Semax

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Potential Health Benefits of Semax
Key Takeaways
What is Semax?
How Semax Works
Chemical Structure of Semax
Research on Semax
Semax Side Effects
Semax Nasal Spray
Semax Nootropics
Semax Injection Dosage
Semax Withdrawal
Semax vs Noopept
Semax 0.1 vs 1
Semax Bodybuilding
Semax Nasal Spray Benefits
Semax Supplement
FAQ
Reference

Potential Health Benefits of Semax

Semax benefits include improved cognitive function, enhanced memory, and neuroprotection, making it valuable for addressing conditions like stroke, brain injuries, and cognitive decline. Additionally, it may boost mood, reduce stress, and enhance physical performance through its effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and stress-regulating pathways.

May lower the risk of heart disease [1-5]
May boost immunity [6-7]
May accelerate wound healing [8-9]
May improve brain health and performance [10-19]
May lower the risk of stroke [20-26]
May improve mood [27-31]
May improve liver health [32-33]
May help treat various eye diseases [34-36]
May help fight stress [37-41]
May help treat ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) [41]

Key Takeaways

Semax is known for its potential to enhance cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and learning. It is often used to improve focus and mental clarity, especially in situations of stress or fatigue.
Semax may protect neurons from damage caused by oxidative stress, ischemia, or other neurodegenerative processes. It is believed to stimulate the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity.
Semax has been shown to modulate the stress response by affecting the balance of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. It is sometimes used to reduce anxiety, combat depression, and promote emotional stability.
Originally developed in Russia, Semax is used clinically for conditions like stroke recovery, optic nerve atrophy, and cognitive impairments. It is also being studied for its potential benefits in treating ADHD, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Semax is typically administered intranasally for rapid absorption into the brain. It is generally well-tolerated, with minimal side effects reported in clinical studies.

What is Semax?

Semax is a synthetic peptide drug. It was developed based on the molecular structure of the adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is produced by the pituitary gland. It was originally used in Russia for the prevention and treatment of circulatory disorders such as stroke. Semax peptide has the ability to enhance cognition, protect brain cells, and ward off depression.

How Semax Works

Semax works by stimulating certain parts of the brain involved in the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF are chemicals involved in neurogenesis (formation of new neurons in the brain) and survival of existing neurons.

Chemical Structure of Semax

Research on Semax

A. May Lower the Risk of Heart Disease

Semax may lower the risk of heart disease by enhancing neuroprotection, reducing oxidative stress, and improving vascular function. It boosts brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which support cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and promoting endothelial function. Additionally, Semax has antioxidant properties that help counteract oxidative damage, a key contributor to atherosclerosis and hypertension. Its ability to regulate the autonomic nervous system may also help maintain healthy blood pressure and heart rate variability, reducing overall cardiovascular strain.

In mice, Semax produced beneficial effects on cardiac remodeling and decreased the risk of heart failure after a heart attack. [1]
In mice, administration of Semax prevented the alteration of the heart’s function caused by the restriction of blood supply. [2]
A study showed that Semax improved the functions of the cardiovascular system. [3]
In rats with experimental myocardial infarction, Semax increased heart rate and reduced stress on the different heart structures. [4]
A rat study reported that Semax can help increase heart rate by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart. [5]

B. May Boost Immunity

Semax boosts immunity primarily by modulating the expression of immune-related genes and reducing inflammation. It enhances the body’s defense mechanisms by increasing the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which indirectly supports immune function. Additionally, Semax has antioxidant properties and can regulate cytokine levels, helping to balance the immune response. Its neuroprotective effects also contribute to overall resilience against stress and infections, making it a potential immune-enhancing peptide.

A study reported that Semax’s immune-modulating properties were effective in treating stress-induced immune imbalance. [6]
A study also found that Semax can help boost immunity by regulating the activities of immune system cells. [7]

C. May Accelerate Wound Healing

Semax accelerates wound healing by promoting neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and enhanced cellular regeneration. It stimulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other growth factors, which support tissue repair and cell proliferation. Additionally, Semax modulates immune responses, reducing excessive inflammation that can delay healing. Its antioxidant properties help protect cells from oxidative stress, further aiding recovery. By improving microcirculation and oxygen delivery to damaged tissues, Semax enhances nutrient supply, expediting the healing process. These combined mechanisms make Semax beneficial for wound recovery, particularly in cases involving nerve damage or impaired tissue regeneration.

A study reported that Semax shortened the healing time of acetic ulcers by reducing inflammation in the ulcer zone. [8]
In rats, Semax injections inhibited the formation of acetic acid ulcers. [9]

D. May Improve Brain Health and Performance

Semax is a synthetic peptide known for its neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, and neurogenic effects. It boosts brain health and performance by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports neuron survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. Semax also modulates the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, enhancing mood, focus, and motivation. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that protect against oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. These combined effects make Semax beneficial for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and potential therapeutic applications in conditions like stroke, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases.

In animal models, intranasal administration of Semax improved learning and memory. [10]
In rats, Semax administration improved cognitive function by stimulating the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). [11]
In mice, Semax showed cognitive-enhancing effects with increased BDNF levels. [12]
A study suggested that Semax can help treat memory disorders associated with decreased blood supply to the brain. [13]
A study showed that Semax can help protect against metal-induced brain toxicity. [14]
In rats, intranasal administration of Semax was effective in rapid and specific activation of BDNF and growth factor gene (NGF) in different brain regions. [15]
In rats with Parkinson’s disease, Semax improved performance in a test assessing memory. [16]
A study found that Semax can help improve learning ability by stabilizing the levels of the anti-stress peptides known as enkephalins. [17]
In healthy volunteers, Semax increased the function of the default mode network of the brain. [18]
In epileptic mice, Semax provided protective effects against learning and memory deficits. [19]

E. May Lower the Risk of Stroke

Semax lowers the risk of stroke by acting as a neuroprotective and cerebrovascular-enhancing peptide. It increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which supports neuronal survival and plasticity while reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Semax also improves cerebral blood flow by modulating vascular tone and preventing ischemic damage. Additionally, it has anti-thrombotic properties that help reduce the likelihood of clot formation, a major cause of ischemic strokes. By enhancing cognitive resilience and protecting against hypoxia-induced neuronal damage, Semax effectively lowers the risk and severity of stroke.

In patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency, a condition characterized by obstruction in the brain arteries resulting in reduced blood supply, Semax treatment inhibited disease progression and reduced the risk of stroke attacks. [20]
A study showed that high doses of Semax (100-150 micrograms/kg) prevented acute ischemic stroke. [21]
In rats, Semax protected against injury caused by sudden blood flow to the brain. [22]
In patients with stroke, Semax treatment had beneficial effects on the rate of restoration of damaged neurological functions. [23]
In patients who were at different stages of stroke, Semax administration accelerated functional recovery and improved motor performance. [24]
A rat study found that Semax prevented stroke by reducing the occlusion of brain arteries. [25]
Semax protects the brain against ischemic stroke by modulating neuroimmune crosstalk, enhancing immune response pathways, and influencing cytokine and stress-related gene expression, while PGP attenuates immune activity and suppresses neurotransmission, providing insights for further research on its neuroprotective mechanisms. [26]

F. May Improve Mood

Semax improves mood by enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which support neuroplasticity, stress resilience, and overall brain health. It modulates the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, promoting the release of neurotransmitters associated with motivation, pleasure, and emotional stability. Additionally, Semax has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress, which is linked to mood disorders. Its nootropic effects also improve cognitive function and mental clarity, indirectly contributing to a more positive emotional state.

In white rats, Semax significantly diminished neonatal stress. [27]
A study reported that Semax can be a therapeutic option for depression. [28]
In rats, Semax administration improved performance in a test assessing anxiety. [29]
A rat study also found that Semax injections induced antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects after 1-14 days. [30]
In rodents, Semax injections improved mood by increasing the levels of the brain chemical known as dopamine. [31]

G. May Improve Liver Health

Semax may improve liver health through its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown to modulate oxidative stress, enhance mitochondrial function, and regulate immune responses, which can be beneficial in conditions like liver fibrosis and hepatic encephalopathy. Additionally, Semax promotes the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which may indirectly support liver function by improving metabolic regulation and reducing systemic inflammation. While research on its direct effects on liver health is limited, its ability to enhance circulation, reduce stress-related damage, and protect against ischemic injuries could contribute to overall hepatic resilience.

Intraperitoneal administration of peptide ACTG4-7-PGP in Wistar rats showed a dose-dependent stress-limiting effect, normalizing liver protein synthesis and reducing ALT activity under chronic emotional and painful stress. [32] Higher doses enhanced hepatocyte repair by increasing multinucleated cells and promoting constitutional protein synthesis, despite a slower recovery of serum protein concentration.
Intraperitoneal administration of ACTH-4-7-PGP (Semax) in Wistar rats showed a dose-dependent effect on oxidative stress and liver enzyme activity under acute and chronic immobilization stress. [33] It exhibited antioxidant properties across all doses in chronic stress, but at 150 μg/kg in acute stress, it had a prooxidant effect, with ALT and AST activity varying depending on the dose.

H. May Help Treat Various Eye Diseases

Semax, a synthetic peptide derived from ACTH, may help treat various eye diseases due to its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and angioprotective properties. It has been shown to enhance retinal blood flow, reduce oxidative stress, and protect retinal ganglion cells, making it potentially beneficial for conditions like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and optic neuropathy. Additionally, Semax promotes neurogenesis and modulates neurotransmitter levels, which may help prevent vision loss and improve overall ocular health.

Semax, a synthetic nootropic peptide, was studied for its effectiveness in treating optic nerve diseases alongside standard therapy. [34] Patients who received Semax, whether as nasal drops or via endonasal electrophoresis, showed improved visual acuity, expanded visual fields, enhanced optic nerve conductivity, and better color vision, demonstrating its neuroprotective and restorative effects.
A study investigated the pharmacokinetics of intranasally administered Semax in rats and found that the peptide effectively penetrates the brain and eyes. [35] Additionally, it demonstrated that Semax remains stable in an electric field, exhibiting electrophoretic mobility from the anode to the cathode, which has implications for its use in electrophoresis procedures.
A neuroprotective therapy including the Russian neuropeptide Semax was tested in glaucoma patients with normalized eye pressure, showing superior results compared to traditional treatments. [36] Its effectiveness is attributed to Semax’s neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties, as confirmed by electrophysiological and computer-based assessments.

I. May Help Fight Stress

Semax may help fight stress by modulating the brain’s neurotransmitter systems, enhancing neuroprotection, and reducing inflammation. It influences the expression of genes related to stress response, increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, and regulates dopamine and serotonin pathways, which are crucial for mood stabilization and cognitive function. Additionally, Semax has anti-anxiety and antidepressant properties, helping to improve mental resilience and reduce the negative effects of chronic stress. By supporting neuroplasticity and protecting against stress-induced neuronal damage, Semax may enhance overall mental well-being and cognitive performance.

Semax, an ACTH4-10 analogue, was found to mitigate stress-induced macrophage proliferation and tissue damage in the spleen of Wistar rats during post-stress recovery. [37] Its administration reduced these adverse effects on days 1, 3, and 14 after stress exposure, highlighting its potential as an antistress agent.
Neonatal exposure to the SSRI fluvoxamine in rats led to long-term anxiety-related behavioral disturbances, impaired learning, and altered brain monoamine levels. [38] Semax administration mitigated these effects by reducing anxiety-like behavior, improving learning, and normalizing biogenic amine levels, suggesting its potential to counteract developmental SSRI-induced deficits.
Semax and ACTH(6–9)PGP attenuated acute restraint stress (ARS)-induced behavioral alterations in rats and modulated gene expression in the hippocampus. [39] Both peptides reversed ARS-induced gene expression changes, affecting processes like RNA translation, DNA replication, and immune and nervous system function, suggesting their antistress effects are linked to restoring disrupted genetic patterns.
Semax and Melanotan II (MTII), synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogs, showed antidepressant-like effects in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model by reversing anhedonia, adrenal hypertrophy, and hippocampal BDNF reduction. [40] These findings suggest that noncorticotropic melanocortins may have therapeutic potential for treating depression and stress-related disorders.

J. May Help Treat ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Semax is a synthetic peptide developed in Russia with neuroprotective and nootropic properties. Its primary mechanism involves enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production, which supports neuronal growth, survival, and plasticity. These properties make Semax a potential candidate for managing ADHD, a condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often linked to dopamine and norepinephrine imbalances.

Semax ADHD benefits include its potential to improve cognitive function, enhance focus, and regulate neurotransmitter activity, particularly dopamine, which plays a crucial role in attention and impulse control. Semax, a heptapeptide analogue of ACTH(4-10), shows promise as a potential treatment for ADHD and Rett syndrome due to its ability to enhance memory, attention, and central dopamine release while stimulating BDNF synthesis. [41] Given ADHD’s link to dopamine and BDNF dysfunction, Semax may offer an alternative to psychostimulants, particularly for patients who do not respond well to conventional treatments, and its potential to increase BDNF activity could also be beneficial for Rett syndrome.

Semax Side Effects

Semax side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on Semax. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of Semax. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with Semax even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

Side effects associated with Semax may include the following:

Hair loss
Discoloration of the nasal cavity
Increase in blood sugar levels of diabetic patients

Semax Nasal Spray

Semax nasal spray is a nootropic and neuroprotective formulation derived from the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) sequence. Designed for intranasal administration, it allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream and effective delivery to the brain. Originally developed in Russia, Semax is widely used in clinical and cognitive enhancement settings for its ability to improve focus, memory, and mental resilience, particularly under stress.

The nasal spray works by promoting the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein crucial for neuronal growth, survival, and plasticity. This action helps protect neurons from damage, enhance cognitive performance, and improve recovery after neurological injuries like strokes. Additionally, Semax is believed to modulate the balance of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which can alleviate anxiety, boost mood, and enhance emotional stability.

Semax nasal spray is easy to use, with most formulations requiring a few sprays daily depending on the individual’s needs and condition. It is generally well-tolerated, with minimal side effects reported, such as mild nasal irritation. However, its availability varies by region, and in some countries, it is not officially approved for medical use. As with any supplement or medication, consulting a healthcare professional before use is advised, particularly for long-term use or in individuals with pre-existing conditions.

Semax Nootropics

Semax is a synthetic peptide that has gained popularity as a nootropic due to its potential to enhance cognitive function and protect the brain. Originally developed in Russia for medical use, Semax is known for its ability to improve memory, focus, and learning. Unlike many nootropics, it also boasts neuroprotective properties, making it beneficial not only for healthy individuals but also for those recovering from neurological conditions like stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Semax exerts its effects by modulating the activity of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, which are critical for mood and cognitive processes. It also stimulates the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein essential for neuronal growth and repair. These mechanisms contribute to improved mental clarity, enhanced resilience to stress, and better overall brain health. Semax is typically administered intranasally, ensuring rapid absorption and direct action on the central nervous system.
Semax is considered safe when used within recommended dosages, with minimal side effects such as mild irritation at the site of application. Its clinical uses include aiding recovery from ischemic stroke, treating cognitive impairments, and managing mood disorders. As a nootropic, it is also popular among individuals seeking enhanced mental performance in high-pressure situations. However, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects and potential for widespread therapeutic use.

Semax Injection Dosage

Semax is commonly administered as an intranasal spray, but injectable formulations are also available, particularly in research or clinical settings. When used via injection, Semax doses are typically much lower due to the high bioavailability of this method. Dosages usually range from 50 mcg to 200 mcg per injection, depending on the individual’s condition, therapeutic goals, and body weight. It is crucial to consult a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage.

The ideal dose of Semax depends on several factors, including the purpose of use (e.g., cognitive enhancement, recovery from neurological damage, or mood stabilization), the individual’s tolerance, and the severity of symptoms. In clinical trials, higher doses are sometimes administered for acute conditions like stroke or severe cognitive decline. However, for nootropic purposes, lower doses are preferred to minimize the risk of overstimulation or side effects.

Injectable Semax is typically administered once daily or every other day for short-term use, such as a few days to weeks. Long-term use should be monitored carefully to avoid potential desensitization or adverse effects. Although Semax has a good safety profile with minimal side effects reported, it is essential to use pharmaceutical-grade formulations and adhere strictly to prescribed dosages. Self-administration without proper guidance can lead to unexpected complications.

Semax Withdrawal

Semax is a neuropeptide often used for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. Unlike many substances that act on the central nervous system, Semax does not cause physical dependence, making withdrawal symptoms less likely. This is largely because Semax is not known to directly alter reward pathways or cause the dramatic neurotransmitter shifts often associated with dependency-forming substances.

Despite the low likelihood of withdrawal symptoms, some individuals may experience mild effects when discontinuing Semax, particularly if they have used it for extended periods. These effects may include temporary mental fatigue, reduced focus, or a perceived decline in cognitive sharpness. These changes are generally attributed to the return to baseline neurochemical function rather than a true withdrawal syndrome.

For most users, stopping Semax does not require tapering, as abrupt discontinuation is typically well-tolerated. However, individuals who experience discomfort after stopping may benefit from lifestyle adjustments, such as ensuring proper sleep, nutrition, and exercise, to support brain function during the transition. Consulting a healthcare provider is advised for those using Semax for medical purposes to ensure a safe discontinuation process.

Semax vs Noopept

Mechanisms of Action

Semax and Noopept are both popular nootropics, but their mechanisms of action differ significantly. Semax is a peptide-based compound derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), primarily enhancing neuroprotection and stimulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production. This makes it particularly effective for protecting neurons from stress and promoting recovery in conditions like stroke. In contrast, Noopept, a synthetic compound related to racetams, modulates glutamate receptors and enhances acetylcholine activity, boosting memory consolidation and learning.

Cognitive Benefits

While both compounds improve cognitive performance, their benefits cater to slightly different needs. Semax is often used to enhance focus, mood stability, and mental clarity, especially under stress or fatigue. Its effects are subtle and geared toward long-term cognitive health. On the other hand, Noopept provides more immediate enhancements in memory, learning, and sensory perception, making it ideal for academic or task-specific cognitive demands. Users frequently describe Noopept’s effects as more pronounced but shorter-lived compared to Semax’s steady benefits.

Safety and Side Effects

Semax is generally well-tolerated, with minimal side effects like mild nasal irritation due to its intranasal administration. Its safety profile is supported by clinical use in Russia for decades. Noopept also has a good safety record, but some users report headaches, irritability, or overstimulation, especially at higher doses. Both nootropics are considered safe when used responsibly, but individual responses vary, making it essential to tailor usage to specific cognitive or therapeutic goals.

Semax 0.1 vs 1

Semax is available in two primary concentrations: 0.1% and 1%, with each serving different purposes. The 0.1% formulation is a lower-dose option commonly used for general cognitive enhancement, stress management, or mild memory improvement. It is well-suited for individuals seeking subtle benefits or first-time users aiming to evaluate their response to the compound.

In contrast, the 1% formulation is a higher-concentration option often reserved for more acute or severe conditions, such as post-stroke recovery, neuropathic pain, or intense cognitive demands. Its stronger potency delivers a more pronounced effect, but it is generally recommended for short-term or clinical use under medical supervision. Higher doses can sometimes lead to overstimulation, so careful monitoring is advised.

The choice between these concentrations depends on the user’s goals, health status, and response to treatment. While both formulations are administered intranasally, starting with the 0.1% concentration allows for a gradual introduction, reducing the risk of side effects. Users seeking more significant therapeutic effects or dealing with medical conditions may opt for the 1% version, though consulting a healthcare provider is essential before doing so.

Semax Bodybuilding

Semax is gaining attention in bodybuilding circles for its ability to enhance mental focus and cognitive clarity. Intense training sessions require not just physical strength but also mental discipline to push through fatigue and maintain proper form. Semax, known for its nootropic effects, may improve concentration and motivation, helping athletes stay mentally engaged throughout their workouts.

Bodybuilders often deal with high physical and mental stress due to rigorous training schedules and strict dietary regimens. Semax has been shown to regulate the stress response by modulating neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. This stress management can contribute to better recovery, reduced workout-induced anxiety, and more consistent performance in and out of the gym.

Although Semax itself does not directly affect muscle growth, its ability to enhance BDNF levels could indirectly benefit muscle adaptation and recovery. BDNF plays a role in neural-muscular communication and may support better motor learning and coordination during resistance training. Additionally, by supporting overall brain health, Semax may promote a more sustained and disciplined approach to bodybuilding routines.

Semax Nasal Spray Benefits

Semax nasal spray is a popular nootropic used to improve cognitive function and mental performance. Its primary benefits include enhancing memory, focus, and learning abilities. By stimulating the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Semax supports neuroplasticity, which is crucial for forming new neural connections. This makes it useful for individuals looking to boost mental clarity, especially during periods of stress or cognitive fatigue.

In addition to its cognitive-enhancing effects, Semax nasal spray is also known for its neuroprotective properties. It helps safeguard brain cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and ischemia, potentially lowering the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have suggested that Semax may aid in the recovery process following a stroke or brain injury by promoting the regeneration of damaged neurons.

Semax nasal spray is also beneficial for mood regulation and stress management. It can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression by balancing neurotransmitter levels, such as serotonin and dopamine. These mood-stabilizing effects make it appealing for individuals seeking emotional support and improved mental well-being, in addition to cognitive enhancement.

Semax Supplement

Semax is a nootropic peptide supplement that has gained popularity for its cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective properties. Originally developed in Russia, it is often used to improve memory, focus, and mental clarity. By influencing key neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, Semax is believed to help with stress regulation, mood stabilization, and reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. It is also thought to enhance learning and attention, making it appealing to individuals seeking improved cognitive performance.

One of the most notable effects of Semax is its ability to promote neuroprotection and brain health. Research suggests that it may help stimulate the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports the growth and survival of neurons. This neuroprotective action makes Semax potentially beneficial for those recovering from neurological injuries, such as strokes, as well as for individuals with conditions like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease.

Semax is typically administered intranasally, allowing it to pass directly into the bloodstream and reach the brain quickly. It is regarded as safe with minimal side effects when used in appropriate doses, although it is not approved for over-the-counter use in many countries. As with any supplement, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional before using Semax, especially for those with underlying medical conditions or who are taking other medications.

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FAQ

What does Semax do in the body?

Semax is a peptide that primarily works by enhancing cognitive functions, supporting neuroprotection, and improving mood regulation. It can improve memory, focus, and mental clarity while also stimulating the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports neuron health and cognitive performance. This neuroprotective effect makes Semax potentially useful in the treatment of optic nerve disease, as it may help promote the survival and regeneration of neurons in the optic nerve. Additionally, Semax’s ability to support brain health could benefit individuals suffering from optic nerve disease, contributing to better visual processing and nerve recovery.

Does Semax increase dopamine?

Yes, Semax is thought to increase dopamine levels in the brain, which can help improve mood, motivation, and cognitive function. It modulates the dopamine system, enhancing its activity and potentially reducing symptoms of depression or anxiety. Additionally, Semax has been studied for its potential benefits in conditions such as optic nerve disease, where its neuroprotective effects may aid in preserving vision. By supporting neuronal health, Semax may also help in the management of optic nerve disease, improving overall eye function and reducing damage to the optic nerves. These benefits make Semax a promising option for individuals affected by optic nerve disease.

Is Semax a stimulant?

While Semax does have mood-enhancing and cognitive-boosting effects, it is not classified as a stimulant like caffeine or amphetamines. It works by modulating neurotransmitters and promoting neuroprotection rather than stimulating the central nervous system in a traditional stimulant fashion. Semax may be particularly beneficial for individuals with cognitive disorders, as it enhances memory, focus, and mental clarity. Additionally, its neuroprotective properties could aid in managing cognitive disorders and preventing further cognitive decline.

What is the half-life of Semax?

Semax has a relatively short half-life of approximately 2 to 3 hours. This means it has a quick onset of action but may require reapplication for sustained effects, particularly when used as a cognitive enhancer. It has been studied for its potential benefits in individuals with cognitive disorders, such as those experiencing memory loss or difficulty concentrating. As a result, Semax may be useful for managing cognitive disorders and improving mental clarity and focus, especially in stressful or demanding situations.

What is Semax peptide good for?

Semax is primarily used for enhancing cognitive function, improving memory, focus, and mental clarity. It is also utilized for its neuroprotective properties, making it beneficial in the recovery from strokes, managing cognitive decline, and potentially alleviating symptoms of conditions like ADHD and depression. The underlying mechanisms of Semax can be explored through the lens of molecular genetics, as it influences the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein vital for neuronal health. Additionally, molecular genetics research may shed light on how Semax interacts with specific genetic pathways to support brain function and protect against neurodegenerative diseases. Through these insights, the role of molecular genetics in Semax’s effectiveness could offer new avenues for targeted therapies in the future.

What does Semax do to the brain?

Semax stimulates the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports neuronal health, and it increases the availability of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. This can enhance cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and learning while also improving mood and stress response. Additionally, Semax may influence immune cell activity, potentially contributing to better overall brain health. By promoting neuroplasticity and increasing neurotransmitter activity, Semax may indirectly support immune cell activity in the brain, aiding in its defense against stress and inflammation. This neuroprotective effect could also enhance cognitive resilience by optimizing immune cell activity in neural tissues.

What is the duration of action of Semax?

The effects of Semax typically last for 2 to 4 hours, depending on the individual and the dosage. Its relatively short duration of action is why it is often taken multiple times a day for sustained cognitive enhancement, making it a promising tool for those seeking consistent mental clarity. As a promising tool for improving cognitive performance, Semax provides users with a quick and effective boost in focus and memory. Its duration of action, though short, still makes it a promising tool for anyone looking to enhance brain function throughout the day.

What does Semax nasal spray do?

Semax nasal spray, a Russian drug Semax, is designed for intranasal delivery, allowing the peptide to be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier. It enhances cognitive performance, supports neuroprotection, and may help with mood regulation. As a Russian drug Semax, it has gained popularity for its potential to improve mental clarity and focus. Whether you’re seeking enhanced cognitive function or neuroprotective benefits, Russian drug Semax offers a unique option for supporting brain health.

What are the benefits of taking Semax?

The benefits of taking the new Russian drug Semax include improved memory, mental clarity, focus, and attention. It may also reduce anxiety, alleviate symptoms of depression, and enhance overall cognitive function. Additionally, the new Russian drug Semax offers neuroprotective benefits, potentially aiding in recovery from brain injuries or neurological disorders. Many users report significant improvements in cognitive abilities after using the new Russian drug Semax, making it a popular choice for individuals seeking mental enhancement and support.

Is Semax a nootropic?

Yes, Semax is considered a nootropic. It is used to enhance cognitive function, including memory, focus, and learning abilities. Preliminary research suggests that it may also provide neuroprotective benefits, which is a common characteristic of many nootropics. Additionally, preliminary research has identified promising results regarding Semax’s ability to support brain health and protect against cognitive decline. The specific mechanisms by which Semax works are still being identified, but its potential to improve cognitive function has been recognized. As further studies are conducted, more benefits of Semax may be identified in relation to its neuroprotective properties.

What is the drug Semax used for?

Semax is primarily used in clinical settings for the treatment of cognitive impairments, stroke recovery, and neurodegenerative conditions, helping to support the health of existing neurons and their synapses. It is also used off-label to enhance cognitive performance, improve focus, and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression, potentially stimulating the activity of existing neurons and synapses to promote brain function. By influencing the growth and survival of existing neurons and enhancing the strength of synapses, Semax may aid in improving cognitive abilities and supporting neuroplasticity.

What are the benefits of Semax peptides?

Semax peptides offer benefits such as cognitive enhancement (memory, focus, learning), neuroprotection (via BDNF stimulation), mood stabilization, and stress reduction. They are particularly useful in addressing CNS diseases, as they help protect and repair brain function. Semax also has potential applications in the recovery from brain injuries, strokes, and other conditions linked to CNS diseases, making it a valuable tool in managing neurological health. Additionally, its ability to enhance focus and learning is beneficial for individuals dealing with the cognitive challenges associated with CNS diseases.

What does Semax do for you?

Semax improves cognitive function, enhances memory and focus, and promotes the development of new neurons, reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression, as observed in several studies. It provides neuroprotective effects by supporting brain health and stimulating the production of new neurons, which can aid in cognitive recovery, as observed in clinical applications. Additionally, it can also support mental clarity, help with learning and attention, and contribute to the growth of new neurons, fostering overall brain vitality.

What does Selank do to the brain?

Selank, like Semax, is a peptide that affects the brain by modulating neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin and dopamine. It has demonstrated the ability to reduce anxiety, improve mood, and enhance cognitive function across a broad range of scenarios. It also has neuroprotective effects, supporting brain health and providing benefits for a broad range of individuals with varying cognitive needs. This peptide has demonstrated effectiveness in addressing neurological and psychological challenges, making it a valuable tool for improving mental well-being. Its benefits have been demonstrated in both clinical and experimental settings, highlighting its broad potential.

How long does withdrawal fatigue last?

Withdrawal fatigue duration can vary depending on the substance being withdrawn from, the individual’s metabolism, and the severity of the withdrawal. According to research from the Russian Academy, withdrawal fatigue from substances like opioids or alcohol can last from several days to weeks. The Russian Academy highlights that the worst symptoms typically occur within the first few days, which can be particularly challenging for individuals. Studies inspired by the Russian Academy also suggest that a combination of medical support and gradual tapering can help mitigate these symptoms effectively.

What are the withdrawal symptoms of hydromorphone?

Withdrawal symptoms of hydromorphone, an opioid, can include fatigue, muscle aches, irritability, anxiety, sweating, chills, nausea, vomiting, and cravings. The presence of compounds like pro gly may influence the body’s response during withdrawal, though further research is needed. The intensity and duration of withdrawal symptoms, including any role pro gly might play, depend on the individual’s usage patterns and the length of time the drug was used. Additionally, incorporating approaches that address neurotransmitter regulation, potentially involving pro gly, could help alleviate symptoms.

Can you have withdrawals from nootropics?

While most nootropics are not physically addictive, some individuals may experience withdrawal-like symptoms when discontinuing long-term use of certain substances, such as gly pro supplements. These symptoms can include fatigue, cognitive fog, and mood swings. Gly pro compounds may help alleviate irritability associated with these symptoms. However, such withdrawal effects are typically less severe than those linked to addictive substances, even in cases involving gly pro-based nootropic regimens.

What is the use of Semax tablet?

Semax is typically not available in tablet form for general use. It was originally developed in the Russian Federation, where it is widely utilized in clinical settings. It is most commonly found as a nasal spray, which is an effective way to administer the peptide for cognitive and neuroprotective benefits. In the Russian Federation, Semax has been approved for medical use and is prescribed for various neurological conditions. However, in certain clinical settings outside the Russian Federation, other forms may be used under medical supervision.

What is the mechanism of action of Semax peptide?

Semax works by increasing the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), stimulating the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, and enhancing synaptic plasticity. This leads to improved cognitive function, memory, and mood stabilization. In addition to its cognitive benefits, Semax may serve as an adjunct to certain medication regimens aimed at treating mood disorders or cognitive impairments. It can be a helpful tool for individuals looking to enhance their brain health alongside other forms of medication. As with any medication, it is important to consult a healthcare professional before combining Semax with other treatments.

Does Semax increase serotonin?

Yes, Semax can increase serotonin levels in the brain, contributing to its mood-enhancing and anti-anxiety effects. By modulating the serotonin system, it can help improve emotional stability and reduce symptoms of depression. This action also helps optimize the function of serotonin-producing cells in the brain, supporting overall mental health. In one instance, this influence on serotonin may lead to more consistent mood regulation. Furthermore, Semax’s ability to influence neurotransmitter levels may enhance communication between cells, promoting a healthier and more balanced mood. In another instance, this effect can be particularly beneficial for those dealing with stress or anxiety.

What is Semax bodybuilding?

Semax is not typically associated with bodybuilding in the traditional sense. However, some individuals in the fitness community may use it to enhance cognitive performance, mental clarity, and recovery. Researchers have explored its neuroprotective properties, which may be beneficial for brain health during intense training regimens. Semax’s ability to influence certain receptors in the brain could support cognitive function and recovery, making it of interest to athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Researchers continue to study how Semax can interact with these receptors to support both physical and mental well-being, particularly in high-performance environments. Its potential to influence neurotransmitter receptors has led some to consider it a valuable supplement for overall health.

Do bodybuilding peptides work?

Bodybuilding peptides can be effective for promoting muscle growth, fat loss, and recovery, depending on the peptide. Some, like growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs), stimulate the release of growth hormone, which can aid in muscle development. However, an analysis of the efficacy and safety of these peptides depends on the individual and the specific compound used. Further analysis is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of these peptides on muscle growth and recovery. As with any supplement, an analysis of personal goals and health status is important before use.

Reference

Gavrilova SA, Golubeva AV, Lipina TV, Fominykh ES, Shornikova MV, Postnikov AB, Andrejeva LA, ChentsovIuS, Koshelev VB. [Protective effect of peptide semax (ACTH(4-7)Pro-Gly-Pro) on the rat heart rate after myocardial infarction]. Ross FiziolZhIm I M Sechenova. 2006 Nov;92(11):1305-21. Russian. PMID: 17385423.

[Protective effect of peptide semax (ACTH(4-7)Pro-Gly-Pro) on the rat heart rate after myocardial infarction]
Semax, an ACTH-derived peptide, shows potential in reducing neurological deficits and mitigating ischemic damage, including heart failure development and adverse left ventricular remodeling, 28 days after myocardial infarction in rats by partially preventing end-diastolic pressure increase and improving cardiomyocyte growth balance.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17385423/.
Golubeva AV, Gavrilova SA, Lipina TV, Shornikova MV, Postnikov AB, Andreeva LA, ChentsovIuS, Koshelev VB. [Protective effect of peptide semax the rat heart in acute myocardial infarction]. Ross FiziolZhIm I M Sechenova. 2006 Jun;92(6):732-45. Russian. PMID: 16967870.

[Protective effect of peptide semax the rat heart in acute myocardial infarction]
Semax, an ACTH-derived peptide, has shown protective effects in acute ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction (AMI) models by preventing ischemia-induced ultrastructural damage in cardiomyocytes and reducing plasma nitrate levels, despite not significantly affecting cardiac function or hemodynamic parameters.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16967870/.
Medvedeva EV, Dmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, Limborska SA, Skvortsova VI, Myasoedov NF, Dergunova LV. The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis. BMC Genomics. 2014 Mar 24;15:228. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-228. PMID: 24661604; PMCID: PMC3987924.

The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis
Semax exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic conditions by significantly modulating immune system-related genes, enhancing immune cell activity, and influencing vascular system gene expression, promoting endothelial development and vasculogenesis, which are key mechanisms in its therapeutic action.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24661604/.
Gavrilova SA, Markov MA, Berdalin AB, Kurenkova AD, Koshelev VB. Changes in Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart in Rats with Experimental Myocardial Infarction. Effect of Semax. Bull ExpBiol Med. 2017 Sep;163(5):617-619. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3862-3. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28948544.

Changes in Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart in Rats with Experimental Myocardial Infarction
Semax was found to reduce the growth of sympathetic innervation in the ventricular septum 28 days after myocardial infarction in rats but did not affect β1 or β2 adrenoceptor density.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28948544/.
Arushanian EB, Popov AV. [Effect of semax on heart rate variability in various daytime periods]. EkspKlinFarmakol. 2009 Mar-Apr;72(2):32-4. Russian. PMID: 19441725.

[Effect of semax on heart rate variability in various daytime periods]
Semax, a nootropic peptide, showed no effect on heart rate variability in rats during the morning but reduced stress-induced sympathetic heart influences in the evening, suggesting potential chronotropic activity.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19441725/.
Samotrueva MA, Yasenyavskaya AL, Murtalieva VK, Bashkina OA, Myasoedov NF, Andreeva LA, Karaulov AV. Experimental Substantiation of Application of Semax as a Modulator of Immune Reaction on the Model of “Social” Stress. Bull ExpBiol Med. 2019 Apr;166(6):754-758. doi: 10.1007/s10517-019-04434-y. Epub 2019 Apr 26. PMID: 31028579.

Experimental Substantiation of Application of Semax as a Modulator of Immune Reaction on the Model of “Social” Stress
Semax demonstrated immunomodulating properties by restoring immune balance disrupted by “social” stress in a laboratory model, effectively correcting cellular and humoral responses and enhancing neutrophil phagocytic activity.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31028579/.
Available at https://www.hilarispublisher.com/proceedings/the-action-of-neuroprotective-peptide-semax-on-the-expression-of-genes-affecting-the-activity-of-immune-system-in-rat-brain-focal-ischemia-24589.html.

You can read the abstract of this article at
Zhuĭkova SE, Badmaeva KE, Samonina GE, Plesskaia LG. Semaks i nekotoryegliprolinovyepeptidyuskoriaiutzazhivlenieatsetatnykhiazv u krys [Semax and some glyproline peptides accelerate the healing of acetic ulcers in rats]. EkspKlinGastroenterol. 2003;(4):88-92, 117. Russian. PMID: 14653248.

[Semax and some glyproline peptides accelerate the healing of acetic ulcers in rats]
This study demonstrated that peptides, including Semax, have anti-ulcer properties and can accelerate the healing of acetic ulcers in rats, likely by promoting necrotic tissue clearance, cicatrization, and epithelialization, with PGP and GP also reducing inflammation in the ulcer area.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14653248/.
Zhuikova SE, Smirnova EA, Bakaeva ZV, Samonina GE, Ashmarin IP. Effect of Semax on homeostasis of gastric mucosa in albino rats. Bull ExpBiol Med. 2000 Sep;130(9):871-3. PMID: 11177268.

Effect of Semax on homeostasis of gastric mucosa in albino rats
Semax, an ACTH(4-7) analogue, demonstrated protective and healing effects on gastric ulcers caused by ethanol, stress, and acetic acid, with efficacy comparable to the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11177268/.
Dolotov OV, Karpenko EA, Inozemtseva LS, Seredenina TS, Levitskaya NG, Rozyczka J, Dubynina EV, Novosadova EV, Andreeva LA, Alfeeva LY, Kamensky AA, Grivennikov IA, Myasoedov NF, Engele J. Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 2006 Oct 30;1117(1):54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.108. Epub 2006 Sep 22. PMID: 16996037.

Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus
Semax, a heptapeptide analog of adrenocorticotropin, enhances learning and neuroprotection by significantly increasing BDNF protein levels, trkB phosphorylation, and related mRNA expression in the hippocampus, which improves cognitive performance in treated animals.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16996037/.
Dolotov OV, Karpenko EA, Seredenina TS, Inozemtseva LS, Levitskaya NG, Zolotarev YA, Kamensky AA, Grivennikov IA, Engele J, Myasoedov NF. Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain. J Neurochem. 2006 Apr;97Suppl 1:82-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03658.x. PMID: 16635254.

Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain.
Semax, a heptapeptide derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone, enhances learning, memory, and neuroprotection by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the rat basal forebrain via specific binding sites after intranasal administration, linking its cognitive effects to elevated BDNF.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16635254/.
FirstovaIuIu, Dolotov OV, KondrakhineA, Dubynina EV, Grivennikov IA, Kovalev GI. [Effects of nootropic drugs on hippocampal and cortical BDNF levels in mice with different exploratory behavior efficacy]. EkspKlinFarmakol. 2009 Nov-Dec;72(6):3-6. Russian. PMID: 20095391.

[Effects of nootropic drugs on hippocampal and cortical BDNF levels in mice with different exploratory behavior efficacy]
Subchronic administration of nootropic drugs, including Semax, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus of low-efficacy (LE) mice, suggesting that these drugs exert their cognitive-enhancing effects partially through BDNF modulation, particularly under conditions of cognitive deficiency.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20095391/.
Iasnetsov VV, Krylova IN, Provornova NA. Farmakologicheskaiakorrektsiianarusheniĭmnesticheskikhfunktsiĭ, vyzvannykhgipoksieĭ i ishemieĭgolovnogomozga u krys [Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats]. AviakosmEkolog Med. 1998;32(1):55-60. Russian. PMID: 9606516.

[Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats]
Experiments on rats demonstrated that various nootropic substances, including Semax, significantly improved survivability and prevented memory impairments caused by cerebral ischemia or hypoxia, with some nootropics like nooglutyl, mexidol, and Semax showing particular promise for pharmacological intervention.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9606516/.

Tabbì G, Magrì A, Giuffrida A, Lanza V, Pappalardo G, Naletova I, Nicoletti VG, Attanasio F, Rizzarelli E. Semax, an ACTH4-10 peptide analog with high affinity for copper(II) ion and protective ability against metal induced cell toxicity. J InorgBiochem. 2015 Jan;142:39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.09.008. Epub 2014 Sep 28. PMID: 25310602.
Tabbì G, Magrì A, Giuffrida A, Lanza V, Pappalardo G, Naletova I, Nicoletti VG, Attanasio F, Rizzarelli E. Semax, an ACTH4-10 peptide analog with high affinity for copper(II) ion and protective ability against metal induced cell toxicity. J InorgBiochem. 2015 Jan;142:39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.09.008. Epub 2014 Sep 28. PMID: 25310602.

Semax, an ACTH4-10 peptide analog with high affinity for copper(II) ion and protective ability against metal induced cell toxicity
Semax, a heptapeptide derived from ACTH, exhibits neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects, including the ability to bind metal ions like copper, which are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. Studies showed that Semax forms stable copper complexes, reduces copper-induced cytotoxicity, and enhances cell viability, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in conditions involving metal ion dysregulation.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310602/.
AgapovaTIu, AgniullinIaV, Silachev DN, Shadrina MI, Slominskiĭ PA, Shram SI, Limborskaia SA, Miasoedov NF. [Effect of semax on the temporary dynamics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor gene expression in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex]. Mol Gen MikrobiolVirusol. 2008;(3):28-32. Russian. PMID: 18756821.

[Effect of semax on the temporary dynamics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor gene expression in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex]
Semax, a synthetic peptide derived from ACTH4-7 and Pro-Gly-Pro, promotes neuron survival, enhances memory, and influences gene expression, particularly Bdnf and Ngf. A study found that intranasal Semax administration caused dynamic changes in these gene expressions in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, peaking at 90 minutes and returning to baseline by 8 hours, highlighting its rapid and specific neurotrophic effects.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18756821/.
Slominsky PA, Shadrina MI, Kolomin TA, et al. Peptides semax and selank affect the behavior of rats with 6-OHDA induced PD-like parkinsonism. DoklBiol Sci. 2017;474(1):106-109.

Peptides semax and selank affect the behavior of rats with 6-OHDA induced PD-like parkinsonism
This study explored the effects of synthetic peptides Semax and Selank on rats with Parkinson’s-like symptoms caused by 6-OHDA-induced damage to dopaminergic neurons, finding that Selank reduced anxiety levels without impacting motor activity, consistent with its effects in healthy rodents under stress.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28702721.
Kost N. V., Sokolov O., Gabaeva M. V., Grivennikov I. A., Andreeva L. A., Miasoedov N. F., et al. . (2001). Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum. Bioorg. Khim. 27, 180–183.

Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum. Bioorg
Semax and Selank demonstrate dose-dependent inhibition of enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum, with stronger effects than other common inhibitors; this activity, also observed in their pentapeptide fragments, suggests their biological effects may partly arise from regulating peptide degradation.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11443939/.
Lebedeva IS, Panikratova YR, Sokolov OY, Kupriyanov DA, Rumshiskaya AD, Kost NV, Myasoedov NF. Effects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the Brain. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2018 Sep;165(5):653-656. doi: 10.1007/s10517-018-4234-3. Epub 2018 Sep 17. PMID: 30225715.

Effects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the Brain. Bull Exp Biol Med
Resting state fMRI studies on healthy volunteers showed that intranasal Semax increases the volume of the default mode network’s rostral subcomponent (medial frontal cortex), confirming its effects on the brain’s neuronal network.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30225715/
Scantlebury MH, Chun KC, Ma SC, Rho JM, Kim DY. Adrenocorticotropic hormone protects learning and memory function in epileptic Kcna1-null mice. Neurosci Lett. 2017 Apr 3;645:14-18. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.069. Epub 2017 Feb 27. PMID: 28249786; PMCID: PMC5774237.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone protects learning and memory function in epileptic Kcna1-null miceACTH, commonly used for epilepsy-related disorders, was found to improve hippocampal-based learning and memory in epileptic Kcna1-null mice without significantly affecting seizure frequency, suggesting potential nootropic effects independent of seizure control.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5774237/
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Chukanova EI. [Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency].ZhNevrolPsikhiatrIm S SKorsakova. 2005;105(2):35-40. Russian. PMID: 15792140.

[Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency]
ACTH, commonly used for epilepsy-related disorders, was found to improve hippocampal-based learning and memory in epileptic Kcna1-null mice without significantly affecting seizure frequency, suggesting potential nootropic effects independent of seizure control.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15792140/.
Miasoedova NF, Skvortsova VI, Nasonov EL, ZhuravlevaEIu, Grivennikov IA, Arsen’eva EL, Sukhanov II. Izucheniemekhanizmovneĭroprotektivnogodeĭstviiasemaksa v ostromperiodeishemicheskogoinsul’ta [Investigation of mechanisms of neuro-protective effect of semax in acute period of ischemic stroke].ZhNevrolPsikhiatrIm S SKorsakova. 1999;99(5):15-9. Russian. PMID: 10358912.

[Investigation of mechanisms of neuro-protective effect of semax in acute period of ischemic stroke]

Semax, a neuropeptide-based nootropic, demonstrates angioprotective, antihypoxic, and neurotrophic properties, showing high efficacy in acute ischemic stroke by activating anti-inflammatory responses and shifting neuromediatory balance toward anti-inflammatory agents like interleukin-10.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10358912/.
Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, et al. Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Genes (Basel). 2020;11(6):681. Published 2020 Jun 22. doi:10.3390/genes11060681.

Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia-Reperfusion in Rats

Semax, a synthetic melanocortin derivative, shows neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia by modulating mRNA expression patterns; it suppresses inflammation-related genes and enhances neurotransmission-related genes, countering the disruptions caused by ischaemia-reperfusion.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32580520/.
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Miasoedov NF, Nezavibat’ko VN, ZhuravlevaEIu, Vanichkin AV. Effektivnost’ semaksa v ostromperiodepolusharnogoishemicheskogoinsul’ta (klinicheskoe i élektrofiziologicheskoeissledovanie) [Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)]. ZhNevrolPsikhiatrIm S SKorsakova. 1997;97(6):26-34. Russian. PMID: 11517472.

[Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)]
A study on 30 patients with acute hemispherical ischemic stroke showed that adding Semax to standard therapy improved the recovery of neurological functions, particularly motor skills. Semax was most effective in doses of 12 mg for moderate strokes and 18 mg for severe strokes, with treatment courses lasting 5 to 10 days. The results were measured using EEG mapping and somatosensory evoked potentials, indicating a positive effect on brain function recovery.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11517472/.
Gusev EI, Martynov MY, Kostenko EV, Petrova LV, Bobyreva SN. Éffektivnost’ semaksaprilecheniibol’nykhnaraznykhstadiiakhishemicheskogoinsul’ta [The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke]. ZhNevrolPsikhiatrIm S SKorsakova. 2018;118(3. Vyp. 2):61-68. Russian. doi: 10.17116/jnevro20181183261-68. PMID: 29798983.

[The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke]
A study evaluating the effects of Semax on plasma BDNF levels, motor performance, and the Barthel index in ischemic stroke (IS) patients found that Semax administration, regardless of rehabilitation timing, significantly increased BDNF levels and improved functional recovery. Early rehabilitation and Semax use were associated with better outcomes in motor performance and Barthel index scores. The results suggest that early rehabilitation combined with Semax enhances BDNF levels and accelerates recovery post-stroke.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29798983/.
Stavchanskiĭ VV, Tvorogova TV, BotsinaAIu, Skvortsova VI, Limborskaia SA, Miasoedov NF, Dergunova LV. [The effect of semax and its C-end peptide PGP on expression of the neurotrophins and their receptors in the rat brain during incomplete global ischemia]. MolBiol (Mosk). 2011 Nov-Dec;45(6):1026-35. Russian. PMID: 22295573.

[The effect of semax and its C-end peptide PGP on expression of the neurotrophins and their receptors in the rat brain during incomplete global ischemia]
This study analyzed the effects of the synthetic peptide Semax and its C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide (PGP) on the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in rats after stroke (bilateral carotid artery occlusion). The results showed that ischemia significantly decreased neurotrophin gene expression in the hippocampus, but Semax and PGP influenced the expression of neurotrophins and receptors, particularly in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Semax decreased receptor mRNA levels, while PGP increased them. The most significant neuroprotective effects were observed 12 hours after the stroke, indicating that Semax and PGP can counteract the ischemia-induced gene expression changes.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22295573/.
Tsai SJ. Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(5):1144-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.017. Epub 2006 Sep 25. PMID: 16996699.

Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome

Semax, a synthetic peptide derived from ACTH(4-7) and Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP), protects the brain against ischemic stroke, though its precise neuroprotective mechanisms remain unclear. Transcriptome analysis of rat brains with focal cerebral ischemia revealed that Semax significantly affects immune response pathways, enhancing antigen presentation, interferon signaling, and immunoglobulin synthesis, while also influencing cytokine and stress-related gene expression. In contrast, PGP reduces immune activity and suppresses neurotransmission in the CNS. These findings suggest that Semax exerts its neuroprotective effects through neuroimmune crosstalk, providing a foundation for further research into its molecular mechanisms.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28255762/.
Volodina MA, Sebentsova EA, Glazova NY, et al. Correction of long-lasting negative effects of neonatal isolation in white rats using semax. ActaNaturae. 2012;4(1):86-92.

Correction of long-lasting negative effects of neonatal isolation in white rats using semax
A study on white rats showed that early-life stress, induced by neonatal isolation, led to physical delays, metabolic issues, and reduced stress hormone response. Chronic administration of Semax, a peptide, after the stress period helped alleviate these negative effects, improving body weight, metabolic function, and stress hormone levels, suggesting its potential for correcting long-term consequences of early-life stress.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3372995/.
Pae CU. Therapeutic possibility of “Semax” for depression. CNS Spectr. 2008 Jan;13(1):20-1. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900016102. PMID: 18204410.

Therapeutic possibility of “Semax” for depression

You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18204410/.
Levitskaia NG, Vilenskiĭ DA, Sebentsova EA, Anreeva LA, Kamenskiĭ AA, Miasoedov NF. [Influence of Semax on the emotional state of white rats in the norm and against the background of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide action]. IzvAkadNaukSer Biol. 2010 Mar-Apr;(2):231-7. Russian. PMID: 20387390.

[Influence of Semax on the emotional state of white rats in the norm and against the background of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide action]
Semax (MEHFPGP) was studied for its effects on anxiety and depression in rats. While it did not affect animals in a normal state, it reversed anxiety and depression induced by cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4). Administered intranasally, Semax showed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, normalizing behavior disrupted by CCK-4.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20387390/.
Vilenskiĭ DA, Levitskaia NG, Andreeva LA, AlfeevaLIu, Kamenskiĭ AA, Miasoedov NF. [Effects of chronic Semax administration on exploratory activity and emotional reaction in white rats]. Ross FiziolZhIm I M Sechenova. 2007 Jun;93(6):661-9. Russian. PMID: 17850024

.[Effects of chronic Semax administration on exploratory activity and emotional reaction in white rats]
Chronic intranasal administration of the ACTH(4-10) analog Semax in rats showed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects after 1-2 weeks, without affecting exploratory activity. These effects may result from activation of the serotoninergic system and increased BDNF expression in the hippocampus.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17850024/.
Eremin KO, Kudrin VS, Saransaari P, Oja SS, Grivennikov IA, Myasoedov NF, Rayevsky KS. Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents. Neurochem Res. 2005 Dec;30(12):1493-500. doi: 10.1007/s11064-005-8826-8. PMID: 16362768.

Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents

Semax, a corticotrophin analogue, has been shown to enhance serotonergic activity and increase the release of dopamine in the striatum of rodents. After administration, Semax significantly raised 5-HIAA levels and potentiated the effects of D-amphetamine on dopamine release and locomotor activity. However, Semax alone did not alter dopamine levels or its metabolites, indicating its role in modulating the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.
You can read the abstract of this article at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16362768/.
Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317341399_Influence_of_ACTG4-7-PGP_Semax_on_Morphofunctional_State_of_Hepatocytes_in_Chronic_Emotional_and_Painful_Stress.

Influence of ACTG4-7-PGP (Semax) on Morphofunctional State of Hepatocytes in Chronic Emotional and Painful Stress

Intraperitoneal administration of peptide ACTG4-7-PGP in Wistar rats showed a dose-dependent stress-limiting effect, normalizing liver protein synthesis and reducing ALT activity under chronic emotional and painful stress. Higher doses enhanced hepatocyte repair by increasing multinucleated cells and promoting constitutional protein synthesis, despite a slower recovery of serum protein concentration

You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317341399_Influence_of_ACTG4-7-PGP_Semax_on_Morphofunctional_State_of_Hepatocytes_in_Chronic_Emotional_and_Painful_Stress.
Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287223828_The_effect_of_ACTH-4-7-PGP_peptide_on_lipid_peroxidation_in_liver_and_activity_of_serum_transaminases_in_rats_under_acute_and_chronic_immobilization_stress_conditions.

The effect of ACTH-4-7-PGP peptide on lipid peroxidation in liver and activity of serum transaminases in rats under acute and chronic immobilization stress conditions

Intraperitoneal administration of ACTH-4-7-PGP (Semax) in Wistar rats showed a dose-dependent effect on oxidative stress and liver enzyme activity under acute and chronic immobilization stress. It exhibited antioxidant properties across all doses in chronic stress, but at 150 μg/kg in acute stress, it had a prooxidant effect, with ALT and AST activity varying depending on the dose.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287223828_The_effect_of_ACTH-4-7-PGP_peptide_on_lipid_peroxidation_in_liver_and_activity_of_serum_transaminases_in_rats_under_acute_and_chronic_immobilization_stress_conditions.
Polunin GS, Nurieva SM, Baiandin DL, Sheremet NL, Andreeva LA. Opredelenie terapevticheskoĭ éffektivnosti novogo otechestvennogo preparata “Semaks” pri zabolevaniiakh zritel’nogo nerva [Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug semax in optic nerve disease]. Vestn Oftalmol. 2000 Jan-Feb;116(1):15-8. Russian. PMID: 10741256.

Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug semax in optic nerve disease

Semax, a synthetic nootropic peptide, was studied for its effectiveness in treating optic nerve diseases alongside standard therapy. Patients who received Semax, whether as nasal drops or via endonasal electrophoresis, showed improved visual acuity, expanded visual fields, enhanced optic nerve conductivity, and better color vision, demonstrating its neuroprotective and restorative effects.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10741256/.
Sheremet NL, Polunin GS, Ovchinnikov AN, Kamenskiĭ AA, Levitskaia NG, Andreeva LA, Alfeeva LIu, Nagaev IIu. Eksperimental’noe obosnovanie ispol’zovaniia neĭroprotektora semaksa v lechenii zabolevaniĭ zritel’nogo nerva [An experimental substantiation for using the “Semax” neuroprotector in the treatment of optic-nerve diseases]. Vestn Oftalmol. 2004 Nov-Dec;120(6):25-7. Russian. PMID: 15678666.

An experimental substantiation for using the “Semax” neuroprotector in the treatment of optic-nerve diseases

A study investigated the pharmacokinetics of intranasally administered Semax in rats and found that the peptide effectively penetrates the brain and eyes. [34] Additionally, it demonstrated that Semax remains stable in an electric field, exhibiting electrophoretic mobility from the anode to the cathode, which has implications for its use in electrophoresis procedures.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15678666/.
Kurysheva NI, Shpak AA, Ioĭleva EE, Galanter LI, Nagornova ND, Shubina NIu, Shlyshalova NN. “Semaks” v lechenii glaukomatoznoĭ opticheskoĭ neĭropatii u bol’nykh s normalizovannym oftal’motonusom [Semax in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone]. Vestn Oftalmol. 2001 Jul-Aug;117(4):5-8. Russian. PMID: 11569188.

Semax in the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with normalized ophthalmic tone

A neuroprotective therapy including the Russian neuropeptide Semax was tested in glaucoma patients with normalized eye pressure, showing superior results compared to traditional treatments. [35] Its effectiveness is attributed to Semax’s neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties, as confirmed by electrophysiological and computer-based assessments.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11569188/.
Bakhmet AA, Koplik EV. Antistress effect of Semax in the course of recovery of spleen lymphoid structures after the stress in rats with different behavioral activity. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012 Sep;153(5):661-3. doi: 10.1007/s10517-012-1792-7. PMID: 23113251.

Antistress effect of Semax in the course of recovery of spleen lymphoid structures after the stress in rats with different behavioral activity

Neonatal exposure to the SSRI fluvoxamine in rats led to long-term anxiety-related behavioral disturbances, impaired learning, and altered brain monoamine levels. [38] Semax administration mitigated these effects by reducing anxiety-like behavior, improving learning, and normalizing biogenic amine levels, suggesting its potential to counteract developmental SSRI-induced deficits.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23113251/.
Glazova NY, Manchenko DM, Volodina MA, Merchieva SA, Andreeva LA, Kudrin VS, Myasoedov NF, Levitskaya NG. Semax, synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue, attenuates behavioural and neurochemical alterations following early-life fluvoxamine exposure in white rats. Neuropeptides. 2021 Apr;86:102114. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102114. Epub 2020 Dec 28. PMID: 33418449.

Semax, synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue, attenuates behavioural and neurochemical alterations following early-life fluvoxamine exposure in white rats

Neonatal exposure to the SSRI fluvoxamine in rats led to long-term anxiety-related behavioral disturbances, impaired learning, and altered brain monoamine levels. [38] Semax administration mitigated these effects by reducing anxiety-like behavior, improving learning, and normalizing biogenic amine levels, suggesting its potential to counteract developmental SSRI-induced deficits.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33418449/.
Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, Glazova NY, Sebentsova EA, Remizova JA, Valieva LV, Levitskaya NG, Myasoedov NF, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV. Antistress Action of Melanocortin Derivatives Associated with Correction of Gene Expression Patterns in the Hippocampus of Male Rats Following Acute Stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 17;22(18):10054. doi: 10.3390/ijms221810054. PMID: 34576218; PMCID: PMC8469576.

Antistress Action of Melanocortin Derivatives Associated with Correction of Gene Expression Patterns in the Hippocampus of Male Rats Following Acute Stress

Semax and ACTH(6–9)PGP attenuated acute restraint stress (ARS)-induced behavioral alterations in rats and modulated gene expression in the hippocampus. [39] Both peptides reversed ARS-induced gene expression changes, affecting processes like RNA translation, DNA replication, and immune and nervous system function, suggesting their antistress effects are linked to restoring disrupted genetic patterns.

You can read the full article at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8469576/.
Inozemtseva LS, Yatsenko KA, Glazova NY, Kamensky AA, Myasoedov NF, Levitskaya NG, Grivennikov IA, Dolotov OV. Antidepressant-like and antistress effects of the ACTH(4-10) synthetic analogs Semax and Melanotan II on male rats in a model of chronic unpredictable stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2024 Dec 5;984:177068. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177068. Epub 2024 Oct 21. PMID: 39442746.

Antidepressant-like and antistress effects of the ACTH(4-10) synthetic analogs Semax and Melanotan II on male rats in a model of chronic unpredictable stress

Semax, an ACTH4-10 analogue, was found to mitigate stress-induced macrophage proliferation and tissue damage in the spleen of Wistar rats during post-stress recovery. [37] Its administration reduced these adverse effects on days 1, 3, and 14 after stress exposure, highlighting its potential as an antistress agent.

You can read the abstract of this article https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39442746/.
Tsai SJ. Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(5):1144-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.017. Epub 2006 Sep 25. PMID: 16996699.

Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome

Semax, a heptapeptide analogue of ACTH(4-10), shows promise as a potential treatment for ADHD and Rett syndrome due to its ability to enhance memory, attention, and central dopamine release while stimulating BDNF synthesis. Given ADHD’s link to dopamine and BDNF dysfunction, Semax may offer an alternative to psychostimulants, particularly for patients who do not respond well to conventional treatments, and its potential to increase BDNF activity could also be beneficial for Rett syndrome, warranting further research.

You can read the abstract of this article at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16996699/.

Other Peptides

MK-677 (IBUTAMOREN)

Selank

Elampretide (SS-31)

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

Valproic acid + PTD-DBM

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