different treatments with phototherapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2010;101:117–23.
  81. Carbone LD, Rosenberg EW, Tolley EA, Holick MF, Hughes TA, Watsky MA, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, cholesterol, and ultraviolet irradiation. Metabolism. 2008;57(6):741–8. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.011.
  82. Jastrzebski Z, Kortas J, Kaczor K, Antosiewicz J. Vitamin D Supplementation Causes a Decrease in Blood Cholesterol in Professional Rowers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2016;62(2):88-92.
  83. Tavakoli F, Namakin K, Zardast M. Vitamin D Supplementation and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Study in Healthy School Children. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;26(4):e3311. doi:10.5812/ijp.3311.
  84. Schnatz PF, Jiang X, Vila-wright S, et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and cholesterol profiles in the Women’s Health Initiative calcium/vitamin D randomized trial. Menopause. 2014;21(8):823-33.
  85. Kane L, Moore K, Lütjohann D, Bikle D, Schwartz JB. Vitamin D3 effects on lipids differ in statin and non-statin-treated humans: superiority of free 25-OH D levels in detecting relationships. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):4400-9.
  86. Available at http://ajaums.com/en/articles/66745.html.
  87. Patwardhan VG, Mughal ZM, Padidela R, Chiplonkar SA, Khadilkar VV, Khadilkar AV. Randomized Control Trial Assessing Impact of Increased Sunlight Exposure versus Vitamin D Supplementation on Lipid Profile in Indian Vitamin D Deficient Men. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(3):393-398.
  88. Gonzalez FJ, Moschetta A. Potential role of the vitamin D receptor in control of cholesterol levels. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(4):899-902.
  89. Al-Daghri N., Alkharfy K., Al-Othman A., El-Kholie E., Moharram O., Alokail M., et al. (2012) Vitamin D supplementation as an adjuvant therapy for patients with T2DM: an 18-month prospective interventional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 11: 85.
  90. Wehmeier K, Beers A, Haas MJ, Wong NC, Steinmeyer A, Zugel U, et al. Inhibition of apolipoprotein AI gene expression by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1737(1):16–26. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.09.004.
  91. Wehmeier KR, Alamir AR, Sultan S, Haas MJ, Wong NC, Mooradian AD. 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol but not 25-hydroxycholecalciferol suppresses apolipoprotein A-I gene expression. Life Sci. 2011;88(1-2):110–6. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.11.005.
  92. Walsh JS, Bowles S, Evans AL. Vitamin D in obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017;24(6):389-394.
  93. Vanlint S. Vitamin D and Obesity. Nutrients. 2013;5(3):949-956. doi:10.3390/nu5030949.
  94. Pourshahidi LK. Vitamin D and obesity: current perspectives and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74(2):115-24.
  95. Alaklabi AM, Alsharairi NA. Current Evidence on Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children: What Does the Evidence from Saudi Arabia Tell Us? Children. 2018;5(1):11. doi:10.3390/children5010011.
  96. Olson ML, Maalouf NM, Oden JD, White PC, Hutchison MR. Vitamin D deficiency in obese children and its relationship to glucose homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(1):279-85.
  97. Durá-travé T, Gallinas-victoriano F, Chueca-guindulain MJ, Berrade-zubiri S. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and associated factors in obese Spanish children. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7(3):e248.
  98. Available from https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/3/e019309.
  99. Bell N.H., Epstein S., Greene A., Shary J., Oexmann M.J., Shaw S. Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 1985;76:370–373. doi: 10.1172/JCI111971.
  100. Liel Y., Ulmer E., Shary J., Hollis B., Bell N. Low circulating vitamin D in obesity. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1988;43:199–201.
  101. Parikh S.J., Edelman M., Uwaifo G.I., Freedman R.J., Semega-Janneh M., Reynolds J., Yanovski J.A. The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89:1196–1199. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031398.
  102. Lagunova Z., Porojnicu A., Lindberg F., Hexeberg S., Moan J. The dependency of vitamin D status on body mass index, gender, age and season. Anticancer Res. 2009;29:3713–3720.
  103. Arunabh S., Pollack S., Yeh J., Aloia J.F. Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003;88:157–161. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020978.
  104. Vimeswaran K., Berry D., Lu C., Pilz S., Hiraki L., Cooper J., Dastani Z., Li R., Houston D., Wood A. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: Bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS Med. 2013;10:1549–1676.
  105. Kamycheva E., Sundsfjord J., Jorde R. Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th tromso study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2004;151:167–172. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1510167.
  106. Kamycheva E., Joakimsen R.M., Jorde R. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D predict body mass index in the population of northern norway. J. Nutr. 2003;133:102–106.
  107. Kull M., Kallikorm R., Lember M. Body mass index determines sunbathing habits: Implications on vitamin D levels. Intern. Med. J. 2009;39:256–258. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.01900.x.
  108. Harris S.S., Dawson-Hughes B. Reduced sun exposure does not explain the inverse association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with percent body fat in older adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;92:3155–3157. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-0722.
  109. Holick M.F., Matsuoka L.Y., Wortsman J. Age, vitamin D and solar ultraviolet. Lancet. 1989;334:1104–1105.
  110. Verbraecken J., van de Heyning P., De Backer W., van Gaal L. Body surface area in normal-weight, overweight, and obese adults. A comparison study. A comparison study. Metabolism. 2006;55:515–524.
  111. Wortsman J., Matsuoka L.Y., Chen T.C., Lu Z., Holick M.F. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000;72:690–693.
  112. Florez H., Martinez R., Chacra W., Strickman-Stein N., Levis S. Outdoor exercise reduces the risk of hypovitaminosis D in the obese. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007;103:679–681. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.032.
  113. Hewitt S., Søvik T., Aasheim E., Kristinsson J., Jahnsen J., Birketvedt G., Bøhmer T., Eriksen E., Mala T. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D sufficiency, and serum calcium 5years after gastric bypass and duodenal switch. Obes. Surg. 2013;23:384–390. doi: 10.1007/s11695-012-0772-3.
  114. Aarts E., van Groningen L., Horst R., Telting D., van Sorge A., Janssen I., de Boer H. Vitamin D absorption: Consequences of gastric bypass surgery. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2011;164:827–832. doi: 10.1530/EJE-10-1126.
  115. Shapses S.A., Sukumar D., Schneider S.H., Schlussel Y., Brolin R.E., Taich L. Hormonal and dietary influences on true fractional calcium absorption in women: Role of obesity. Osteoporosis Int. 2012;23:2607–2614. doi: 10.1007/s00198-012-1901-5.
  116. Bell N.H., Shaw S., Turner R.T. Evidence that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the hepatic production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man. J. Clin. Invest. 1984;74:1540–1544. doi: 10.1172/JCI111568.
  117. Salehpour A., Hosseinpanah F., Shidfar F., Vafa M., Razaghi M., Dehghani S., Hoshiarrad A., Gohari M. A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women. Nutr. J. 2012;11:78. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-78.
  118. Major GC, Alarie F, Doré J, Phouttama S, Tremblay A. Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(1):54-9.
  119. Available at http://www.jomrjournal.org/article.asp?issn=2347-9906;year=2015;volume=2;issue=3;spage=161;epage=166;aulast=de.
  120. Wood RJ. Vitamin D and adipogenesis: New molecular insights. Nutr Rev 2008;66:40-6.
  121. Rosen ED, MacDougald OA. Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006;7:885-96.
  122. Ross SE, Hemati N, Longo KA, Bennett CN, Lucas PC, Erickson RL, et al. Inhibition of adipogenesis by Wnt signaling. Science 2000;289:950-3.
  123. Nimitphong H, Holick MF, Fried SK, Lee MJ. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promote the differentiation of human subcutaneous preadipocytes. PLoS One 2012;7:e52171.
  124. Lee H, Bae S, Yoon Y. Anti-adipogenic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are mediated by the maintenance of the wingless-type MMTV integration site/ß-catenin pathway. Int J Mol Med 2012;30:1219-24.
  125. Cianferotti L, Demay MB. VDR-mediated inhibition of DKK1 and SFRP2 suppresses adipogenic differentiation of murine bone marrow stromal cells. J Cell Biochem 2007;101:80-8.
  126. Kong J, Li YC. Molecular mechanism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290:E916-24.
  127. Walker G.E., Ricotti R., Roccio M., Moia S., Bellone S., Prodam F., Bona G. Pediatric obesity and vitamin D deficiency: A proteomic approach identifies multimeric adiponectin as a key link between these conditions. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e83685 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083685.
  128. Abbas M.A. Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2017;165:369–381. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.004.
  129. Blumberg J.M., Tzameli I., Astapova I., Lam F.S., Flier J.S., Hollenberg A.N. Complex role of the vitamin D receptor and its ligand in adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2006;281:11205–11213. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M510343200.
  130. Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1321-7.
  131. Duggan C, de Dieu Tapsoba J, Mason C, et al. Effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation in combination with weight loss on inflammatory biomarkers in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa). 2015;8(7):628-635. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0449.
  132. Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, et al. A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D₃ supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women. Nutr J. 2012;11:78.
  133. Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Brzeziński M, Jankowska A, Metelska P, Słomińska-Frączek M, Socha P. Long-term effects of vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D deficient obese children participating in an integrated weight-loss programme (a double-blind placebo-controlled study) – rationale for the study design. BMC Pediatrics. 2017;17:97. doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0851-7.
  134. Cefalo CMA, Conte C, Sorice GP, et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(4):651-657.
  135. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/847287.
  136. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00353054.
  137. Szlagatys-sidorkiewicz A, Brzeziński M, Jankowska A, Metelska P, Słomińska-frączek M, Socha P. Long-term effects of vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D deficient obese children participating in an integrated weight-loss programme (a double-blind placebo-controlled study) – rationale for the study design. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):97.
  138. Danik JS, Manson JE. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine. 2012;14(4):414-424. doi:10.1007/s11936-012-0183-8.
  139. Skaaby T. The relationship of vitamin D status to risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Dan Med J. 2015;62(2).
  140. Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease. The American journal of the medical sciences. 2009;338(1):40-44. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91.
  141. Gouni-berthold I, Krone W, Berthold HK. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009;7(3):414-22.
  142. Mcnally JD, Menon K. Vitamin D deficiency in surgical congenital heart disease: prevalence and relevance. Transl Pediatr. 2013;2(3):99-111.
  143. Fanari Z, Hammami S, Hammami MB, Hammami S, Abdellatif A. Vitamin D deficiency plays an important role in cardiac disease and affects patient outcome: Still a myth or a fact that needs exploration? Journal of the Saudi Heart Association. 2015;27(4):264-271. doi:10.1016/j.jsha.2015.02.003.
  144. Ioana Mozos and Otilia Marginean, “Links between Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiovascular Diseases,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2015, Article ID 109275, 12 pages, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/109275.
  145. Welles CC, Whooley MA, Karumanchi SA, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: Data From the Heart and Soul Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2014;179(11):1279-1287. doi:10.1093/aje/kwu059.
  146. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S215717161531025X.
  147. Available at https://heart.bmj.com/content/98/8/609.
  148. Aljefree NM, Lee P, Alsaqqaf JM, Ahmed F. Association between Vitamin D Status and Coronary Heart Disease among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study. Healthcare (Basel). 2016;4(4).
  149. Available at http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/1/89.
  150. Liu M, Li X, Sun R, Zeng Y, Chen S, Zhang P. Vitamin D nutritional status and the risk for cardiovascular disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2016;11(4):1189-1193. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3047.
  151. Al Mheid I, Patel RS, Tangpricha V, Quyyumi AA. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: is the evidence solid? European Heart Journal. 2013;34(48):3691-3698. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht166.
  152. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jun 9;168(11):1174–1180.
  153. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008 Jan 29;117(4):503–511.
  154. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jun 23;168(12):1340–1349.
  155. Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol. 2010 Oct 1;106(7):963–968.
  156. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629–1637.
  157. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1174–80.
  158. Lacroix AZ, Kotchen J, Anderson G, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64:559–67.
  159. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:469.
  160. Artaza JN, Norris KC. Vitamin D reduces the expression of collagen and key profibrotic factors by inducing an antifibrotic phenotype in mesenchymal multipotent cells. J Endocrinol. 2009;200:207–21.
  161. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:754–9.
  162. Jiang WL, Gu HB, Zhang YF, Xia QQ, Qi J, Chen JC. Vitamin D Supplementation in the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Cardiol. 2016;39(1):56–61.
  163. Kunadian, G. A. Ford, B. Bawamia, W. Qiu, and J. E. Manson, “Vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery disease: A review of the evidence,” American Heart Journal, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 283–291, 2014.
  164. Ferder, F. Inserra, W. Manucha, and L. Ferder, “The world pandemic of vitamin D deficiency could possibly be explained by cellular inflammatory response activity induced by the renin-angiotensin system,” The American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology, vol. 304, no. 11, pp. C1027–C1039, 2013.
  165. Witte KK, Byrom R, Gierula J, et al. Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiac Function in Patients With Chronic HF: The VINDICATE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(22):2593–2603.
  166. C. Maki, M. R. Rubin, L. G. Wong et al., “Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the metabolic syndrome in men and women,” Journal of Clinical Lipidology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 289–296, 2009.
  167. J. Wang, M. J. Pencina, S. L. Booth et al., “Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease,” Circulation, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 503–511, 2008.
  168. D. O’Connell, J. E. Berry, A. K. Jarvis, M. J. Somerman, and R. U. Simpson, “1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy,” The American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 272, no. 4, pp. H1751–H1758, 1997.
  169. R. Davies and K. A. Hruska, “Pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular calcification in end-stage renal disease,” Kidney International, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 472–479, 2001.
  170. Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(16):1730-7.
  171. Matias PJ, Jorge C, Ferreira C, et al. Cholecalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism, inflammation, and cardiac dimension parameters. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(5):905-11.
  172. Avaiable at https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021732574&origin=inward&txGid=c09f2d2e6407e52209c3358a78fc93d2.
  173. Amin A, Minaee S, Chitsazan M, Naderi N, Taghavi S, Ardeshiri M. Can vitamin D supplementation improve the severity of congestive heart failure?. Congest Heart Fail. 2013;19(4):E22-8.
  174. Mcgonigle RJ, Fowler MB, Timmis AB, Weston MJ, Parsons V. Uremic cardiomyopathy: potential role of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Nephron. 1984;36(2):94-100.
  175. Available at https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/13384.
  176. Kim HW, Park CW, Shin YS, et al. Calcitriol regresses cardiac hypertrophy and QT dispersion in secondary hyperparathyroidism on hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2006;102(1):c21-9.
  177. Al Mheid I, Patel RS, Tangpricha V, Quyyumi AA. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: is the evidence solid? European Heart Journal. 2013;34(48):3691-3698. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht166.
  178. Majeed Babar MZ, Haider SS, Mustafa G. Effects of Vitamin D supplementation on physical activity of patients with Heart Failure. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016;32(6):1430-1433. doi:10.12669/pjms.326.10714.
  179. Bucharles S, Barberato SH, Stinghen AE, et al. Impact of cholecalciferol treatment on biomarkers of inflammation and myocardial structure in hemodialysis patients without hyperparathyroidism. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(2):284-91.
  180. Liu M, Li X, Sun R, Zeng Y, Chen S, Zhang P. Vitamin d nutritional status and the risk for cardiovascular disease. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2016;11(4):1189-1193. Doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3047.
  181. Kudo K, Hasegawa S, Suzuki Y, Hirano R, Wakiguchi H, Kittaka S, Ichiyama T. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and interleukin-8 production in human coronary arterial endothelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2012;132:290–294. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.07.003.
  182. Elamin MB, Abu elnour NO, Elamin KB, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1931-42.
  183. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M, Gluud C. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011:CD007470.
  184. Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1730–1737.
  185. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. Br Med J. 2003;326:469.
  186. LaCroix AZ, Kotchen J, Anderson G, Brzyski R, Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Gass M, Johnson KC, Ko M, Larson J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the women’s health initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64:559–567.
  187. Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD. Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:315–323.
  188. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. New Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553.
  189. Amin A, Minaee S, Chitsazan M, Naderi N, Taghavi S, Ardeshiri M. Can vitamin D supplementation improve the severity of congestive heart failure? Congest Heart Fail. 2013;19(4):E22–E28. doi:10.1111/chf.12026.
  190. Han B, Zhu F-X, Shi C, Wu H-L, Gu X-H. Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Sleep Disturbance in Hemodialysis Patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(2):139. doi:10.3390/nu9020139.
  191. Gominak SC, Stumpf WE. The world epidemic of sleep disorders is linked to vitamin D deficiency. Med Hypotheses. 2012;79(2):132-5.
  192. Andersen ML, Tufik S. Vitamin D as an Underlying Factor in Sleep-Related Issues. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2012;8(6):699. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2268.
  193. Cheng TS, Loy SL, Cheung YB, et al. Plasma Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality and Night-Time Eating at Mid-Pregnancy in Singapore. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):340. doi:10.3390/nu9040340.
  194. Evatt ML. Vitamin D Associations and Sleep Physiology—Promising Rays of Information. Sleep. 2015;38(2):171-172. doi:10.5665/sleep.4386.
  195. Jung YS, Chae CH, Kim YO, et al. The relationship between serum vitamin D levels and sleep quality in fixed day indoor field workers in the electronics manufacturing industry in Korea. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2017;29:25. doi:10.1186/s40557-017-0187-7.
  196. Johnson K, Sattari M. Vitamin D deficiency and fatigue: an unusual presentation. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:584. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1376-x.
  197. Mccarty DE, Chesson AL, Jain SK, Marino AA. The link between vitamin D metabolism and sleep medicine. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(4):311-9.
  198. Massa J., Stone K.L., Wei E.K., Harrison S.L., Barrett-Connor E., Lane N.E., Paudel M., Redline S., Ancoli-Israel S., Orwoll E., et al. Vitamin D and actigraphic sleep outcomes in older community-dwelling men: The mros sleep study. Sleep. 2015;38:251–257. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4408.
  199. Kim J.H., Chang J.H., Kim D.Y., Kang J.W. Association between self-reported sleep duration and serum vitamin D level in elderly korean adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2014;62:2327–2332. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13148.
  200. Gholamrezaei A., Bonakdar Z.S., Mirbagher L., Hosseini N. Sleep disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus. Does vitamin D play a role? Lupus. 2014;23:1054–1058. doi: 10.1177/0961203314532563.
  201. Einollahi B., Motalebi M., Rostami Z., Nemati E., Salesi M. Sleep quality among iranian hemodialysis patients: A multicenter study. Nephro-Urol. Mon. 2015;7:e23849.
  202. Joshwa B., Khakha D.C., Mahajan S. Fatigue and depression and sleep problems among hemodialysis patients in a tertiary care center. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant. 2012;23:729–735.
  203. Chaput J.P. Sleep patterns, diet quality and energy balance. Physiol. Behav. 2014;134:86–91. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.006.
  204. Earthman C.P., Beckman L.M., Masodkar K., Sibley S.D. The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: Considerations and implications. Int. J. Obes. 2012;36:387–396. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.119.
  205. Peterson CA, Heffernan ME. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations are negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in healthy women. J Inflamm (Lond) 2008;5:10. doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-10.
  206. Musiol I.M., Stumpf W.E., Bidmon H.J., Heiss C., Mayerhofer A., Bartke A. Vitamin D nuclear binding to neurons of the septal, substriatal and amygdaloid area in the siberian hamster (phodopus sungorus) brain. Neuroscience. 1992;48:841–848. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90272-4.
  207. Stumpf W.E., Bidmon H.J., Li L., Pilgrim C., Bartke A., Mayerhofer A., Heiss C. Nuclear receptor sites for vitamin D-soltriol in midbrain and hindbrain of siberian hamster (phodopus sungorus) assessed by autoradiography. Histochemistry. 1992;98:155–164. doi: 10.1007/BF00315874.
  208. Stumpf W.E., O’Brien L.P. 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 sites of action in the brain. An autoradiographic study. Histochemistry. 1987;87:393–406. doi: 10.1007/BF00496810.
  209. Obal F., Jr., Krueger J.M. Biochemical regulation of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Front. Biosci. 2003;8:d520–d550.
  210. Krueger J.M., Majde J.A., Rector D.M. Cytokines in immune function and sleep regulation. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2011;98:229–240.
  211. Gominak S.C., Stumpf W.E. The world epidemic of sleep disorders is linked to vitamin D deficiency. Med. Hypotheses. 2012;79:132–135. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.031.
  212. Majid MS, Ahmad HS, Bizhan H, Mohammad hosein HZ, Mohammad A. The effect of vitamin D supplement on the score and quality of sleep in 20-50 year-old people with sleep disorders compared with control group. Nutr Neurosci. 2017;:1-9.
  213. Huang W, Shah S, Long Q, Crankshaw AK, Tangpricha V. Improvement of pain, sleep, and quality of life in chronic pain patients with vitamin D supplementation. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(4):341-7.
  214. Mucci M, Carraro C, Mancino P, et al. Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopause. Minerva Ginecol. 2006;58(4):323-34.
  215. Al-Badr W, Martin KJ. Vitamin D and Kidney Disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2008;3(5):1555-1560. doi:10.2215/CJN.01150308.
  216. Williams S, Malatesta K, Norris K. Vitamin D and Chronic Kidney Disease. Ethnicity & disease. 2009;19(4 Suppl 5):S5-8-11.
  217. Jean G, Souberbielle JC, Chazot C. Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):328. doi:10.3390/nu9040328.
  218. Kim CS, Kim SW. Vitamin D and chronic kidney disease. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 2014;29(4):416-427. doi:10.3904/kjim.2014.29.4.416.
  219. Patel T, Singh AK. Role of Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease. Seminars in nephrology. 2009;29(2):113-121. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.01.004.
  220. Mehrotra R, Kermah D, Budoff M, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2008;3(4):1144-1151. doi:10.2215/CJN.05781207.
  221. Jean G, Souberbielle JC, Chazot C. Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):328. doi:10.3390/nu9040328.
  222. Restrepo Valencia CA, Aguirre Arango JV. Vitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 2-5. Colombia Médica : CM. 2016;47(3):160-166.
  223. Zisman AL, Hristova M, Ho LT, Sprague SM: Impact of ergocalciferol treatment of vitamin D deficiency on serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 27 :36– 43,2007.
  224. Chandra P, Binongo JN, Ziegler TR, Schlanger LE, Wang W, Someren JT, Tangpricha V: Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) therapy and vitamin D insufficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled pilot study. Endocr Pract 14 :10– 17,2008.
  225. Al-Aly Z, Qazi RA, Gonzalez EA, Zeringue A, Martin KJ: Changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and plasma intact PTH levels following treatment with ergocalciferol in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 50 :59– 68,2007.
  226. Kandula P., Dobre M., Schold J.D., Schreiber M.J., Jr., Mehrotra R., Navaneethan S.D. Vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Clin J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2011;6:50–62. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03940510.
  227. Alvarez J.A., Law J., Coakley K.E., Zughaier S.M., Hao L., Shahid Salles K., Wasse H., Gutierrez O.M., Ziegler T.R., Tangpricha V. High-dose cholecalciferol reduces parathyroid hormone in patients with early chronic kidney disease: A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;96:672–679. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040642.
  228. Cupisti A., Vigo V., Baronti M.E., D’Alessandro C., Ghiadoni L., Egidi M.F. Vitamin D status and cholecalciferol supplementation in chronic kidney disease patients: An Italian cohort report. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2015;8:151–157. doi: 10.2147/IJNRD.S90968.
  229. Jean G., Vanel T., Terrat J.C., Chazot C. Prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients: The key role of native vitamin D supplementation. Hemodial. Int. 2010;14:486–491. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2010.00472.x.
  230. Cupisti A., Vigo V., Baronti M.E., D’Alessandro C., Ghiadoni L., Egidi M.F. Vitamin D status and cholecalciferol supplementation in chronic kidney disease patients: An Italian cohort report. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2015;8:151–157. doi: 10.2147/IJNRD.S90968.
  231. Jean G., Vanel T., Terrat J.C., Chazot C. Prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients: The key role of native vitamin D supplementation. Hemodial. Int. 2010;14:486–491. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2010.00472.x.
  232. Sprague S.M., Silva A.L., Al-Saghir F., Damle R., Tabash S.P., Petkovich M., Messner E.J., White J.A., Melnick J.Z., Bishop C.W. Modified-release calcifediol effectively controls secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with vitamin D insufficiency in chronic kidney disease. Am J. Nephrol. 2014;40:535–545. doi: 10.1159/000369939.
  233. Tangpricha V., Wasse H. Vitamin D therapy in kidney disease: More vitamin D is necessary. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2014;64:667–669. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.08.004.
  234. Kandula P, Dobre M, Schold JD, Schreiber MJ, Mehrotra R, Navaneethan SD. Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2011;6(1):50-62. doi:10.2215/CJN.03940510.
  235. Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernan MA, Camargo CA Jr, Thadhani R: Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: A historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 :1115– 1125,2005.
  236. Young EW, Albert JM, Satayathum S, Goodkin DA, Pisoni RL, Akiba T, Akizawa T, Kurokawa K, Bommer J, Piera L, Port FK: Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 67 :1179– 1187,2005.
  237. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, Kovesdy CP, Kilpatrick RD, Shinaberger CS, McAllister CJ, Budoff MJ, Salusky IB, Kopple JD: Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 70 :771– 780,2006.
  238. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, et al. Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006;70:771–780.
  239. Melamed ML, Eustace JA, Plantinga L, et al. Changes in serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH and the risk of death in incident dialysis patients: a longitudinal study. Kidney Int. 2006;70:351–357.
  240. Shoji T, Shinohara K, Kimoto E, et al. Lower risk for cardiovascular mortality in oral 1alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 users in a haemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:179–184.
  241. Melamed ML, Eustace JA, Plantinga L, Jaar BG, Fink NE, Coresh J, Klag MJ, Powe NR: Changes in serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH and the risk of death in incident dialysis patients: A longitudinal study. Kidney Int 70: 351–357, 2006.
  242. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, Kovesdy CP, Kilpatrick RD, Shinaberger CS, McAllister CJ, Budoff MJ, Salusky IB, Kopple JD: Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 70: 771–780, 2006.
  243. Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernán MA, Camargo CA, Jr, Thadhani R: Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: A historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 1115–1125, 2005.
  244. Shoji T, Shinohara K, Kimoto E, Emoto M, Tahara H, Koyama H, Inaba M, Fukumoto S, Ishimura E, Miki T, Tabata T, Nishizawa Y: Lower risk for cardiovascular mortality in oral 1alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 users in a haemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 179–184, 2004.
  245. Wolf M, Betancourt J, Chang Y, Shah A, Teng M, Tamez H, Gutierrez O, Camargo CA, Jr, Melamed M, Norris K, Stampfer MJ, Powe NR, Thadhani R: Impact of activated vitamin D and race on survival among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 1379–1388, 2008.
  246. Kovesdy CP, Ahmadzadeh S, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Association of activated vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 168: 397–403, 2008.
  247. Kuhlmann A, Haas CS, Gross ML, Reulbach U, Holzinger M, Schwarz U, Ritz E, Amann K: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases podocyte loss and podocyte hypertrophy in the subtotally nephrectomized rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286 :F526– F533,2004.
  248. Aschenbrenner JK, Sollinger HW, Becker BN, Hullett DA: 1,25-(OH(2))D(3) alters the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway in renal tissue. J Surg Res 100 :171– 175,2001.
  249. Subramaniam N, Leong GM, Cock TA, Flanagan JL, Fong C, Eisman JA, Kouzmenko AP: Cross-talk between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and transforming growth factor-beta signaling requires binding of VDR and Smad3 proteins to their cognate DNA recognition elements. J Biol Chem 276 :15741– 15746,2001.
  250. Kruger S, Kreft B: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 differentially regulates IL-1alpha-stimulated IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA expression and chemokine secretion by human primary proximal tubular epithelial cells. Exp Nephrol 9 :223– 228,2001.
  251. Zhu KJ, Shen QY, Zheng M, Mrowietz U: Effects of calcitriol and its analogues on interaction of MCP-1 and monocyte derived dendritic cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 22 :62– 65,2001.
  252. Wang TT, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, Nagai Y, Wang Q, Liao J, Tavera-Mendoza L, Lin R, Hanrahan JW, Mader S, White JH: Cutting edge: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 173 :2909– 2912,2004.
  253. Zhang Z, Sun L, Wang Y, Ning G, Minto AW, Kong J, Quigg RJ, Li YC: Renoprotective role of the vitamin D receptor in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 73 :163– 171,2008.
  254. Jones G. Expanding role of vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: importance of blood 25-OH-D levels and extra-renal 1α-hydroxylase in the classical and nonclassical actions of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Seminars in Dialysis. 2007;20(4):316–324.
  255. Zheng Z, Shi H, Jia J, Li D, Lin S. Vitamin D supplementation and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of 20 observational studies. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:199.
  256. Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, et al. Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1115–1125.
  257. Melamed ML, Eustace JA, Plantinga L, et al. Changes in serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH and the risk of death in incident dialysis patients: a longitudinal study. Kidney Int. 2006;70:351–357.
  258. Tentori F, Hunt WC, Stidley CA, et al. Mortality risk among hemodialysis patients receiving different vitamin D analogs. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1858–1865.
  259. Kovesdy CP, Ahmadzadeh S, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of activated vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:397–403.
  260. Shoben AB, Rudser KD, de Boer IH, Young B, Kestenbaum B. Association of oral calcitriol with improved survival in nondialyzed CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1613–1619.
  261. Milliner DS, Zinsmeister AR, Lieberman E, Landing B. Soft tissue calcification in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 1990;38:931–936.
  262. Goldsmith DJ, Covic A, Sambrook PA, Ackrill P. Vascular calcification in long-term haemodialysis patients in a single unit: a retrospective analysis. Nephron. 1997;77:37–43.
  263. Berlyne GM, Mallick NP. Arterial calcification after vitamin D. Lancet. 1969;1:416.
  264. Kingma JG, Jr, Roy PE. Ultrastructural study of hypervitaminosis D induced arterial calcification in Wistar rats. Artery. 1988;16:51–61.
  265. Watson KE, Abrolat ML, Malone LL, et al. Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation. 1997;96:1755–1760.
  266. Andress DL. Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: a systemic role for selective vitamin D receptor activation. Kidney Int. 2006;69:33–43.
  267. Drissi H, Pouliot A, Koolloos C, et al. 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 suppresses the bone-related Runx2/Cbfa1 gene promoter. Exp Cell Res. 2002;274:323–333.
  268. Mathew S, Lund RJ, Chaudhary LR, Geurs T, Hruska KA. Vitamin D receptor activators can protect against vascular calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1509–1519.
  269. Cardus A, Panizo S, Parisi E, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. Differential effects of vitamin D analogs on vascular calcification. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:860–866.
  270. Noonan W, Koch K, Nakane M, et al. Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on aortic calcification and pulse wave velocity in uraemic rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008.
  271. Levin A, Gutierrez O, Andress DL, Wolf M. Deficiencies of 25D, 1,25D and inflammation are associated with albuminuria. American Society of Nephrology Annual Meeting; November 2–5; 2007.
  272. Agarwal R, Acharya M, Tian J, et al. Antiproteinuric effect of oral paricalcitol in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005;68:2823–2828.
  273. Alborzi P, Patel NA, Peterson C, et al. Paricalcitol reduces albuminuria and inflammation in chronic kidney disease: a randomized double-blind pilot trial. Hypertension. 2008;52:249–255.
  274. Panichi V, Migliori M, Taccola D, et al. Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis in rats. Kidney Int. 2001;60:87–95.
  275. uhlmann A, Haas CS, Gross ML, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases podocyte loss and podocyte hypertrophy in the subtotally nephrectomized rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004;286:F526–533.
  276. Makibayashi K, Tatematsu M, Hirata M, et al. A vitamin D analog ameliorates glomerular injury on rat glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol. 2001;158:1733–1741.
  277. Tan X, Li Y, Liu Y. Therapeutic role and potential mechanisms of active Vitamin D in renal interstitial fibrosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:491–496.
  278. Stubbs JR, Idiculla A, Slusser J, Menard R, Quarles LD: Cholecalciferol supplementation alters calcitriol-responsive monocyte proteins and decreases inflammatory cytokines in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 21: 353–361, 2010.
  279. Nwaohiri NK. Studying the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vascular Function in CKD: A Work in Progress. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(5):1578-1579.
  280. Krysiak R, Gilowska M, Okopień B. Sexual function and depressive symptoms in young women with low vitamin D status: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;204:108-12.
  281. Krysiak R, Szwajkosz A, Okopień B. The effect of low vitamin D status on sexual functioning and depressive symptoms in apparently healthy men: a pilot study. Int J Impot Res. 2018.
  282. Sorenson M, Grant WB. Does vitamin D deficiency contribute to erectile dysfunction? Dermato-endocrinology. 2012;4(2):128-136. doi:10.4161/derm.20361.
  283. Barassi A, Pezzilli R, Colpi GM, Corsi romanelli MM, Melzi d’eril GV. Vitamin D and erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2014;11(11):2792-800.
  284. Basat S, Sivritepe R, Ortaboz D, et al. The relationship between vitamin D level and erectile dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aging Male. 2018;21(2):111-115.
  285. Guillot X, Semerano L, Saidenberg-Kermanac’h N, Falgarone G, Boissier MC. Vitamin D and inflammation. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77:552–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.09.018.
  286. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. Putting cardiovascular disease and vitamin D insufficiency into perspective. Br J Nutr. 2005;94:483–92. doi: 10.1079/BJN20051544.
  287. Müller K, Haahr PM, Diamant M, Rieneck K, Kharazmi A, Bendtzen K. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits cytokine production by human blood monocytes at the post-transcriptional level. Cytokine. 1992;4:506–12. doi: 10.1016/1043-4666(92)90012-G.
  288. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:731–2.
  289. Canning MO, Grotenhuis K, de Wit H, Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA. 1-alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) hampers the maturation of fully active immature dendritic cells from monocytes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001;145:351–7. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1450351.
  290. Peterson CA, Heffernan ME. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations are negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in healthy women. J Inflamm (Lond) 2008;5:10. doi: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-10.
  291. Martinesi M, Bruni S, Stio M, Treves C. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells. Cell Biol Int. 2006;30:365–75. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.01.004.
  292. Oh J, Weng S, Felton SK, Bhandare S, Riek A, Butler B, et al. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin d inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2009;120:687–98. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.856070.
  293. Riek AE, Oh J, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Vitamin D regulates macrophage cholesterol metabolism in diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121:430–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.018.
  294. Krysiak R, Szwajkosz A, Marek B, Okopień B. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on sexual functioning and depressive symptoms in young women with low vitamin D status. Endokrynol Pol. 2018.
  295. Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43(3):223-5.
  296. Canguven O, Talib RA, El ansari W, Yassin DJ, Al naimi A. Vitamin D treatment improves levels of sexual hormones, metabolic parameters and erectile function in middle-aged vitamin D deficient men. Aging Male. 2017;20(1):9-16.
  297. Sorenson M, Grant WB. Does vitamin D deficiency contribute to erectile dysfunction? Dermatoendocrinol. 2012;4:128–36.
  298. Molinari C, Uberti F, Grossini E, Vacca G, Carda S, Invernizzi M, et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induces nitric oxide production in cultured endothelial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2011;27:661–8.
  299. Andrukhova O, Slavic S, Zeitz U, Riesen SC, Heppelmann MS, Ambrisko TD, et al. Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2014;28:53–64.
  300. Pagliardini L, Vigano’ P, Molgora M, et al. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Infertile Women Referring for Assisted Reproduction. Nutrients. 2015;7(12):9972-9984. doi:10.3390/nu7125516.
  301. Tartagni M, Matteo M, Baldini D, et al. Males with low serum levels of vitamin D have lower pregnancy rates when ovulation induction and timed intercourse are used as a treatment for infertile couples: results from a pilot study. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E. 2015;13:127. doi:10.1186/s12958-015-0126-9.
  302. Lata I, Tiwari S, Gupta A, Yadav S, Yadav S. To Study the Vitamin D Levels in Infertile Females and Correlation of Vitamin D Deficiency with AMH Levels in Comparison to Fertile Females. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 2017;10(2):86-90. doi:10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_105_16.
  303. Dabrowski FA, Grzechocinska B, Wielgos M. The Role of Vitamin D in Reproductive Health—A Trojan Horse or the Golden Fleece? Nutrients. 2015;7(6):4139-4153. doi:10.3390/nu7064139.
  304. Paffoni A, Ferrari S, Viganò P, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and infertility: insights from in vitro fertilization cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):E2372-6.
  305. Zhu CL, Xu QF, Li SX, et al. Investigation of serum vitamin D levels in Chinese infertile men. Andrologia. 2016;48(10):1261-1266.
  306. Franasiak JM. Vitamin D in human reproduction-an evolving landscape. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(7):1650-1651.
  307. Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Słabuszewska-jóźwiak A, Nowicka G, Jakiel G. Influence of vitamin D and transforming growth factor β3 serum concentrations, obesity, and family history on the risk for uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(7):1787-1792.
  308. Lerchbaum E, Obermayer-pietsch B. Vitamin D and fertility: a systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166(5):765-78.
  309. Aghajafari F., Nagulesapillai T., Ronksley P.E., Tough S.C., O’Beirne M., Rabi D.M. Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2013;346:f1169. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f1169.
  310. Hart P.H., Lucas R.M., Walsh J.P., Zosky G.R., Whitehouse A.J., Zhu K., Allen K.L., Kusel M.M., Anderson D., Mountain J.A. Vitamin D in fetal development: Findings from a birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e167–e173. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1860.
  311. Hollis B.W., Wagner C.L. Vitamin D and pregnancy: Skeletal effects, nonskeletal effects, and birth outcomes. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2013;92:128–139. doi: 10.1007/s00223-012-9607-4.
  312. Hollis B.W., Wagner C.L. Vitamin D requirements and supplementation during pregnancy. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2011;18:371–375. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e32834b0040.
  313. Grzechocinska B., Dabrowski F.A., Cyganek A., Wielgos M. The role of vitamin D in impaired fertility treatment. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 2013;34:756–762.
  314. Irani M., Merhi Z. Role of vitamin D in ovarian physiology and its implication in reproduction: A systematic review. Fertil. Steril. 2014;102:460–468. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.046.
  315. Kwiecinski GG, Petrie GI, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D is necessary for reproductive functions of the male rat. J Nutr. 1989;119(5):741–4.
  316. Sun W, Chen L, Zhang W, Wang R, Goltzman D, Miao D. Active vitamin D deficiency mediated by extracellular calcium and phosphorus results in male infertility in young mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015;308(1):E51–62. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00076.2014.
  317. Nangia AK, Hill O, Waterman MD, Schwender CE, Memoli V. Testicular maturation arrest to testis cancer: spectrum of expression of the vitamin D receptor and vitamin D treatment in vitro. J Urol. 2007;178(3 Pt 1):1092–6. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.009.
  318. Heaney RP, Holick MF. Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(3):455–7. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.328.
  319. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911–30. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0385.
  320. Dressler N, Chandra A, Aguirre Dávila L, Spineli LM, Schippert C, von Versen-Hoynck F. BMI and season are associated with vitamin D deficiency in women with impaired fertility: a two-centre analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293:907–14.
  321. Bodnar L.M., Catov J.M., Simhan H.N., Holick M.F., Powers R.W., Roberts J.M. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;92:3517–3522. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-0718.
  322. NIH/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. “Insufficient vitamin D linked to miscarriage among women with prior pregnancy loss: Study suggests the importance of preconception vitamin D in maintaining pregnancy.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 30 May 2018. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180530192217.htm>.
  323. Irani M, Minkoff H, Seifer DB, Merhi Z. Vitamin D increases serum levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:886–90.
  324. Schoenaker DA, Jackson CA, Rowlands JV, Mishra GD. Socioeconomic position, lifestyle factors and age at natural menopause: a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies across six continents. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:1542–62.
  325. Ozkan S., Jindal S., Greenseid K., Shu J., Zeitlian G., Hickmon C., Pal L. Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2010;94:1314–1349. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.019.
  326. Rudick B., Ingles S., Chung K., Stanczyk F., Paulson R., Bendikson K. Characterizing the influence of vitamin D levels on IVF outcomes. Hum. Reprod. 2012;27:3321–3327. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des280.
  327. Rudick B.J., Ingles S.A., Chung K., Stanczyk F.Z., Paulson R.J., Bendikson K.A. Influence of vitamin D levels on in vitro fertilization outcomes in donor-recipient cycles. Fertil. Steril. 2014;101:447–452. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.008.
  328. Fabris A., Pacheco A., Cruz M., Puente J.M., Fatemi H., Garcia-Velasco J.A. Impact of circulating levels of total and bioavailable serum vitamin D on pregnancy rate in egg donation recipients. Fertil. Steril. 2014;102:1608–1612. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.08.030.
  329. Aleyasin A, Hosseini MA, Mahdavi A, Safdarian L, Fallahi P, Mohajeri MR, Abbasi M & Esfahani F. Predictive value of the level of vitamin D in follicular fluid on the outcome of assisted reproductive technology. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2011 159 132–137.
  330. Anifandis GM, Dafopoulos K, Messini CI, Chalvatzas N, Liakos N, Pournaras S & Messinis IE. Prognostic value of follicular fluid 25-OH vitamin D and glucose levels in the IVF outcome. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2010 8 91.
  331. Roth DE, Leung M, Mesfin E, Qamar H, Watterworth J, Papp E. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: state of the evidence from a systematic review of randomised trials. The BMJ. 2017;359:j5237. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5237.
  332. Harvey NC, Holroyd C, Ntani G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2014;18(45):1-190. doi:10.3310/hta18450.
  333. De-regil LM, Palacios C, Ansary A, Kulier R, Peña-rosas JP. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD008873.
  334. Pérez-lópez FR, Pasupuleti V, Mezones-holguin E, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(5):1278-88.e4.
  1. Naghshineh E, Sheikhaliyan S. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in the reduce risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Advanced Biomedical Research. 2016;5:7. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.175239.
  2. Parikh G, Varadinova M, Suwandhi P, Araki T, Rosenwaks Z, Poretsky L & Seto-Young D. Vitamin D regulates steroidogenesis and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) production in human ovarian cells. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2010 42 754–757.
  3. Sun T, Zhao Y, Mangelsdorf DJ & Simpson ER. Characterization of a region upstream of exon I.1 of the human CYP19 (aromatase) gene that mediates regulation by retinoids in human choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 1998 139 1684–1691. doi:10.1210/en.139.4.1684.
  4. Barrera D, Avila E, Hernández G, Méndez I, González L, Halhali A, Larrea F, Morales A & Díaz L. Calcitriol affects hCG gene transcription in cultured human syncytiotrophoblasts. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2008 6.
  5. Barrera D, Avila E, Hernández G, Halhali A, Biruete B, Larrea F & Díaz L. Estradiol and progesterone synthesis in human placenta is stimulated by calcitriol. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007 103 529–532.
  6. Tuan RS, Moore CJ, Brittingham JW, Kirwin JJ, Akins RE & Wong M. In vitro study of placental trophoblast calcium uptake using JEG-3 human choriocarcinoma cells. Journal of Cell Science 1991 98 333–342.
  7. Stephanou A, Ross R & Handwerger S. Regulation of human placental lactogen expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1994 135 2651–2656.
  8. Du H, Daftary GS, Lalwani SI & Taylor HS. Direct regulation of HOXA10 by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in human myelomonocytic cells and human endometrial stromal cells. Molecular Endocrinology 2005 19 2222–2233.
  9. Bagot CN, Troy PJ & Taylor HS. Alteration of maternal Hoxa10 expression by in vivo gene transfection affects implantation. Gene Therapy 2000 7 1378–1384.
  10. Aquila S, Guido C, Perrotta I, Tripepi S, Nastro A & Andò S. Human sperm anatomy: ultrastructural localization of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor and its possible role in the human male gamete. Journal of Anatomy 2008 213 555–564.
  11. Aquila S, Guido C, Middea E, Perrotta I, Bruno R, Pellegrino M & Andò S. Human male gamete endocrinology: 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) regulates different aspects of human sperm biology and metabolism. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2009 7 140.
  12. De angelis C, Galdiero M, Pivonello C, et al. The role of vitamin D in male fertility: A focus on the testis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18(3):285-305.
  13. Blomberg jensen M, Lawaetz JG, Petersen JH, Juul A, Jørgensen N. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on semen quality, reproductive hormones and live birth rate: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017.
  14. Yan W-J, Yu N, Yin T-L, Liu L, Yang J. Can Vitamin D supplementation be used as adjunctive treatment for oligozoospermia or asthenozoospermia accompanied with Vitamin D deficiency? Asian Journal of Andrology. 2015;17(1):165-167. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.138190.
  15. Blomberg jensen M, Bjerrum PJ, Jessen TE, et al. Vitamin D is positively associated with sperm motility and increases intracellular calcium in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(6):1307-17.
  16. Lerchbaum E, Obermayer-pietsch B. Vitamin D and fertility: a systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166(5):765-78.
  17. Nayak K, Garg A, Mithra P, Manjrekar P. Serum Vitamin D3 Levels and Diffuse Hair Fall among the Student Population in South India: A Case–Control Study. International Journal of Trichology. 2016;8(4):160-164. doi:10.4103/ijt.ijt_57_16.
  18. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, et al. Hypovitaminosis D myopathy without biochemical signs of osteomalacic bone involvement. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;66:419–424.
  19. Plotnikoff GA, Quigley JM. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:1463–1470.
  20. Gerkowicz A, Chyl-Surdacka K, Krasowska D, Chodorowska G. The Role of Vitamin D in Non-Scarring Alopecia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017;18(12):2653. doi:10.3390/ijms18122653.
  21. Banihashemi M, Nahidi Y, Meibodi NT, Jarahi L, Dolatkhah M. Serum Vitamin D3 Level in Patients with Female Pattern Hair Loss. International Journal of Trichology. 2016;8(3):116-120. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.188965.
  22. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03154528.
  23. Available at http://www.ejdv.eg.net/article.asp?issn=1110-6530;year=2014;volume=34;issue=1;spage=15;epage=20;aulast=Moneib.
  24. Bilson JD, Lapworth SJ. J.S. Athertya, G. Saravana Kumar, “Automatic segmentation of vertebral contours from CT images using fuzzy corners” [Comput. Biol. Med. 72 (May 1, 2016) 75-89, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27017068]. Comput Biol Med. 2017;85:24.
  25. Bakry OA, El farargy SM, El shafiee MK, Soliman A. Serum Vitamin D in patients with alopecia areata. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7(5):371-377.
  26. Bikle D.D., Oda Y., Tu C.L., Jiang Y. Novel mechanisms for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the skin and in skin cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2015;148:47–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.017.
  27. Amor K.T., Rashid R.M., Mirmirani P. Does D matter? The role of vitamin D in hair disorders and hair follicle cycling. Dermatol. Online J. 2010;16 doi: 10.3410/f.2519956.2165054.
  28. Unal M., Gonulalan G. Serum vitamin D level is related to disease severity in pediatric alopecia areata. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2017 doi: 10.1111/jocd.12352.
  29. Lim Y.Y., Kim S.Y., Kim H.M., Li K.S., Kim M.N., Park K.C., Kim B.J. Potential relationship between the canonical Wnt signalling pathway and expression of the vitamin D receptor in alopecia. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2014;39:368–375. doi: 10.1111/ced.12241.
  30. Alkhalifah A., Alsantali A., Wang E., McElwee K.J., Shapiro J. Alopecia areata update: Part I. Clinical picture, histopathology, and pathogenesis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2010;62:177–188. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.032.
  31. Ghafoor R., Anwar M.I. Vitamin D Deficiency in Alopecia Areata. Br. J. Dermatol. 2017;27:200–202.
  32. Olsen E.A. Female pattern hair loss. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001;45:S70–S80. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2001.117426.
  33. Ramos P.M., Miot H.A. Female Pattern Hair Loss: A clinical and pathophysiological review. An. Bras. Dermatol. 2015;90:529–543. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153370.
  34. Rasheed H., Mahgoub D., Hegazy R., El-Komy M., Abdel Hay R., Hamid M.A., Hamdy E. Serum ferritin and vitamin d in female hair loss: Do they play a role? Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2013;26:101–107. doi: 10.1159/000346698.
  35. Banihashemi M., Nahidi Y., Meibodi N.T., Jarahi L., Dolatkhah M. Serum Vitamin D3 Level in Patients with Female Pattern Hair Loss. Int. J. Trichol. 2016;8:116–120.
  36. Moneib H., Fathy G., Ouda A. Possible association of female-pattern hair loss with alteration in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Egypt. J. Dermatol. Venerol. 2014;34:15–20.
  37. Aksu Cerman A., Solak Sarikaya S., Altunay Kivanc I. Vitamin D deficiency in alopecia areata. Br. J. Dermatol. 2014;170:1299–1304. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12980.
  38. Kim D.H., Lee J.W., Kim I.S., Choi S.Y., Lim Y.Y., Kim H.M., Kim B.J., Kim M.N. Successful treatment of alopecia areata with topical calcipotriol. Ann. Dermatol. 2012;24:341–344. doi: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.3.341.
  39. Demay M.B., MacDonald P.N., Skorija K., Dowd D.R., Cianferotti L., Cox M. Role of the vitamin D receptor in hair follicle biology. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007;103:344–346. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.036.
  40. Narang T., Daroach M., Kumaran M.S. Efficacy and safety of topical calcipotriol in management of alopecia areata: A pilot study. Dermatol. Ther. 2017;30:3. doi: 10.1111/dth.12464.
  41. Çerman A.A., Solak S.S., Altunay İ., Küçükünal N.A. Topical Calcipotriol Therapy for Mild-to-Moderate Alopecia Areata: A Retrospective Study. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14:616–620.
  42. Wang J, Lu Z, Au JL. Protection against chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Pharm Res. 2006;23:2505–14.
  43. Chen G, Baechle A, Nevins TD, Oh S, Harmon C, Stacey DW. Protection against cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia and inhibition of mammary tumor growth by topical 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mice. Int J Cancer. 1998;75:303-9.
  44. Jimenez JJ, Yunis AA. Vitamin D3 and chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Nutrition. 1996;12:448-9.
  45. Amor KT, Rashid RM, Mirmirani P. Does D matter? The role of Vitamin D in hair disorders and hair follicle cycling. Dermatol Online J. 2010;16:3.
  46. Vegesna V, O’Kelly J, Uskokovic M, Said J, Lemp N, Saitoh T, et al. Vitamin D3 analogs stimulate hair growth in nude mice. Endocrinology. 2002;143:4389–96.
  47. Li YC, Pirro AE, Amling M, et al. Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: an animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(18):9831–9835.
  48. Reichrath J, Schilli M, Kerber A, Bahmer FA, Czarnetzki BM, Paus R. Hair follicle expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors during the murine hair cycle. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(4):477–482.
  49. Lee S, Kim BJ, Lee CH, Lee WS. Increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(7):1214-1221.
Share -

HEALTH LIBRARY

Vitamin D

Free Consultation

Health Library Single Page
Sending

Vitamin D Deficiency in Women

Few vitamins have attracted the kind of research attention that vitamin D has enjoyed over the last few years. As a result of thousands of studies on the powerful benefits of vitamin D, the official daily recommendation has gone up (see below), and there’s reason to believe that vitamin D deficiency is widespread among women.In women, vitamin D is crucial to aid in the absorption of calcium and promote bone growth. Insufficient levels of vitamin D have been linked to myriad health concerns, including:

  • Breast cancer
  • Colon cancer
  • Heart disease
  • Depression
  • Weight gain
  • Mental Illness

Vitamin D

The active form of vitamin D, called calcitriol, also plays a significant role in reproductive health. Research has shown that it helps control the genes involved in producing estrogen, embryo implantation, and immune function.

Vitamin D, sometimes called “the sunshine vitamin,” is produced by the body in response to sun exposure. It also occurs naturally in foods such as fish, cod liver oil, dairy products, and fortified dairy and grain products. Vitamin D can also be obtained through dietary supplements. Women who avoid the sun, are allergic to milk and other dairy products, or adhere to a strict vegan diet are at risk for vitamin D deficiency. According to the National Institutes of Health, vitamin D deficiency is diagnosed when blood levels fall below 30 ng/mL. However, we recommend that vitamin D should be maintained between 55 ng/ml and 80 ng/ml. Research has shown that keeping vitamin D in these levels provides optimal protection from disease. There are two basic forms of vitamin D in the body: vitamin D 25(OH)D, also known as vitamin D 25-hydroxy, and vitamin D 1,25(OH)2D, which is also known as calcitriol. Vitamin D 25-hydroxy is the biologically active form and the preferred form to test.

Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamin D for Female

If you have a confirmed vitamin D deficiency, your doctor will likely prescribe vitamin D supplements. The USDA recommends a minimal dose of 600 IU of vitamin D daily for adults under 70 years of age, and 800 IU of vitamin D daily for adults over age 70.
For optimal health and wellness, however, we typically recommend that adults receive 5,000-15,000 IU/day of vitamin D, depending on their blood test results. Women who are taking vitamin D supplements should be monitored by an experienced physician to ensure their blood levels stay in the optimal range.

Are you getting enough Vitamin D?

Treatment for Vitamin D Deficiency in Female

Genemedics Health Institute routinely recommends testing of vitamin D levels and a thorough assessment of the patient’s symptoms, including the nature and severity of the vitamin D deficiency to determine the most appropriate dose. In patients who have diseases or conditions that prevent them from absorbing adequate amounts of vitamin D, doses of vitamin D will be adjusted on an individual basis.

Share -

HEALTH LIBRARY

Vitamin D

Free Consultation

Health Library Single Page
Sending

Vitamin D Deficiency in Men

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones. It is introduced to your body through a wide variety of food such as fish, eggs, fortified milk and cereals, and cod liver oil. Sunlight is also considered a source, as direct exposure to UV rays for as little as 15 minutes stimulates the skin to produce vitamin D. Direct sun exposure, however, increases one’s risk for melanoma and other skin cancers. Because these cancers are more prevalent in the United States, more people are avoiding direct exposure to the sun, resulting in a widespread epidemic of vitamin D deficiency in Men, which raises the risk of many diseases.

Vitamin D

What is the Role of Vitamin D in the Body?

Vitamin D’s main job is to increase the circulation of calcium into the bloodstream by promoting calcium and phosphate absorption from food in the intestines and the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys. In this way, bone density and strength are maintained. In men, vitamin D plays a major role in maintaining the normal levels of the “manly” hormone testosterone.
Recent research, however, has implicated vitamin D in a huge range of health conditions. Today, we understand that vitamin D plays a crucial role in disease prevention and overall health.

Diagnosing Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D is typically measured by a blood test. There are two types of vitamin D: 25-hydroxy vitamin D, or 25(OH) D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or calcitriol. Most blood tests measure the 25(OH) D because 1,25-dihydroxy has a short half-life. Current USDA recommendations are that adult men should have between 20 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL blood levels of 25(OH) D. A deficiency can be diagnosed if blood levels fall below 30 ng/mL.
However, based on the results of hundreds of studies, Genemedics Health Institute recommends maintaining optimal levels between 55 ng/ml to 80 ng/ml. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis:

  • Alzheimers
  • Depression
  • Heart attack/heart disease
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Pain in muscle and bone
  • Prostate cancers
  • Type 1 diabetes

Are you getting enough Vitamin D?

Benefits of Vitamin D

Recent research has shown that maintaining optimal levels of vitamin D has a wide array of benefits, including:

  • Protection against certain cancers, cardiovascular diseases and other mental illnesses
  • Lowering the risk of diabetes
  • Lowering blood pressure
  • Improving bone health, mood, memory and cognitive function
  • Decreasing the risk of falls in the elderly, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis

Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamin D

Diet alone cannot correct vitamin D deficiency. If you have low blood levels of vitamin D, your physician will likely prescribe low-cost vitamin D supplements. Currently, the USDA recommends the following minimum doses to prevent bone disorders and other diseases related to vitamin D deficiency:

  • At least 600 IU of vitamin D daily for adults under 70 years of age
  • 800 IU of vitamin D daily for adults over age 70

However, Genemedics Health Institute recommends 5,000-15,000 IU/day of vitamin D for optimal health and wellness. Regular blood testing can ensure you’re maintaining optimal vitamin D levels.

Treating Vitamin D Deficiency

Genemedics Health Institute routinely recommends accurate vitamin D testing and thorough patient assessment as part of its comprehensive wellness and disease prevention blood panel. Before starting the therapy, your Genemedics doctor will assess your vitamin D blood levels and recommend further steps to ensure that you will get adequate vitamin D to obtain its maximum benefits.

Share -

Other Peptides

LL-37

Bremelanotide

Semax

Ipamorelin

Melanotan 1

Success Stories

men testimonial before after

At the age of 60, I look and feel better than I ever have in my entire life! Switching my health program and hormone replacement therapy regimen over to Genemedics was one of the best decisions I’ve ever made in my life! Genemedics and Dr George have significantly improved my quality of life and also dramatically improved my overall health. I hav...
Nick Cassavetes ,60 yrs old Movie Director (“The Notebook”, “John Q”, “Alpha Dog”), Actor and Writer

See All Men’s Testimonials

Call 800-277-4041 for a Free Consultation

What to expect during your consultation:
  • Usually takes 15-30 minutes
  • Completely confidential
  • No obligation to purchase anything
  • We will discuss your symptoms along with your health and fitness goals
  • Free post-consult access for any additional questions you may have
Contact Us Page
Sending

Call 800-277-4041 for a Free Consultation

What to expect during your consultation:
  • Usually takes 15-30 minutes
  • Completely confidential
  • No obligation to purchase anything
  • We will discuss your symptoms along with your health and fitness goals
  • Free post-consult access for any additional questions you may have
Contact Us Page
Sending

Call 800-277-4041 for a Free Consultation

What to expect during your consultation:
  • Usually takes 15-30 minutes
  • Completely confidential
  • No obligation to purchase anything
  • We will discuss your symptoms along with your health and fitness goals
  • Free post-consult access for any additional questions you may have
Contact Us Page
Sending

About

Genemedics® Health Institute is a global premier institute dedicated to revolutionizing health and medicine through healthy lifestyle education, guidance and accountability in harmony with functional medicine. Our physician-supervised health programs are personally customized to help you reach your health and fitness goals while looking and feeling better than ever.

Our Services

 

genemedics logo

280 North Old Woodward Ave. Suite 210 Birmingham MI 48009,USA

800-277-4041

info@genemedics.com

© Copyright Genemedics Health Institute. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy.

Back to Top